Three-dimensional mixed convection stagnation-point fow past a vertical surface with second-order slip velocity

This study is concerned with the three-dimensional(3D)stagnation-point for the mixed convection flow past a vertical surface considering the first-order and secondorder velocity slips.To the authors’knowledge,this is the first study presenting this very interesting analysis.Nonlinear partial differential equations for the flow problem are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations(ODEs)by using appropriate similarity transformation.These ODEs with the corresponding boundary conditions are numerically solved by utilizing the bvp4c solver in MATLAB programming language.The effects of the governing parameters on the non-dimensional velocity profiles,temperature profiles,skin friction coefficients,and the local Nusselt number are presented in detail through a series of graphs and tables.Interestingly,it is reported that the reduced skin friction coefficient decreases for the assisting flow situation and increases for the opposing flow situation.The numerical computations of the present work are compared with those from other research available in specific situations,and an excellent consensus is observed.Another exciting feature for this work is the existence of dual solutions.An important remark is that the dual solutions exist for both assisting and opposing flows.A linear stability analysis is performed showing that one solution is stable and the other solution is not stable.We notice that the mixed convection and velocity slip parameters have strong effects on the flow characteristics.These effects are depicted in graphs and discussed in this paper.The obtained results show that the first-order and second-order slip parameters have a considerable effect on the flow,as well as on the heat transfer characteristics.

Dynamic response analysis of liquefiable ground due to sinusoidal waves of different frequencies of shield construction

Vibration induced by shield construction can lead to liquefaction of saturated sand.Based on FLAC3D software,a numerical model of tunnel excavation is established and sinusoidal velocity loads with different frequencies are applied to the excavation face.The pattern of the excess pore pressure ratio with frequency,as well as the dynamic response of soil mass under different frequency loads before excavation,is analyzed.When the velocity sinusoidal wave acts on the excavation surface of the shield tunnel with a single sand layer,soil liquefaction occurs.However,the ranges and locations of soil liquefaction are different at different frequencies,which proves that the vibration frequency influences the liquefaction location of the stratum.For sand-clay composite strata with liquefiable layers,the influence of frequency on the liquefaction range is different from that of a single stratum.In the frequency range of 5-30 Hz,the liquefaction area and surface subsidence decrease with an increase in vibration frequency.The research results in this study can be used as a reference in engineering practice for tunneling liquefiable strata with a shield tunneling machine.

Stochastic analysis of excavation-induced wall deflection and box culvert settlement considering spatial variability of soil stiffness

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element modelling (FEM) analysis is carried out to investigate the effects of soil spatial variability on the response of retaining walls and an adjacent box culvert due to a braced excavation. The spatial variability of soil stiffness is modelled using a variogram and calibrated by high-quality experimental data. Multiple random field samples (RFSs) of soil stiffness are generated using geostatistical analysis and mapped onto a finite element mesh for stochastic analysis of excavation-induced structural responses by Monte Carlo simulation. It is found that the spatial variability of soil stiffness can be described by an exponential variogram, and the associated vertical correlation length is varied from 1.3 m to 1.6 m. It also reveals that the spatial variability of soil stiffness has a significant effect on the variations of retaining wall deflections and box culvert settlements. The ignorance of spatial variability in 3D FEM can result in an underestimation of lateral wall deflections and culvert settlements. Thus, the stochastic structural responses obtained from the 3D analysis could serve as an effective aid for probabilistic design and analysis of excavations.

Evaluating performance of lignite pillars with 2D approximation techniques and 3D numerical analyses

This paper attempts to investigate the use of approximate 2D numerical simulation techniques for the evaluation of lignite pillar geomechanical response, formed via the room and pillar mining method.Performance and applicability of the developing methodology are assessed through benchmarking with a more direct and accurate 3D numerical model. This analysis utilizes an underground lignite mine which is being developed in soft rock environment. Through the decisions made for the optimum room and pillar layout, the design process highlights the strong points and the weaknesses of 2D finite element analysis, and provides useful recommendations for future reference. The interpretations of results demonstrate that 2D approximation techniques come near quite well to the actual 3D problem.However, external load approximation technique seems to fit even better with the respective outcomes from the 3D analyses.

Incremental Linear Discriminant Analysis Dimensionality Reduction and 3D Dynamic Hierarchical Clustering WSNs

Optimizing the sensor energy is one of the most important concern in Three-Dimensional(3D)Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).An improved dynamic hierarchical clustering has been used in previous works that computes optimum clusters count and thus,the total consumption of energy is optimal.However,the computational complexity will be increased due to data dimension,and this leads to increase in delay in network data transmission and reception.For solving the above-mentioned issues,an efficient dimensionality reduction model based on Incremental Linear Discriminant Analysis(ILDA)is proposed for 3D hierarchical clustering WSNs.The major objective of the proposed work is to design an efficient dimensionality reduction and energy efficient clustering algorithm in 3D hierarchical clustering WSNs.This ILDA approach consists of four major steps such as data dimension reduction,distance similarity index introduction,double cluster head technique and node dormancy approach.This protocol differs from normal hierarchical routing protocols in formulating the Cluster Head(CH)selection technique.According to node’s position and residual energy,optimal cluster-head function is generated,and every CH is elected by this formulation.For a 3D spherical structure,under the same network condition,the performance of the proposed ILDA with Improved Dynamic Hierarchical Clustering(IDHC)is compared with Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering(DEEC),Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed(HEED)and Stable Election Protocol(SEP)techniques.It is observed that the proposed ILDA based IDHC approach provides better results with respect to Throughput,network residual energy,network lifetime and first node death round.

Methods of configuration test and deformation analysis for large airship

In recent years, high-altitude aerostats have been increasingly developed in the direction of multi-functionality and large size. Due to the large size and the high flexibility, new challenges for large aerostats have appeared in the configuration test and the deformation analysis. The methods of the configuration test and the deformation analysis for large airship have been researched and discussed. A tested method of the configuration,named internal scanning, is established to quickly obtain the spatial information of all surfaces for the large airship by the three-dimensional(3D) laser scanning technology. By using the surface wrap method, the configuration parameters of the large airship are calculated. According to the test data of the configuration, the structural dimensions such as the distances between the characteristic sections are measured. The method of the deformation analysis for the airship contains the algorithm of nonuniform rational B-splines(NURBS) and the finite element(FE)method. The algorithm of NURBS is used to obtain the reconfiguration model of the large airship. The seams are considered and the seam areas are divided. The FE model of the middle part of the large airship is established. The distributions of the stress and the strain for the large airship are obtained by the FE method. The position of the larger deformation for the airship is found.

Numerical Analysis of Thermal Convections in a Three-dimensional Cavity: Influence of Difference in Approximation Models on Numerical Solutions

In order to develop the practical approximation models suitable to flow fields at low Mach number with large temperature difference, the influence of difference in approximation models on numerical solutions was investigated by solving the natural convection in the 3-D enclosures with vertical sidewalls differentially heated and the heated bottom wall using 3 approximation models, that is Boussinesq approximation, low Mach Number approximation and approximation model proposed by Mlaouah. As results of the simulation, the effects of the differences in the three approximation models on the numerical solutions become clear.

Linear stability theory with the equivalent spanwise wavenumber correction in 3D boundary layers

The prediction on small disturbance propagation in complex three-dimensional(3D) boundary layers is of great significance in transition prediction methodology, especially in the aircraft design. In this paper, the linear stability theory(LST) with the equivalent spanwise wavenumber correction(ESWC) is proposed in order to accurately predict the linear evolution of a disturbance in a kind of boundary layer flow with a vital variation in the spanwise direction. The LST with the ESWC takes not only the scale of the mean flow with the significant variation but also the wavenumber evolution of the disturbance itself. Compared with the conventional LST, the results obtained by the new method are in excellent agreement with those of the numerical simulations. The LST with the ESWC is an effective method on the prediction of the disturbance evolution in 3D boundary layers, which improves the prediction of the LST in the applications to complex 3D boundary layers greatly.

3-D Modelling of the Confederation Bridge Using Data of Full Scale Tests

Long-span bridges are special structures that require advanced analysis techniques to examine their performance. This paper presents a procedure developed to model the Confederation Bridge using 3-D beam elements. The model was validated using the data collected before the opening of the bridge to the public. The bridge was instrumented to conduct fullscale static and dynamic tests. The static tests were to measure the deflection of the bridge pier while the dynamic tests to measure the free vibrations of the pier due to a sudden release of the static load. Confederation Bridge is one of the longest reinforced concrete bridges in the world. It connects the province of Prince Edward Island and the province of New Brunswick in Canada. Due to its strategic location and vital role as a transportation link between these two provinces, it was designed using higher safety factors than those for typical highway bridges. After validating the present numerical model, a procedure was developed to evaluate the performance of similar bridges subjected to traffic and seismic loads. It is of interest to note that the foundation stiffness and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete have significant effects on the structural responses of the Confederation Bridge.

基于ABAQUS的平纹织物同面对向弯曲有限元模拟

为明晰织物结构对其弯曲性能的影响机制,对织物弯曲过程进行了有限元模拟和实验验证。以涤纶织物为例,通过VHX-5000型超景深数码显微镜观测织物,得到纱线几何参数;根据纱线实际尺寸,利用SolidWorks专业建模软件构建涤纶平纹织物的三维几何模型;基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS研究织物同面对向弯曲性能,分析纱线弹性模量、摩擦因数、泊松比等参数对弯曲实验的影响,并将有限元仿真结果与实验结果进行对比。结果表明:模拟所得抗弯力-位移曲线与实验曲线在0.01水平上呈显著相关,模拟结果与实验结果一致,证明用有限元模拟弯曲织物模型的有效性。

A practical parallel preprocessing strategy for 3D numerical manifold method

Over the past three decades,the numerical manifold method(NMM)has attracted many researchers from geotechnical community because it unifies the solutions of continuous and discontinuous problems in the same framework.However,due to the lack of ready-made preprocessing tools,the development of three dimensional NMM(3DNMM)is still limited.A practical strategy to generate the discretized models for a 3DNMM analysis is proposed.In the proposed strategy,regular hexahedral meshes are uniformly deployed to construct the mathematical cover system.The physical meshes including the joints,material interfaces,and problem domain boundaries are adopted to cut the mathematical cover system into physical cover system and manifold elements(MEs).To improve the efficiency of the proposed strategy,the Intel threading building blocks(TBB)parallel library for CPU paralleling is adopted.Several typical examples are adopted to validate the proposed strategy.The results show that the proposed strategy can effectively generate the discretized 3D models of some geotechnical problems for 3DNMM calculations.The proposed strategy deserves a further investigation.

Evaluation of earthquake impact on magnitude of the minimum principal stress along a shotcrete lined pressure tunnel in Nepal

In situ stress condition in rock mass is influenced by both tectonic activity and geological environment such as faulting and shearing in the rock mass.This influence is of significance in the Himalayan region,where the tectonic movement is active,resulting in periodic dynamic earthquakes.Each large-scale earthquake causes both accumulation and sudden release of strain energy,instigating changes in the in situ stress environment in the rock mass.This paper first highlights the importance of the magnitude of the minimum principal stress in the design of unlined or shotcrete lined pressure tunnel as water conveyance system used for hydropower schemes.Then we evaluated the influence of local shear faults on the magnitude of the minimum principal stress along the shotcrete lined high pressure tunnel of Upper Tamakoshi Hydroelectric Project(UTHP)in Nepal.A detailed assessment of the in situ stress state is carried out using both measured data and three-dimensional(3D)numerical analyses with FLAC3D.Finally,analysis is carried out on the possible changes in the magnitude of the minimum principal stress in the rock mass caused by seismic movement(dynamic loading).A permanent change in the stress state at and nearby the area of shear zones along the tunnel alignment is found to be an eminent process.

Experimental and numerical investigation of design optimization of a partial admitted supersonic turbine

To obtain a high specific work output,the large pressure ratios across the turbine are required.This can be achieved using a supersonic turbine.When the fluid mass flow is low,the impulse kind of one or two stages supersonic turbine is employed.To prevent losses due to low blade aspect ratio and issues related to manufacturing and industrial problems,the turbine is used in partial admission conditions.Studies show that the turbine efficiency is highly dependent on the amount of partial admission coefficient.The turbine efficiency in full admission is high,but the use of partial admission lowers the additional losses.Therefore,there will be a degree of partial admission in which the turbine will have the highest efficiency.The aim of this work is to achieve the optimum partial admission for a special impulse turbine as a case study.Therefore,in the beginning,an appropriate model of losses is presented.Then,using a nonlinear design optimization code,the partial admission of an impulse supersonic turbine is optimized.This code is written using a genetic algorithm.Then,using three-dimensional numerical analysis,the optimal model will be selected.In the optimization problem,the turbine efficiency is the objective function.The amount of design parameters and constraints used in this process are ten and eight,respectively.After the optimization process,prototypes of designed and modified turbines are made and tested.Test results were compared and analyzed.The results showed that the turbine efficiency is improved between 2.5%and 3%depending on various operation conditions.

基坑工程下地铁隧道隆起位移数值模拟分析

结合南京龙蟠路隧道(南侧)西段上跨既建成的地铁1号线双线盾构隧道的基坑工程,针对未经加固以及运用高压旋喷法加固基坑坑内地基两种工况,采用ANSYS对已建地铁盾构隧道隆起位移进行三维弹塑性有限元数值模拟。模拟计算结果表明,坑内未经加固基坑开挖后下部隧道隆起位移过大;坑内加固后基坑开挖不会造成下部隧道过大的隆起位移是安全可行的,该结论与工程实际监测结果相符。

中国盛夏褐飞虱北迁过程的动态数值模拟

以控制和影响褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens(St l)迁飞过程的生理生态参数为依据 ,应用时空分辨率较高的中尺度数值预报模式—MM4和三维轨迹计算方法对我国盛夏褐飞虱的北迁过程进行了动态模拟。模拟结果及其与实测虫情资料的对比研究表明 :(1)我国盛夏褐飞虱北迁的虫源地主要在 2 2 5°N～ 2 7°N ,110°E～ 116°E之间。 (2 )空中迁飞路径有三条 :主径取 32°方位角 ,副径分别取 10°和 75°方位角。 (3)降落虫汇区有三个 :主降区为长江中下游稻区 ,副降区分别为鄂西北、川东北稻区和浙东南、闽北稻区。 (4)理论模拟与实际虫情普查分析比较吻合 。

九华山隧道穿越段明城墙沉降的三维数值分析

为减小穿越引起的明城墙不均匀沉降甚至城墙开裂,采取了城墙基础加固和超前支护等控制措施。采用三维数值方法,选取典型城墙基础断面,计算了未采取控制措施与采取控制措施后明城墙的沉降,并与部分实测数据对比。分析结果表明:采取控制措施后沉降量可以减少38%;隧道在通过城墙下部时,沉降量增加较快,应加强变形监测;计算值与实测值吻合较好。工程成功穿越明城墙证明,采取有效的超前支护和加固措施对地表建筑物变形控制具有重要的作用。

地震地基液化大变形对桥梁桩基危害性三维数值分析

为研究地震地基液化大变形对桥梁桩基的危害性,建立了含液化层的二层与三层土体系计算模型,考虑桩土共同作用的非线性关系,利用FLAC-3D有限差分软件对液化侧扩地基中的单桩、群桩进行了动力有限差分分析,探讨了地基液化大变形条件下桩基位移与内力变化分布规律。分析结果表明:二层与三层土体中,液化土层和非液化土层交界面处产生的桩身弯矩极值是控制桩身破坏的关键因素,液化土层本身对桩身弯矩的影响很小;桩帽对桩顶的侧移有一定制约作用,但对桩身弯矩极值的影响不显著;群桩中上坡桩与下坡桩的侧向位移与桩身弯矩分布模式相似,但上坡桩发生的侧向位移和桩身弯矩要略大于下坡桩情况。

水平荷载作用下群桩相互作用的弹塑性数值分析

本文利用三维弹塑性有限元法对水平荷载作用下群桩基础特性进行了分析,讨论了群桩基础水平荷载作用下的承载性状和破坏机理,并探讨了桩距、桩数、桩长、桩径和土质各种因素对群桩效应的影响,指出桩距和桩数是影响群桩效应的主要因素。

结构层模量对路面力学响应影响的三维数值分析

目前关于路面结构层模量对路面结构力学响应影响的研究一般是利用弹性层状理论进行分析。从三维数值分析的角度 ,分别从路表弯沉、面层和基层内的压应力及拉应力等方面说明了结构层模量及基层条件对路面结构力学响应的影响。分析认为路面各结构层模量的提高能减小路面表面弯沉 ,较高的基层模量会增大面层内的压应力 ,较高的底基层模量能减小基层底面的拉应力。

东坪金矿采空区开挖过程的三维有限元数值模拟

结合东坪金矿南山采区1号空区的工程实际,采用Plaxis 3D Tunnel对其建立三维数值模型,并对其不同开挖顺序的开挖过程进行数值模拟。通过对开采过程中的地压活动规律和围岩稳定性进行分析,论证了地下采空区开挖方案的可行性,揭示了采空区不同开挖阶段应力的集中部位和围岩的潜在破坏部位。计算表明该空区由上向下开挖顺序较为有利,其开挖过程总体可以保持稳定,但也存在不安全隐患。计算结果对该矿山的安全生产具有指导意义。