A method to interpret fracture aperture of rock slope using adaptive shape and unmanned aerial vehicle multi-angle nap-of-the-object photogrammetry

The aperture of natural rock fractures significantly affects the deformation and strength properties of rock masses,as well as the hydrodynamic properties of fractured rock masses.The conventional measurement methods are inadequate for collecting data on high-steep rock slopes in complex mountainous regions.This study establishes a high-resolution three-dimensional model of a rock slope using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)multi-angle nap-of-the-object photogrammetry to obtain edge feature points of fractures.Fracture opening morphology is characterized using coordinate projection and transformation.Fracture central axis is determined using vertical measuring lines,allowing for the interpretation of aperture of adaptive fracture shape.The feasibility and reliability of the new method are verified at a construction site of a railway in southeast Tibet,China.The study shows that the fracture aperture has a significant interval effect and size effect.The optimal sampling length for fractures is approximately 0.5e1 m,and the optimal aperture interpretation results can be achieved when the measuring line spacing is 1%of the sampling length.Tensile fractures in the study area generally have larger apertures than shear fractures,and their tendency to increase with slope height is also greater than that of shear fractures.The aperture of tensile fractures is generally positively correlated with their trace length,while the correlation between the aperture of shear fractures and their trace length appears to be weak.Fractures of different orientations exhibit certain differences in their distribution of aperture,but generally follow the forms of normal,log-normal,and gamma distributions.This study provides essential data support for rock and slope stability evaluation,which is of significant practical importance.

Three-dimensional multi-constraint route planning of unmanned aerial vehicle low-altitude penetration based on coevolutionary multi-agent genetic algorithm

To address the issue of premature convergence and slow convergence rate in three-dimensional (3D) route planning of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) low-altitude penetration,a novel route planning method was proposed.First and foremost,a coevolutionary multi-agent genetic algorithm (CE-MAGA) was formed by introducing coevolutionary mechanism to multi-agent genetic algorithm (MAGA),an efficient global optimization algorithm.A dynamic route representation form was also adopted to improve the flight route accuracy.Moreover,an efficient constraint handling method was used to simplify the treatment of multi-constraint and reduce the time-cost of planning computation.Simulation and corresponding analysis show that the planning results of CE-MAGA have better performance on terrain following,terrain avoidance,threat avoidance (TF/TA2) and lower route costs than other existing algorithms.In addition,feasible flight routes can be acquired within 2 s,and the convergence rate of the whole evolutionary process is very fast.

Rapid and robust slope failure appraisal using aerial photogrammetry and 3D slope stability models

Slope failures are an inevitable aspect of economic pit slope designs in the mining industry.Large open pit guidelines and industry standards accept up to 30%of benches in open pits to collapse provided that they are controlled and that no personnel are at risk.Rigorous ground control measures including real time monitoring systems at TARP(trigger-action-response-plan)protocols are widely utilized to prevent personnel from being exposed to slope failure risks.Technology and computing capability are rapidly evolving.Aerial photogrammetry techniques using UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle)enable geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists to work faster and more safely by removing themselves from potential line-of-fire near unstable slopes.Slope stability modelling software using limit equilibrium(LE)and finite element(FE)methods in three dimensions(3D)is also becoming more accessible,user-friendly and faster to operate.These key components enable geotechnical engineers to undertake site investigations,develop geotechnical models and assess slope stability faster and in more detail with less exposure to fall of ground hazards in the field.This paper describes the rapid and robust process utilized at BHP Limited for appraising a slope failure at an iron ore mine site in the Pilbara region of Western Australia using a combination of UAV photogrammetry and 3D slope stability models in less than a shift(i.e.less than 12 h).

High Spatial Resolution Mapping of Dykes Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) Photogrammetry: New Insights On Emplacement Processes

Remote sensing has played a pivotal role in our understanding of the geometry of dykes and dyke swarms on Earth,Venus and Mars(West and Ernst,1991;Mege and Masson,1995;Ernst et al.,2005).Since the 1970’s

Development of a Three-Dimensional Measuring System for Neonates' Head and Facial Morphology

A web camera based multi-camera convergent close-range photogrammetric system is developed to obtain the neonates＇ head and facial morphology. The data will then be used to develop a secure and good-fitting eye-patch protector for neonates, particularly whoa they are exposed to bright lights such as phototherapy light. Measurements obtained by the system are evaluated and validated against data obtained from optical scanning. Results show that the photogrammetric system meets the requirements of measuring accuracy and safety for neonate in the neonatal units.

Architectural Model of a Dryland Gravel Braided River,based on 3D UAV Oblique Photogrammetric Data:A Case Study of West Dalongkou River in Eastern Xinjiang,China

Three-dimensional unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)oblique photogrammetric data were used to infer mountainous gravel braided river lithofacies,lithofacies associations and architectural elements.Hierarchical architecture and lithofacies associations with detailed lithofacies characterizations were comprehensively described to document the architectural model,architectural element scale and gravel particle scale.(1)Nine lithofacies(i.e.,Gmm,Gcm,Gcc,Gci,Gcl,Ss,Sm,Fsm and Fl)were identified and classified as gravel,sand and fine matrix deposits.These are typical depositional features of a mountainous dryland gravel-braided river.(2)Three architectural elements were identified,including channel(CH),gravel bar(GB)and overbank(OB).CH can be further divided into flow channel and abandoned channel,while GB consists of Central Gravel bar(CGB)and Margin Gravel bar(MGB).(3)The gravel bar is the key architectural element of the gravel braided river,with its geological attributes.The dimensions of GBs and their particles are various,but exhibit good relationships with each other.The grain size of GB decreases downstream,but the dimensions of GB do not.The bank erosion affects the GB dimensions,whereas channel incision and water flow velocity influence the grain size of GB.The conclusions can be applied to the dryland gravel braided river studies in tectonically active areas.

3D modeling of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Tilt Photogrammetry

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV)tilt photogrammetry technology can quickly acquire image data in a short time.This technology has been widely used in all walks of life with the rapid development in recent years especially in the rapid acquisition of high-resolution remote sensing images,because of its advantages of high efficiency,reliability,low cost and high precision.Fully using the UAV tilt photogrammetry technology,the construction image progress can be observed by stages,and the construction site can be reasonably and optimally arranged through three-dimensional modeling to create a civilized,safe and tidy construction environment.

Three-dimensional anthropometry in periorbital region

Anthropometry can analyze the size,weight,and proportion of the human body objectively and quantitatively to supplement the visual assessment.Various non-invasive three-dimensional(3D)anthropometric techniques have been applied to assess soft tissues’3D morphology in the clinical practice.Among them,non-invasive stereophotogrammetry and laser scanning techniques are becoming increasingly popular in craniofacial surgery and plastic surgery.They have been applied for craniofacial growth estimation and morphometric investigation,genetic and acquired malformation diagnosis,as well as orthodontic or surgical treatment arrangement and outcome evaluation.However,few studies have been published for assessing the 3D morphology of soft tissues in the periorbital region.This paper reviews the studies involving the application and evaluation of the increasingly popular 3D photogrammetry in the periorbital region.These studies proposed detailed and standardized protocols for three-dimensionally assessing linear,curvilinear,angular,as well as volumetric measurements,and verified its high reliability in the periorbital region(even higher than caliper-derived direct measurements).In the future,reliable and accurate 3D imaging techniques,as well as standardized analyzing protocols,may find applications in following up morphological growth,preoperatively diagnosing and assessing patient periorbital conditions,planning surgical procedures,postoperatively evaluating treatment outcomes of a specific procedure,and comparing the differences in surgical results between various procedures,studies,as well as populations.

The Integrated System of Aerial Photogrammetry and Tower Locations Optimization for Transmission Lines

This paper describes the functions and the features of the integrated system of aerial survey and tower locations optimization for transmission lines, which includes all stages from data acquisition, data transmission and data processing to automatic optimization of the tower locations and drawing. The paper also briefly describes the economic benefit gained from this system, and finally proposes the directions of the future development for this system.

无人机倾斜摄影测量在采空塌陷区生态综合治理中的应用

针对郭家湾煤矿51101工作面采空塌陷区生态综合治理问题,利用无人机搭载五镜头倾斜相机获取航摄影像,经过内业处理、三维建模获得实景三维模型。通过对像控点和三维模型精度分析,证明无人机倾斜摄影测量完全满足煤矿治理大比例尺地形图测图要求。依托实景三维模型和生成的高精度DLG数据成果,可帮助设计人员准确高效地提出相应采空塌陷区生态治理方式,大大提高了塌陷治理以及土地复垦工作的针对性和工作效率,为后期项目验收提供了准确可信的技术支撑和成果验证,最终有效解决了治理区地表变形和生态破坏问题。

基于无人机摄影测量的矿区地形三维重建及精度分析

矿区地形三维重建对于矿区地形分析及安全生产具有重要意义。针对传统重建方式存在效率低、数据更新速度慢、成本高等问题,提出了一种基于无人机摄影测量技术的矿区地形三维重建方法。该方法使用无人机进行低空拍摄,利用SIFT特征点匹配算法得到一系列匹配点,利用特征提取、空三测量、多视影像密集匹配技术,生成不规则三角网格和纹理映射,实现对矿区地形三维模型的自动重建。试验结果表明:在足够数量和合理选取地面控制点的情况下,所提方法可以获得较高精度的矿区地形三维重建结果;三维模型重建可以全面呈现矿区地形整体形态和局部细节特征,同时具有高效和低成本等优点。所提方法可为矿区环境保护及相关分析提供更准确、高效、可靠的地形信息数据源和技术支持。

UAV SfM技术在活动构造研究中的应用——以青藏高原西北部龙木错断裂为例

为探讨搭载与未搭载实时动态差分技术/动态后处理技术(RTK/PPK)模块的无人机平台通过运动恢复结构(SfM)方法处理获得的数字高程模型(DEM)数据质量差异,以及建立不同无人机平台野外数据采集和室内数据处理过程的快速流程,利用大疆经纬M 300 RTK无人机(搭载禅思L1激光雷达(LiDAR)和测绘相机)与大疆精灵4 Pro无人机(搭载可见光相机)分别对青藏高原西北部龙木错断裂上1处位错阶地进行了数据采集,获得了该处高分辨率、高精度DEM数据和数字正射影像图(DOM)数据。对比结果显示,M 300 RTK无人机平台L1负载系统获得的LiDAR和SfM地形数据精度接近,两者在约100 m的飞行高度获得的DEM数据在水平和垂直方向的均方差分别为0.135 m、0.111 m和0.201 m、0.180 m;无RTK模块的精灵4 Pro无人机获取的DEM数据虽然绝对精度较差(水平和垂直方向均方差分别为1.707 m和249.280 m),但其反映的相对地形与实际地形接近,经过地面控制点校正后精度可以达到分米级。研究表明,RTK SfM技术克服了使用地面控制点的局限性,为活动构造研究领域微地貌测量提供了更高精度、更高效率的解决方案。当对测区的绝对三维坐标要求不高,仅需相对的地形起伏时,未搭载RTK模块的无人机也能够在无地面控制点约束的情况下满足地貌位错测量基本需求。

基于无人机倾斜摄影和激光扫描的离岸海岛高精度实景三维重建

本文面向离岸海岛实景三维需求与技术挑战,以珠海市庙湾岛为观测对象,采用无人机倾斜摄影与激光扫描的方式进行离岸海岛的实景三维数据获取。详细介绍了无人机任务规划、地面控制与实景三维数据处理工作,以及基于无参数布料模拟滤波的DEM生成,最终通过检查点验证了数据的绝对精度。结果表明,获取的正射、倾斜影像总中误差分别为14.72、6.60 cm;点云、DSM、DEM高程中误差分别为3.10、6.20、7.11 cm,满足离岸海岛实景三维展示与调查管理的需求。

无人机激光雷达技术和倾斜摄影技术在地形测绘中的应用

针对地形落差大、植被茂密、通视条件差的区域,本文提出了一种综合利用无人机激光雷达(LiDAR)技术与倾斜摄影技术完成测图的方法。利用激光雷达穿透性强,高密度、高精度获取数据的优势,可准确获取地面高程信息;利用倾斜摄影建模技术可准确地获取地物的平面位置信息,实现比较直观的可视化效果,可快速进行矢量数据采集工作。通过两种技术手段的结合,可实现高精度地形图的生产。本文从实际出发,以黑龙江某项目为例,论证了此方法能够完全满足1∶500数字地形图的精度要求。

西部矿区多煤层采动地表沉陷无人机观测方法研究

西部矿区煤矿开采具有浅埋深、薄基岩、多煤层开采、地表环境脆弱等特点,为化解开采地表沉陷传统观测方法覆盖范围小、作业强度高、自动化程度低等难题,引入无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV)摄影测量技术观测并分析某煤矿工作面地表沉陷规律。结果表明:UAV摄影测量观测开采沉陷的中误差为4.4 cm,满足地表沉陷整体观测需求;获取的2.53 km^(2)测区范围内地表整体沉陷模型可准确反映矿区地表沉陷区域及沉陷幅度;受多煤层开采影响地表沉陷模型呈不均匀盆状,沿工作面走向、倾向沉陷曲线均呈现不对称现象,最大沉陷值3.18 m。

基于倾斜影像和机载LiDAR点云的城市级实景三维模型生产技术

随着实景三维中国建设的推进,目前城市级的实景三维模型重建已成为研究重点。城市级的倾斜摄影测量建模,存在数据处理量大、涉及地形复杂多样和由于视线遮挡导致模型变形等问题。针对这些问题,本文总结了融合倾斜影像和机载LiDAR点云数据进行城市级实景三维模型重建的全技术流程,并以中山市为例进行了验证。结果表明,本文提出的全技术流程可以有效提高城市级实景三维模型的重建效率和质量。

基于全球重力场模型的无人机免像控航测方法研究

针对测区周边缺少基础控制点或人员难于进入测区布设像控点的问题,提出一种基于全球重力场模型的无人机免像控快速航测方法,并通过实验验证该方法的精度。采用EGM2008、XGM2019、EIGEN-6C4三种全球重力场模型,计算6个实验区域的高程异常,并将影像外方位元素中的大地高转换为正常高,输入航测软件进行空三运算及三维建模。结果显示,基于EGM2008、XGM2019、EIGEN-6C4三种模型的免像控航测成果高程精度均在10~20 cm之间,可满足1∶2000测图精度要求。为了进一步提高成果精度,采用基于EIGEN-6C4重力场模型及“移去-拟合-恢复”的正常高计算方法,将无人机航测系统获取的影像外方位元素中的大地高转换为正常高。该方法通过计算全国范围内的16个GNSS水准点的高程异常,拟合出实验区域的正常高模型,实现更高精度的无人机免像控航测。实验结果显示,基于EIGEN-6C4模型“移去-拟合-恢复”方法的免像控航测成果高程精度可达到厘米级,相较于只基于EGM2008、XGM2019、EIGEN-6C4重力模型的方法,其成果精度更高,可满足1∶500测图精度要求。

无人机航空摄影测量在河北某矿山地形测绘中的应用及精度控制

无人机航空摄影测量技术由于高效快速、灵活易操作逐步应用于各种测图工作。本文重点针对矿产勘查中的地形测绘,采用无人机航空摄影测量测制1:2000地形图的过程和精度控制,对大比例尺地形测绘成图和质量检查进行了探讨。

多时相数字孪生滑坡变形监测方法与应用研究--以金沙江白格滑坡为例

高位隐蔽滑坡因为难到达、难识别、难监测,致使成灾表现具有极强的突发性和破坏性。针对传统人工地面调查和地面布设监测设备存在危险系数高、工作效率低、设备易损坏和离线误报率高等问题,提出基于无人机倾斜摄影测量技术构建高位隐蔽滑坡数字孪生体的方法,通过信息化、数字化手段对地质灾害变形特征及时空演化规律进行监测分析。以西藏金沙江白格滑坡为研究对象,利用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术获取2019年4月—2021年9月共计10期次航测数据,融合多源数据构建了多时相数字孪生滑坡体,通过多期孪生滑坡体实现对白格滑坡整体滑移、局部微变形、滑塌体积等多维要素的高精度定量分析,并及时应用于白格滑坡时空演化分析和监测预警中。研究表明:白格滑坡在2019—2021年监测期内存在持续变形迹象,强变形主要位于滑坡两侧及后缘,渐有扩大趋势,存在垮塌堵江风险。运用多时相数字孪生滑坡变形监测手段实现对地质灾害定性-定量化特征描述与风险评估,具有快速灵活、覆盖全面、不受复杂艰险地形条件限制等优势,可为高位隐蔽滑坡等斜坡灾害大梯度形变监测提供工程实践参考。

无人机航空摄影测量技术在交城县“清零行动多测合一”工作中的应用

交城县为解决国有建设用地上房屋不动产登记历史遗留问题,施行“多测合一”测绘服务,对项目用地、规划、施工、竣工及不动产登记阶段行政审批工作涉及的测绘业务进行优化。优化后实现一次委托、一次测绘、一次提交和成果共享,减轻企业负担,提升审批效率。该文采用交城县“清零行动多测合一”各阶段中操作流程最为复杂、成果要求最为严格的竣工验收阶段,进行基于无人机航空摄影测量技术1∶500地形图应用研究。通过介绍无人机航测,并对生产成果进行精度分析后,最终证明无人机航测技术能够完成当前1∶500地形图成图工作,且在精度满足相应标准的前提下,大幅提升测量效率,是一种快捷高效的测量技术。