Research on the Industrial Transfer and Restructuring Path of the Energy-Intensive Manufacturing Industry in Western China

The orderly transfer of the manufacturing industry is a major action in China’s industrial restructuring.From the perspective of industrial transfer,we used the concentration ratio to depict the trend of the industrial transfer of energy-intensive manufacturing in the eastern,central,and western regions since the policy of large-scale development of western China was implemented.We measured the total factor productivity(TFP)of western China using the DEAMalmquist index method.We conducted a regression analysis to measure the effect of western China’s undertaking of the transfer of the energy-intensive manufacturing industry.The findings of this study show that during 2000–2019,eleven provinces(as well as autonomous regions and municipalities)in western China undertook the transfer of the energy-intensive manufacturing industry from the eastern and central regions to varying degrees,exhibiting significant phase features regarding the rate and scale of transfers.Further investigation also demonstrated that the transfer of energy-intensive manufacturing industries has a U-shaped enabling effect on TFP in western China with the scale effect greater than the technology effect.Therefore,it is necessary to transition from“extensive industrial transfer”at the cost of the labor force,land,and resources to“modern industrial transfer”featured by technology and efficiency improvements to contribute to industrial restructuring in western China effectively.

Analysis of the Manufactured Tolerances with the Three-Dimensional Method of Angular Chains of Dimensions Applied to a Cylinder Head of Car Engine

This paper proposes an analysis method of the manufactured tolerances applied to a cylinder head of car engine. This method allows to determine the manufacturing tolerances in the case of angular chains of dimensions and to check its correspondence with the functional tolerances. The objective of this work is to analyze two parameterized functions: the angular defect Δα and the projected length lg of the toleranced surface. The angular defects are determined from the precision of the machine tools, we consider only the geometrical defects (position and orientation of surfaces), making the assumption that the form defects are negligible. The manufactured defect is determined from these two parameterized functions. Then it will be compared with the functional condition in order to check if the selected machining range allows, at end of the manufacturing process, to give a suitable part.

Determination of Surface Roughness in Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on Laser Vision Sensing

Wire and arc additive manufacturing(WAAM) shows a great promise for fabricating fully dense metal parts by means of melting materials in layers using a welding heat source. However, due to a large layer height produced in WAAM, an unsatisfactory surface roughness of parts processed by this technology has been a key issue. A methodology based on laser vision sensing is proposed to quantitatively calculate the surface roughness of parts deposited by WAAM.Calibrations for a camera and a laser plane of the optical system are presented. The reconstruction precision of the laser vision system is verified by a standard workpiece. Additionally, this determination approach is utilized to calculate the surface roughness of a multi-layer single-pass thin-walled part. The results indicate that the optical measurement approach based on the laser vision sensing is a simple and effective way to characterize the surface roughness of parts deposited by WAAM. The maximum absolute error is less than 0.15 mm. The proposed research provides the foundation for surface roughness optimization with different process parameters.

A generic approach of integrating 3D models into virtual manufacturing

Various 3D modeling software has been developed for design and manufacturing. Most of the commercially available software uses native file formats, which may not be able to be read or understood by other software. This paper deals with the development of a generic approach of a 3D model conversion program for virtual manufacturing （VM）, using a lexical analyzer generator Lex and the Open Graphic Library （OpenGL）. The program is able to convert 3D mesh data between four universal file formats, i.e., Stereolithography （STL）, Virtual Reality Modeling Language （VRML）, eXtensible Markup Language （XML）, and Object （OBJ）. Simple assembly functions can be applied to the imported models. The quaternion angle is used for object rotation to overcome the problem of gimbal lock or a loss of one degree of rotational freedom. The program has been validated by importing the neutral format models into the program, applying the transformation, saving the new models with a new coordinate system, and lastly exporting into other commercial software. The results showed that the program is able to render and re-arrange accurately the geometry data from the different universal file formats and that it can be used in VM. Therefore, the output models from a VM system can be transferred or imported to another VM system in a universal file format.

Opportunities and challenges of three-dimensional printing technology in pharmaceutical formulation development

Three-dimensional printing is a technology that prints the products layer-by-layer,in which materials are deposited according to the digital model designed by computer aided design(CAD)software.This technology has competitive advantages regarding product design complexity,product personalization,and on-demand manufacturing.The emergence of 3 D technology provides innovative strategies and new ways to develop novel drug delivery systems.This review summarizes the application of 3 D printing technologies in the pharmaceutical field,with an emphasis on the advantages of 3 D printing technologies for achieving rapid drug delivery,personalized drug delivery,compound drug delivery and customized drug delivery.In addition,this article illustrates the limitations and challenges of 3 D printing technologies in the field of pharmaceutical formulation development.

Application of digital technology in nasal reconstruction

Nasal defects are facial defects caused by trauma,tumors,or congenital diseases that seriously damage a patient’s physical and mental health.Nasal defects,from skin defects to total nasal defects,require surgical repair and reconstruction to restore the appearance and function of the nose,which have always been challenges for rhinoplasty.The development of digital technology has increased the possibility of nasal reconstruction.Digital technology is involved in the preoperative,intraoperative,and postoperative stages of nasal construction and is of great significance in improving the effect of this surgery.This article reviews the application of major digital technologies,including three-dimensional(3D)imaging technology,computer-assisted surgical navigation,and 3D printing,in nasal reconstruction and discusses the shortcomings of the current application of digital technology.

Transforming nanoscale VO_(2)(B) into a scalable sodium-ion electrode

The intermittent nature of renewable energies requires highly reliable grid-level energy storage approaches.A critical consideration in developing this technology is the areal capacity which determines battery performance and influences the cost of battery technology.Of related importance is finding new ways of developing scalable electrodes.In recent years,threedimensional(3D)printing of conductive scaffolds has emerged as an alternative to overcome the scalability limitations of commercial tape cast electrodes.The research carried out in the current study demonstrates a successful scalability pathway for nanoscale VO_(2)(B),a desirable cathode for sodium-ion batteries which has a nano-flower morphology with a crystallite size<20 nm.By electrodepositing VO_(2)(B)onto a graphene aerogel scaffold,we were able to achieve mass loading of over 100 mg·cm^(-2) and still possess an areal capacity of 10 mAh·cm^(-2) at a current density of 5 mA·cm^(-2).Moreover,after 1000 cycles,these electrodes retained 75% to 80% of their initial capacity.Even at high loading levels,the electrodeposited VO_(2)(B)exhibits pseudocapacitive material signatures such as a box-like voltammetry response,linear galvanostatic response,and no phase change upon lithiation.The scalability of the VO_(2)(B)electrode is demonstrated in a series of experiments which show the areal capacity to scale upon increase in both mass loading and electrode thickness,with only small changes in specific capacity.This study establishes that nanoscale materials can be scaled up to achieve thick electrodes without compromising their electrochemical properties.

3D-printed microelectronics for integrated circuitry and passive wireless sensors

Three-dimensional(3D)additive manufacturing techniques have been utilized to make 3D electrical components,such as resistors,capacitors,and inductors,as well as circuits and passive wireless sensors.Using the fused deposition modeling technology and a multiple-nozzle system with a printing resolution of 30μm,3D structures with both supporting and sacrificial structures are constructed.After removing the sacrificial materials,suspensions with silver particles are injected subsequently solidified to form metallic elements/interconnects.The prototype results show good characteristics of fabricated 3D microelectronics components,including an inductor–capacitor-resonant tank circuitry with a resonance frequency at 0.53 GHz.A 3D“smart cap”with an embedded inductor–capacitor tank as the wireless passive sensor was demonstrated to monitor the quality of liquid food(e.g.,milk and juice)wirelessly.The result shows a 4.3%resonance frequency shift from milk stored in the room temperature environment for 36 h.This work establishes an innovative approach to construct arbitrary 3D systems with embedded electrical structures as integrated circuitry for various applications,including the demonstrated passive wireless sensors.