Steering surface reconstruction of hybrid metal oxides for efficient oxygen evolution reaction in water splitting and zinc-air batteries

Surface reconstruction yields real active species in electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction(OER)conditions;however,rationally regulating reconstruction in a targeted manner for constructing highly active OER electrocatalysts remains a formidable challenge.Here,an electrochemical activation strategy with selective etching was utilized to guide the reconstruction process of a hybrid cobalt-molybdenum oxide(CoMoO_(4)/Co_(3)O_(4)@CC)in a favorable direction to improve the OER performance.Both in-situ Raman and multiple ex-situ characterization tools demonstrate that controlled surface reconstruction can be easily achieved through Mo etching,with the formation of a dynamically stable amorphous-crystalline heterostructure.Theoretical calculations together with experimental results reveal that the synergistic effects between amorphous CoOOH and crystalline Co_(3)O_(4) are crucial in enhancing the catalytic performance.Consequently,the reconstructed CoMoO_(4)/Co_(3)O_(4)@CC exhibits a low overpotential of 250 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2) in 1 M KOH,and more importantly it can be practiced in electrolytic water splitting and rechargeable zinc-air batteries devices,achieving ultra-long stability for over 500 and 1200 h,respectively.This work provides a promising route for the construction of high-performance electrocatalysts.

Covalency competition induced selective bond breakage and surface reconstruction in manganese cobaltite towards enhanced electrochemical charge storage

Manganese cobaltite(MnCo_(2)_(4))is a promising electrode material because of its attractive redox chemistry and excellent charge storage capability.Our previous work demonstrated that the octahedrally-coordinated Mn are prone to react with the hydroxyl ions in alkaline electrolyte upon electrochemical cycling and separates on the surface of spinel to reconstruct into d-MnO_(2) nanosheets irreversibly,thus results in a change of the reaction mechanism with Kþion intercalation.However,the low capacity has greatly limited its practical application.Herein,we found that the tetrahedrally-coordinated Co_(2) þions were leached when MnCo_(2)_(4) was equilibrated in 1 mol L^(-1) HCl solution,leading to the formation of layered CoOOH on MnCo_(2)_(4) surface which is originated from the covalency competition induced selective breakage of the CoT–O bond in CoT–O–CoO and subsequent rearrangement of free Co_(6) octahedra.The as-formed CoOOH is stable upon cycling in alkaline electrolyte,exhibits conversion reaction mechanism with facile proton diffusion and is free of massive structural evolution,thus enables utilization of the bulk electrode material and realizes enhanced specific capacity as well as facilitated charge transfer and ion diffusion.In general,our work not only offers a feasible approach to deliberate modification of MnCo_(2)_(4)'s surface structure,but also provides an in-depth understanding of its charge storage mechanism,which enables rational design of the spinel oxides with promising charge storage properties.

Medical and surgical approach to ocular surface reconstruction

Ocular surface disease(OSD)can have a severe impact on patients as it can lead to visual impairment and persistent discomfort.Ocular surface reconstruction(OSR)is an approach to the management of ocular diseases that cause structural damage to the ocular surface.OSR encompasses both medical and surgical treatment options.In this review,we discuss the medical and surgical strategies used in OSR.Medical management often aims to treat tear insufficiency,inflammation,and keratinization.Surgical treatments may be employed for a variety of reasons,including failure of medical management.This may include improving the oculo-palpebral structures in order to improve lid positioning and tear film.Additional therapies focus on improving tear production,such as through salivary gland transplantation.In situations where the ocular surface is so severely damaged that there is loss of limbal stem cells,limbal stem cell transplant(LSCT)may be indicated.Other surgeries such as amniotic membrane transplant(AMT)and conjunctival flaps(CFs)can help promote corneal healing.Finally,in severe situations where the cornea is beyond salvage,corneal transplantation,such as a penetrating keratoplasty(PKP),can be considered.OSR often requires a combination of medical and surgical approaches targeted to each specific patient’s presentation in order to achieve optimal outcomes.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Welding Pool Surface by Binocular Vision

Current research of binocular vision systems mainly need to resolve the camera’s intrinsic parameters before the reconstruction of three-dimensional(3D)objects.The classical Zhang’calibration is hardly to calculate all errors caused by perspective distortion and lens distortion.Also,the image-matching algorithm of the binocular vision system still needs to be improved to accelerate the reconstruction speed of welding pool surfaces.In this paper,a preset coordinate system was utilized for camera calibration instead of Zhang’calibration.The binocular vision system was modified to capture images of welding pool surfaces by suppressing the strong arc interference during gas metal arc welding.Combining and improving the algorithms of speeded up robust features,binary robust invariant scalable keypoints,and KAZE,the feature information of points(i.e.,RGB values,pixel coordinates)was extracted as the feature vector of the welding pool surface.Based on the characteristics of the welding images,a mismatch-elimination algorithm was developed to increase the accuracy of image-matching algorithms.The world coordinates of matching feature points were calculated to reconstruct the 3D shape of the welding pool surface.The effectiveness and accuracy of the reconstruction of welding pool surfaces were verified by experimental results.This research proposes the development of binocular vision algorithms that can reconstruct the surface of welding pools accurately to realize intelligent welding control systems in the future.

Etching‑Induced Surface Reconstruction of NiMoO_(4) for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Rational reconstruction of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)precatalysts and performance index of OER catalysts are crucial but still challenging for universal water electrolysis.Herein,we develop a double-cation etching strategy to tailor the electronic structure of NiMoO_(4),where the prepared NiMoO_(4) nanorods etched by H_(2)O_(2) reconstruct their surface with abundant cation deficiencies and lattice distortion.Calculation results reveal that the double cation deficiencies can make the upshift of d-band center for Ni atoms and the active sites with better oxygen adsorption capacity.As a result,the optimized sample(NMO-30M)possesses an overpotential of 260 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and excellent long-term durability of 162 h.Importantly,in situ Raman test reveals the rapid formation of high-oxidation-state transition metal hydroxide species,which can further help to improve the catalytic activity of NiMoO_(4) in OER.This work highlights the influence of surface remodification and shed some light on activating catalysts.

Anti-Corrosion and Reconstruction of Surface Crystal Plane for Zn Anodes by an Advanced Metal Passivation Technique

For the aqueous Zn-ion battery,dendrite formation,corrosion,and interfacial parasitic reactions are major issues,which greatly inhibits their practical application.How to develop a method of Zn construction or treatment to solve these issues for Zn anodes are still great challenges.Herein,a simple and cheap metal passivation technique is proposed for Zn anodes from a corrosion science perspective.Similar to the metal anticorrosion engineering,the formed interfacial protective layer in a chemical way can sufficiently solve the corrosion issues.Furthermore,the proposed passivity approach can reconstruct Zn surface-preferred crystal planes,exposing more(002)planes and improving surface hydrophilicity,which inhibits the formation of Zn dendrites and hydrogen evolution effectively.As expected,the passivated Zn achieves outstanding cycling life(1914 h)with low voltage polarization(<40 mV).Even at 6 mA cm^(−2) and 3 mA h cm^(−2),it can achieve stable Zn deposition over 460 h.The treated Zn anode coupled with MnO_(2) cathode shows prominently reinforced full batteries service life,making it a potential Zn anode candidate for excellent performance aqueous Zn-ion batteries.The proposed passivation approach provides a guideline for other metal electrodes preparation in various batteries and establishes the connections between corrosion science and batteries.

Reconstruction and stability of Fe_(3)O_(4)(001)surface:An investigation based on particle swarm optimization and machine learning

Magnetite nanoparticles show promising applications in drug delivery,catalysis,and spintronics.The surface of magnetite plays an important role in these applications.Therefore,it is critical to understand the surface structure of Fe_(3)O_(4)at atomic scale.Here,using a combination of first-principles calculations,particle swarm optimization(PSO)method and machine learning,we investigate the possible reconstruction and stability of Fe_(3)O_(4)(001)surface.The results show that besides the subsurface cation vacancy(SCV)reconstruction,an A layer with Fe vacancy(A-layer-V_(Fe))reconstruction of the(001)surface also shows very low surface energy especially at oxygen poor condition.Molecular dynamics simulation based on the iron–oxygen interaction potential function fitted by machine learning further confirms the thermodynamic stability of the A-layer-V_(Fe)reconstruction.Our results are also instructive for the study of surface reconstruction of other metal oxides.

Surface reconstruction of Se-doped NiS_(2) enables high-efficiency oxygen evolution reaction

Surface reconstruction of electrocatalysts has been widely witnessed during the electrochemical processes.Here,NiS_(2),NiSe_(2), and Se doped NiS_(2)(Se-NiS_(2)) are fabricated for oxygen evolution reaction(OER) through a mild sulfuration and/or selenylation process of Ni(OH)_(2) supported on carbon cloth(CC).Through careful in-situ Raman spectroscopy and ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,surface reconstruction of NiS_(2),NiSe_(2),and Se-NiS_(2) during the OER process has been revealed.A potentialdependent study shows that Se-NiS_(2) undergoes surface evolution at lower potentials and requires the lowest potential for conversion to NiOOH as a highly OER-active species,accompanied by the leaching of SO_(4)^(2-) and SeO_(4)^(2-) that can again be adsorbed on the catalyst surface to enhance the catalytic activity.Density functional theory(DFT) calculations confirm that Se-NiS_(2) is more susceptible to surface oxidation through the OER process.Therefore,Se-NiS_(2) exhibits outstanding OER activity and stability in alkaline conditions,requiring an overpotential of 343 mV at a current density of 50 mA cm^(-2).A novel insight is provided by our work in understanding the surface reconstruction and electrocatalytic mechanism of Ni-based chalcogenides.

Unveiling the parasitic-reaction-driven surface reconstruction in Ni-rich cathode and the electrochemical role of Li_(2)CO_(3)

Nickel-rich transition-metal oxides are widely regarded as promising cathode materials for high-energydensity lithium-ion batteries for emerging electric vehicles. However, achieving high energy density in Ni-rich cathodes is accompanied by substantial safety and cycle-life obstacles. The major issues of Ni-rich cathodes at high working potentials are originated from the unstable cathode-electrolyte interface, while the underlying mechanism of parasitic reactions towards surface reconstructions of cathode materials is not well understood. In this work, we controlled the Li_(2)CO_(3) impurity content on LiNi_(0.83)Mn_(0.1)Co_(0.07)O_(2) cathodes using air, tank-air, and O_(2) synthesis environments. Home-built high-precision leakage current and on-line electrochemical mass spectroscopy experiments verify that Li_(2)CO_(3) impurity is a significant promoter of parasitic reactions on Ni-rich cathodes. The rate of parasitic reactions is strongly correlated to Li_(2)CO_(3) content and severe performance deterioration of Ni83 cathodes.The post-mortem characterizations via high-resolution transition electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiles reveal that parasitic reactions promote more Ni reduction and O deficiency and even rock-salt phase transformation at the surface of cathode materials. Our observation suggests that surface reconstructions have a strong affiliation to parasitic reactions that create chemically acidic environment to etch away the lattice oxygen and offer the electrical charge to reduce the valence state of transition metal. Thus, this study advances our understanding on surface reconstructions of Nirich cathodes and prepares us for searching for rational strategies.

Self-derivation and reconstruction of silver nanoparticle reinforced cobalt-nickel bimetallic hydroxides through interface engineering for overall water splitting

Designing efficient and long-lasting non-metal electrocatalysts is an urgent task for addressing the issue of kinetic hysteresis in electrochemical oxidation reactions.The bimetallic hydroxides,catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),have significant research potential because hydroxide reconstruction to generate an active phase is a remarkable advantage.Herein,the complete reconstruction of ultrathin CoNi(OH)_(2) nanosheets was achieved by embedding Ag nanoparticles into the hydroxide to induce a spontaneous redox reaction(SRR),forming heterojunction Ag@CoNi(OH)_(2) for bifunctional hydrolysis.Theoretical calculations and in situ Raman and ex situ characterizations revealed that the inductive effect of the Ag cation redistributed the charge to promote phase transformation to highly activate Ag-modified hydroxides.The Co-Ni dual sites in Co/NiOOH serve as novel active sites for optimizing the intermediates,thereby weakening the barrier formed by OOH^*.Ag@CoNi(OH)_(2) required a potential of 1.55 V to drive water splitting at a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),with nearly 98.6% Faraday efficiency.Through ion induction and triggering of electron regulation in the OER via the synergistic action of the heterogeneous interface and surface reconstruction,this strategic design can overcome the limited capacity of bimetallic hydroxides and bridge the gap between the basic theory and industrialization of water decomposition.

COMPLEX SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON OBJECT-ORIENTED DEVELOPING TOOL VBA

Taking AutoCAD2000 as platform, an algorithm for the reconstruction ofsurface from scattered data points based on VBA is presented. With this core technology customerscan be free from traditional AutoCAD as an electronic board and begin to create actual presentationof real-world objects. VBA is not only a very powerful tool of development, but with very simplesyntax. Associating with those solids, objects and commands of AutoCAD 2000, VBA notably simplifiesprevious complex algorithms, graphical presentations and processing, etc. Meanwhile, it can avoidappearance of complex data structure and data format in reverse design with other modeling software.Applying VBA to reverse engineering can greatly improve modeling efficiency and facilitate surfacereconstruction.

RECONSTRUCTION OF WELD POOL SURFACE BASED ON SHAPE FROM SHADING

A valid image-processing algorithm of weld pool surface reconstruction according to an input image of weld pool based on shape from shading （SFS） in computer vision is presented. The weld pool surface information is related to the backside weld width, which is crucial to the quality of weld joint. The image of weld pool is recorded with an optical sensing method. Firstly, the reflectance map model, which specifies the imaging process, is estimated. Then, the algorithm of weld pool surface reconstruction based on SFS is implemented by iteration scheme and speeded by hierarchical structure. The results indicate the accuracy and effectiveness of the approach.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of human spinal cord based on histological serial sections

BACKGROUND： It is not possible to reconstruct the inner structure of the spinal cord, such as gray matter and spinal tracts, from the Visual Human Project database or CT and MRI databases, due to low image resolution and contrast in macrosection images. OBJECTIVE： To explore a semi-automatic computerized three-dimensional （3D） reconstruction of human spinal cord based on histological serial sections, in order to solve issues such as low contrast. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： An experimental study combining serial section techniques and 3D reconstruction, performed in the laboratory of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology at the Medical School of Nantong University during January to April 2008. SETTING： Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Laboratory of Image Engineering. MATERIALS： A human lumbar spinal cord segment from fresh autopsy material of an adult male. METHODS： After 4% paraformaldehyde fixation for three days, serial sections of the lumbar spinal cord were cut on a Leica cryostat and mounted on slides in sequence, with eight sections aligned separately on each slide. All sections were stained with Luxol Fast Blue to reveal myelin sheaths. After gradient dehydration and clearing, the stained slides were coverslipped. Sections were observed and images recorded under a light microscope using a digital camera. Six images were acquired at x25 magnification and automatically stitched into a complete section image. After all serial images were obtained, 96 complete serial images of the human lumbar cord segment were automatically processed with ＂Curves＂, ＂Autocontrast＂, ＂Gray scale 8 bit＂, ＂Invert＂, ＂Image resize to 50%＂ steps using Photoshop 7.0 software. All images were added in order into 3D-DOCTOR 4.0 software as a stack, where serial images were automatically realigned with neighboring images and semi-automatically segmented for white matter and gray matter. Finally, simple surface and volume reconstruction were completed on a personal computer. The reconstructed human lumbar spinal cord segment was interactively observed, cut, and measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The reconstructed human lumbar spinal cord segment. RESULTS： Compared with serial images obtained from other image modalities, such as CT, MRI, and macrosections from The Visual Human Project database, the Luxol Fast Blue stained histological serial section images exhibited higher resolution and contrast between gray and white matter. Image processing and 3D reconstruction steps were semi-automatically performed with related software. The 3D reconstructed human lumbar cord segment were observed, cut, and measured on a PC. CONCLUSION： A semi-automatically computerized method, based on histological serial sections, is an effective way to 3D-reconstruct the human spinal cord.

Surface Reconstruction of 3D Scattered Data with Radial Basis Functions

We use Radial Basis Functions （RBFs） to reconstruct smooth surfaces from 3D scattered data. An object＇s surface is defined implicitly as the zero set of an RBF fitted to the given surface data. We propose improvements on the methods of surface reconstruction with radial basis functions. A sparse approximation set of scattered data is constructed by reducing the number of interpolating points on the surface. We present an adaptive method for finding the off-surface normal points. The order of the equation decreases greatly as the number of the off-surface constraints reduces gradually. Experimental results are provided to illustrate that the proposed method is robust and may draw beautiful graphics.

3D surface reconstruction based on binocular vision using structured light

A 3D surface reconstruction method using a binocular stereo vision technology and a coded structured light,which combines a gray code with phase-shift has been studied.The accuracy of the 3 D surface reconstruction mainly depends on the decoding of gray code views and phase-shift views.In order to find the boundary accurately,gray code patterns and their inverses are projected onto a human eye plaster model.The period dislocation between the gray code views and the phase-shift views in the course of decoding has been analyzed and a new method has been proposed to solve it.The splicing method is based on feature points.The result of the 3D surface reconstruction shows the accuracy and reliability of our method.

Survey of Surface Reconstruction Algorithms

Surface reconstruction is a problem in the field of computational geometry that is concerned with recreating a surface from scattered data points sampled from an unknown surface. To date, the primary application of surface reconstruction algorithms has been in computer graphics, where physical models are digitized in three dimensions with laser range scanners or mechanical digitizing probes (Bernardini?et al., 1999?[1]). Surface reconstruction algorithms are used to convert the set of digitized points into a wire frame mesh model, which can be colored, textured, shaded, and placed into a 3D scene (in a movie or television commercial, for example). In this paper, we discuss some computational geometry preliminaries, and then move on to a summary of some different techniques used to address the surface reconstruction problem. The coming sections describe two algorithms: that of Hoppe,?et al. (1992?[2]) and Amenta,?et al. (1998?[3]). Finally, we present other applications of surface reconstruction and a brief comparison for some algorithms in this filed emphasizing on their advantages and disadvantages.

Reconstruction of B-spline surface by interpolating boundary curves and approximating inner points

In this paper, we present an algorithm for reconstruction of B-spline surface such that it interpolates the four given bound- ary curves and simultaneously approximates some given inner points. The main idea of our method is： first, we construct an initial surface which interpolates the four given boundary curves; then, while keeping the boundary control points of the initial surface un- changed, we reposition the inner control points of the surface with energy optimization method. Examples show that our algorithm is practicable and effective.

Study on resource quantity of surface water based on phase space reconstruction and neural network

Proposed a new method to disclose the complicated non-linearity structure of the water-resource system, introducing chaos theory into the hydrology and water resources field, and combined with the chaos theory and artificial neural networks. Training data construction and networks structure were determined by the phase space reconstruction, and establishing nonlinear relationship of phase points with neural networks, the forecasting model of the resource quantity of the surface water was brought forward. The keystone of the way and the detailed arithmetic of the network training were given. The example shows that the model has highly forecasting precision.

Fresh Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Conjunctival Surface Reconstruction

Purpose:To determine whether fresh human amniotic membrane can be used to reconstruct the conjunctiveal defect creates during symblepharon lysis.Methods:Forth-two eyes of 39 consecutive patients with eye burns and Stevens-Johnson syndrome were randomized to accept fresh or preserved human amniotic membrane transplantation(AMT) during the period of severe scarring.Impression cytology was performed in 12 eyes with normal tear secretion which received fresh AMT.Results:During a mean follow-up of 11 months (range,6 to 18 months),thirty-five patients (37 eyes)showed successful ocular surface reconstruction and resolution of motility restriction while four patients (2 eyes with fresh AMT,3 eye with preserved AMT)with minimal recurrence of symblepharon.There was no significant difference statistically between two groups(Chi-square test).Amniotic epithelial cells can survive about three months after being transplanted onto ocular surfaces with normal tear secretion.Conclusion:Both fresh and preserved human amniotic membrane can be considered an ideal alternative substrate for conjunctival surface reconstruction during removal of severe symblepharon.

Radial Basis Function Based Implicit Surface Reconstruction Interpolating Arbitrary Triangular Mesh

In this paper,we present an approach for smooth surface reconstructions interpolating triangular meshes with ar- bitrary topology and geometry.The approach is based on the well-known radial basis functions (RBFs) and the constructed surfaces are generalized thin-plate spline surfaces.Our algorithm first defines a pair of offset points for each vertex of a given mesh to en- hance the controUability of local geometry and to assure stability of the construction.A linear system is then solved by LU decomposi- tion and the implicit governing equation of interpolating surface is obtained.The constructed surfaces finally are visualized by a Marching Cubes based polygonizer.The approach provides a robust and efficient solution for smooth surface reconstruction from various 3 D meshes.