Comparison of seismic actions and structural design requirements in Chinese Code GB 50011 and International Standard ISO 3010

This papcr presents a comparison between the Chinese Code GB50011-2001 and the International Standard ISO3010:2001(E),emphasizing the similarities and differences related to design requirements,seismic actions and analytical approaches.Similarities include:earthquake return period,conceptual design,site classification,structural strength and ductility requirements,deformation limits,response spectra,seismic analysis procedures,isolation and energy dissipation, and nonstructural elements.Differences exist in the following areas:seismic levels,earthquake loading,mode damping factors and structural control.

Safety analysis of building foundations over old goaf under additional stress from building load and seismic actions

Additional displacement of the building foundations over old goaf are prone to happen under the addi- tional loads induced by new buildings, weakening-rock mass by mining and seismic actions, which will cause serious damage to the buildings. In order to analyze the safety of the building foundations safety over the old goaf. the structure characteristics of the strata over the old goaf was investigated and the instability conditions of overhanging rocks upon old goaf were also analyzed in this paper. The results indicate that the stability of overhanging rocks is remarkably decreased by the interactions of mining fractures, earthquake force and building load, in addition, the settlement of the foundations over old goal is increased by the instability of overhanging rocks. According to the location of a new power plant in Yima Mine and its ambient conditions, we defined the influence scope of old goal via resistivity tomography. Based on the seismic parameters of the construction site, a numerical FLAC3d model of the building foundation under the seismic actions and building load was developed. The numerical results are obtained as follows： the foundation of the main power house meets the requirement of 6° seismic fortification intensity： however, under 7° seismic fortification intensity, the maximum differential settlement of foundation between the neighboring pillars is close to the maximum allowable value, while the seismic fortification intensity reaches 8°, but the safety requirements will not be satisfied.

Influence of Confined Concrete Models on the Seismic Response of RC Frames

In this study, the influence of confined concrete models on the response of reinforced concrete structures is investigatedat member and global system levels. The commonly encountered concrete models such as Modified Kent-Park, Saatçioğlu-Razvi, and Mander are considered. Two moment-resisting frames designed according to thepre-modern code are taken into consideration to reflect the example of an RC moment-resisting frame in thecurrent building stock. The building is in an earthquake-prone zone located on Z3 Soil Type. The inelasticresponse of the building frame is modelled by considering the plastic hinges formed on each beam and columnelement for different concrete classes and stirrups spacings. The models are subjected to non-linear static analyses.The differences between confined concrete models are comparatively investigated at both reinforced concretemember and system levels. Based on the results of the comparative analysis, it is revealed that the column behaviouris mostly influenced by the choice of model, due to axial loads and confinement effects, while the beams areless affected, and also it is observed that the differences exhibited in the moment-curvature response of columncross-sections do not significantly affect the overall behaviour of the global system. This highlights the critical roleof model selection relative to the concrete strength and stirrup spacing of the member.

Impact of Earthquake Action on the Design and Sizing of Jointed Masonry Structures in South Kivu, DRC

This article deals with the investigation of the effects of seismic impacts on the design and dimensioning of structures in South Kivu. The starting point is the observation of an ambivalence that can be observed in the province, namely the non-consideration of seismic action in the study of structures by both professionals and researchers. The main objective of the study is to show the importance of dynamic analysis of structures in South Kivu. It adopts a meta-analytical approach referring to previous researches on South Kivu and proposes an efficient and optimal method. To arrive at the results, we use Eurocode 7 and 8. In addition, we conducted static analysis using the Coulomb method and dynamic analysis using the Mononobe-Okabe method and compared the results. At Nyabibwe, the results showed that we have a deviation of 24.47% for slip stability, 12.038% for overturning stability and 9.677% for stability against punching through a weight wall.

Influence factors on the seismic behavior and deformation modes of gravity retaining walls

This study investigated the influence factors on the seismic response and deformation modes of retaining walls using large-scale model shaking table tests. Experimental results showed that the distribution of peak seismic earth pressures along the height of a wall was a single peak value curve. The seismic earth pressures on a gravel soil retaining wall were larger than the pressures on the weathered granite and quartz retaining walls. Also, the peak seismic earth pressure increased with increases in the peak ground acceleration and the wall height. The measured seismic active earth pressures on a rock foundation retaining wall were larger than the calculated values, and the action position of resultant seismic pressure was higher than 0.33 H. In the soil foundation retaining wall, the measured seismic earth pressures were much smaller than the calculated values, while the action position was slightly higher than 0.33 H. The soil foundation retaining wall suffered base sliding and overturning under earthquake conditions, while overturning was the main failure mode for the rock foundation retaining walls.

Seismic elastic-plastic time history analysis and reliability study of quayside container crane

Quayside container crane is a kind of huge dimension steel structure,which is the major equipment used for handling container at modern ports.With the aim to validate the safety and reliability of the crane under seismic loads,besides conventional analysis,elastic-plastic time history analysis under rare seismic intensity is carried out.An ideal finite element（FEM） elastic-plastic mechanical model of the quayside container crane is presented by using ANSYS codes.Furthermore,according to elastic-plastic time history analysis theory,deformation,stress and damage pattern of the structure under rare seismic intensity are investigated.Based on the above analysis,the established reliability model according to the reliability theory,together with seismic reliability analysis based on Monte-Carlo simulation is applied to practical analysis.The results show that the overall structure of the quayside container crane is generally unstable under rare seismic intensity,and the structure needs to be reinforced.

Seismic performance of eccentrically-compressed steel pier under multi-directional earthquake loads

In this article,the seismic performance of box-shaped steel piers embedded with energy-dissipating shells under a multi-directional seismic load is investigated.A finite element(FE)model was accurately established and verified by the quasi-static test results.A parametric analysis of the hysteretic behaviour of a novel box-shaped steel pier under eccentric pressure was carried out on this basis.We discussed the influence of the eccentricity,axial compression ratio,thickness of embedded shell,ratio of slenderness,spacing of transverse stiffening ribs on the embedded shell,and width-to-thickness ratio of wallboard on the anti-seismic performance of a novel box-shaped steel bridge pier.The results revealed that the load carrying capacity and ductility coefficient of the specimen are substantially influenced by the eccentricity,variation in the axial compression ratio,and slenderness ratio.The specimen′s plastic energy dissipation capacity can be effectively improved by increasing the thickness of the embedded shell.The spacing of the transverse stiffening ribs only marginally affects seismic performance.In addition,the width-to-thickness ratio of the wallboard exerts a more considerable influence on the deformability of the square-section specimen.Finally,a formula for calculating the bearing capacity of the novel box-shaped steel piers under cyclic loading is proposed.

Transverse seismic response of beam aque-duct considering fluid-structure coupling

Based on the theory of Housner, the transverse seismic response of beam aqueduct considering fluid-structure coupling is established. With the variation of aqueduct cross-section ratio of depth to width, the aqueduct transverse seismic response change. The transverse seismic response of a large-scale aqueduct in several work condition are calculated. It shows that the transverse seismic response is greatly influenced by the water mass in the aqueduct, but the shaking water play a TLD role. ff the whole water is appended aqueduct body, it will magnify seismic inertia action. When aqueduct cross-section is selected, the influence of ratio of depth and width to pier seismic response should be considered in order to reduce seismic action.

Study of Vertical Seismic Response of Concrete Self-Anchored Suspension Bridges

Based on the variational prineiple of incomplete generalized potential energy with large deflection, the vertical nonlinear vibrational differential equation of self-anchored suspension bridge is presented by taking the effect of coupling of flexural and axial action into consideration. The linear vertical equation is obtained by omitting the nonlinear term, and the pseudo excitation method(PEM). Taking the self-anchored concrete suspension bridge over Lanqi Songhua river for an example, the expected peak responses of main beam, towers and cables are calculated. And the seismic spatial effects on vertical seismic response of self-anchored suspension bridges are discussed.

地震作用下变截面钢管混凝土单桩动力响应

为了探讨桥梁位于软弱土层时,地震作用下变截面钢管混凝土桩基的动力响应,以翔安大桥为工程背景,利用FLAC3D有限元软件建立地震作用下桩-岩土体-钢管耦合作用的数值模型,研究在不同强度的地震作用下变截面钢管混凝土单桩和变截面普通混凝土单桩桩身加速度、桩身位移、桩身弯矩的动力响应差异.结果表明:变截面钢管混凝土单桩在地震作用下的桩身加速度、加速度放大系数、桩身位移最大值和桩身弯矩变化规律均同变截面普通混凝土单桩类似,但钢管使桩身加速度放大系数降低、桩基抵抗侧向变形能力和抗弯承载力提高.因此,钢管可以显著提升地震作用下桩基的抵抗变形能力和承载力.

基于极限分析上限法的地震作用下分层地基盾构隧道开挖面稳定性研究

目前针对盾构隧道开挖面稳定性的研究还较少考虑土体分层特性和地震作用的耦合影响,因此构建了一种在分层土体中考虑地震作用的开挖面三维对数螺旋破坏模型进行研究。首先,将地震引起的动态响应通过拟静力法简化为水平和竖直两个方向上的惯性力作用;其次,在均质土体中的三维对数螺旋破坏机制的基础上,将其改进为适用于分层土体的三维对数螺旋破坏机制;再次,根据上限定理,在虚功率方程中引入地震惯性力所做功率,得到考虑土体分层特性和地震作用条件下的盾构隧道开挖面支护力的上限解;最后,将上限理论解与三维数值模拟结果和既有模型试验结果进行对比,得到了较好的一致性。此外,针对水平地震加速度系数和地层厚度对关键物理特征进行了影响因素分析。结果表明,当比例系数ζ>0时,极限支护力随水平地震加速度系数的增大显著增大;当ζ<0时,极限支护力随水平地震加速度系数增大而增大的趋势减弱。当水平地震加速度系数kh=0时,即在无地震作用情况下,归一化极限支护力不随ζ的变化而变化;在上硬下软土层中,下部土层厚度比的增大会引起极限支护力的增大,在上软下硬土层中,下部土层厚度比的增大会引起极限支护力的减小。

压弯扭作用下新型承插装配式桥墩的抗震性能

为明确并提升承插式拼装桥墩抵抗压弯扭等复合荷载的能力,提出了一种结合灌浆套筒和承插口组合连接的新型承插装配式墩,通过复合荷载作用下的拟静力试验对比了现浇(reinforced concrete,RC)、灌浆套筒(grouting and sleeve,GS)、承插口(socket with ultra-high performance concrete,SU)和结合套筒连接钢筋的新型承插(grouting sleeve and socket with ultra-high performance concrete,GSU)连接拼装桥墩的损伤机理和滞回性能,结合有限元模型重点讨论了承插口深度对滞回性能的影响。结果表明:4个构件的破坏模式都是以受弯破坏为主的弯扭破坏,其中SU构件出现了轻微拔起的现象,而对应的GSU构件并未出现该现象,与RC构件接近;各构件的剪力-墩顶位移骨架发展趋势比较一致,由于GSU构件纵向钢筋连续,具有更好的整体性能,其抗弯承载力与RC构件接近,且明显大于SU和GS构件,4个构件弯曲滞回耗能较为接近;承插口深度为1.0倍截面宽度的GSU构件抗扭承载力略高于RC构件,且明显大于其余装配式墩,GSU构件的扭转刚度、延性系数和耗能能力均大于其他3个墩;当承插口深度采用0.5倍构件截面宽度时,新型承插GSU构件的抗弯和抗扭承载力均略高于整体现浇构件,具有良好的抵抗压弯扭荷载的能力,可以实现浅承插口连接。研究结果可为压弯扭复合作用下装配式墩的应用提供试验依据。

西安领事馆区丝路国际文化艺术中心剧院结构设计

西安领事馆区丝路国际文化艺术中心剧院结构由钢筋混凝土框架-剪力墙主体与异形空间钢结构外罩组合而成,是具有体型复杂、内部空旷、跨度大等特点的混合结构。主体结构存在楼板不连续、局部不规则两项不规则项。针对不规则项及关键问题,提出加强措施及抗震性能目标。经过计算分析,找出薄弱部分进行加强,验证主体结构满足预设性能目标的要求。通过多模型比较研究发现,钢结构外罩对主体结构的影响不可忽略。对大跨、长悬挑处楼板进行了振动舒适度验算,对大跨转换钢桁架进行了竖向地震工况的补充计算,进行了楼板在温度与地震工况下受力分析。结果表明主体结构满足承载力和正常使用极限状态的要求。

考虑桩-土相互作用的超大型单桩式海上风机结构地震响应

为了解决桩-土相互作用对超大型单桩式海上风机结构地震响应影响的问题,基于IEA 15 MW的固定式单桩海上风机原型,使用Abaqus建立考虑桩-土相互作用与泥面固定2种风机结构模型,桩-土相互作用通过一组非线性弹簧模拟。考虑风-波浪与地震联合作用,分析桩-土相互作用对超大型固定式单桩海上风机结构动力响应的影响。结果表明:针对超大型海上风机,桩-土相互作用效应使风机支撑结构的特征频率降低3%~6%;考虑桩-土相互作用的大兆瓦风机动力响应远大于泥面固定风机模型的动力响应;海上风机尺寸越大,桩-土相互作用引起的海上风机结构动力响应偏差越显著。

基于纤维混凝土材料试验的套拱加固隧道地震响应模拟

以一座山岭隧道为背景,选取钢纤维、玄武岩纤维、碳纤维为掺料进行纤维混凝土材料试验并确定纤维最佳体积掺量;结合试验数据与塑性损伤数值模拟结果,分析地震作用下有无纤维混凝土套拱加固隧道结构响应情况。结果表明:无套拱加固时衬砌拱脚、拱肩、拱腰处易发生拉裂损伤,拱顶与仰拱中心、左右拱肩的相对位移均较大。三种纤维混凝土套拱加固后,衬砌-套拱叠合结构拱腰、拱肩处损伤均有所改善,拉裂损伤向两端发展的趋势得到抑制;拱顶与仰拱中心,左右拱肩的相对位移较无套拱加固时有所降低,隧道结构稳定性提高。综合考虑衬砌损伤与测点位移,体积掺量为1.5%的钢纤维混凝土套拱加固效果最佳。

考虑竖向地震作用的连体结构地震易损性分析

为了探讨竖向地震分量对连体建筑结构抗震性能的影响,以某连体结构为例,利用增量动力分析方法研究了水平地震作用、水平向与竖向联合作用下连体结构的地震响应及易损性。结果表明:与水平向地震动作用相比,在竖向与水平向地震动联合作用下,连体结构最大层间位移角明显较大,二者之间的差异随着地震动幅值的增加而增加;竖向地震的作用增加了连体结构发生各级破坏的概率,显著增加了其发生“修复后使用”及以上等级破坏的可能性,但总体而言,三向地震作用下该连体结构仍满足“小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒”的抗震设防目标。

锈蚀RC柱水平抗力的机器学习预测及参数敏感性分析

为实现地震作用下破坏模式未知锈蚀RC柱的水平抗力快速预测,基于机器学习(ML)方法对锈蚀矩形RC柱的剩余水平抗力开展研究。首先,确定ML模型的输入参数,建立锈蚀矩形RC柱数据集,并对输入参数之间的相关性进行分析;然后,选择6种代表性ML算法(SVM、KNN、ANN、CNN、RF和CatBoost),搭建锈蚀RC柱的水平抗力ML模型,并采用网格搜索或试错法对模型的超参数进行优化,基于5折-交叉验证确定了ML模型的最优超参数;最后,根据4个常用的回归评估指标(E_(MA)、E_(RMS)、E_(MAP)和R^(2))与测试集,对6种ML模型的预测精度进行评估,并基于性能优异的ML模型开展了输入参数重要性排序以及参数敏感性分析。结果表明:神经网络模型的预测性能普遍优于集成类或其他单一类模型,其中ANN模型的预测效果最佳,其预测值与试验值之比的均值和标准差分别为1.01和0.14;剪跨比对锈蚀矩形RC柱的水平抗力影响最大且较为显著,重要性占比可高达35%;矩形RC柱的水平抗力随着剪跨比、箍筋间距与截面有效高度比以及钢筋锈蚀率的增加呈减小趋势,而随着轴压比的增加呈先增大后趋于稳定或减小趋势。

扩大基础和垫座对高拱坝地震动响应的影响研究

中国的高拱坝多位于西南部地震多发且地形地质条件复杂的地区,在地震作用下极易造成坝体局部开裂和整体失稳。以金沙江下游白鹤滩拱坝为研究对象,探讨扩大基础和垫座对坝顶和拱冠梁最大位移、横缝开度、坝体损伤体积比等地震动响应的影响特点。分析结果表明扩大基础和垫座具有如下优点:使拱坝左右两侧的体型更趋于对称,对减小坝顶和拱冠梁的位移响应有利。以增大边缝开度为代价而使坝体中部横缝开度显著减小,且使横缝张开趋于均匀,对充分发挥止水片密封效果有利;能够明显减小坝体的损伤体积比;其中,扩大基础对坝体位移和损伤体积比的减弱效果明显优于垫座。但是,随着地震动强度增加,扩大基础和垫座对位移响应约束能力逐渐减弱。研究结果证明了扩大基础和垫座对增强拱坝抗震能力的有效性,可为类似高拱坝工程建设提供有益参考。

地震荷载作用下土工格室挡墙力学性能的影响因素

借助FLAC3D软件,建立土工格室柔性挡墙支护边坡数值模型,并采用振动台试验结果对数值模型进行验证,采用标定后的数值模型,系统研究了条带刚度、格室尺寸、挡墙厚度和充填料弹性模量4种因素对边坡动力响应的影响,并对挡墙的破坏机理进行了深入探讨,计算了各参数的影响权重。研究结果表明:地震作用下挡墙的稳定性与4种因素有着密切的联系;格室约束围压和永久水平位移沿高程分布规律基本一致,均表现为“增加-衰减”的两段形态,坡顶沉降自墙面向坡体延伸表现为两头小中间大的“V”型分布,水平峰值加速度沿高程表现为“增加-衰减-增加”的3段形态;随着刚度的增加,格室约束围压增大,而永久水平位移、坡顶沉降和水平峰值加速度均减小;随着格室尺寸的增加,格室约束围压、永久水平位移、坡顶沉降和水平峰值加速度均增加;随着挡墙厚度和充填料弹性模量的增加,格室约束围压、永久水平位移、坡顶沉降和水平峰值加速度均减小;4种影响因素中,格室尺寸影响权重最大,对格室约束围压的影响权重达到0.996,而挡墙厚度影响权重最小;地震作用下土工格室挡墙结构具有良好的抗震性能,挡墙结构对于地震能量具有一定的衰减作用,满足抗震设防要求。该研究结果对于地震作用下土工格室柔性挡墙的抗震设计及工程应用具有一定的指导作用。

东亚典型构造结的壳幔结构

笔者等在研究亚洲位于青藏高原的东、西构造结,和位于中国台湾和日本伊豆地区的构造结以后,发现这4个典型的构造结的地壳上地幔有共同结构:地壳和岩石圈地幔含有上涌的低速异常,而中—下软流圈有集中凸起的高速异常。对这种壳幔结构特征形成的动力学作用机制,提出了以下解释:两组洋—陆或者陆—陆俯冲带运动交叉处相互挤压和撞击,造成比较薄弱的块体的一端破碎。破碎的高的密度大洋岩石圈块体向软流圈下沉,同时使软流圈上层的热流体上涌,最后形成了构造结,同时产生了地震波速上低下高的壳幔结构特征。