Three-Dimensional Wind Field Retrieved from Dual-Doppler Radar Based on a Variational Method:Refinement of Vertical Velocity Estimates

In this paper,a scheme of dual-Doppler radar wind analysis based on a three-dimensional variational method is proposed and performed in two steps.First,the horizontal wind field is simultaneously recovered through minimizing a cost function defined as a radial observation term with the standard conjugate gradient method,avoiding a weighting parameter specification step.Compared with conventional dual-Doppler wind synthesis approaches,this variational method minimizes errors caused by interpolation from radar observation to analysis grid in the iterative solution process,which is one of the main sources of errors.Then,through the accelerated Liebmann method,the vertical velocity is further reestimated as an extra step by solving the Poisson equation with impermeable conditions imposed at the ground and near the tropopause.The Poisson equation defined by the second derivative of the vertical velocity is derived from the mass continuity equation.Compared with the method proposed by O’Brien,this method is less sensitive to the uncertainty of the boundary conditions and has better stability and reliability.Furthermore,the method proposed in this paper is applied to Doppler radar observation of a squall line process.It is shown that the retrieved vertical wind profile agrees well with the vertical profile obtained with the velocity–azimuth display(VAD)method,and the retrieved radial velocity as well as the analyzed positive and negative velocity centers and horizontal wind shear of the squall line are in accord with radar observations.There is a good correspondence between the divergence field of the derived wind field and the vertical velocity.And,the horizontal and vertical circulations within and around the squall line,as well as strong updrafts,the associated downdrafts,and associated rear inflow of the bow echo,are analyzed well.It is worth mentioning that the variational method in this paper can be applied to simultaneously synthesize the three-dimensional wind field from multiple-Doppler radar observations.

Variational Reconstruction and Simulation Experiments of Sea Surface Wind Field for Ocean Data Buoy

The sea surface wind field is an important physical parameter in oceanography and meteorology.With the continuous refinement of numerical weather prediction,air-sea interface materials,energy exchange,and other studies,three-dimensional(3D)wind field distribution at local locations on the sea surface must be measured accurately.The current in-situ observation of sea surface wind parameters is mainly achieved through the installation of wind sensors on ocean data buoys.However,the results obtained from this single-point measurement method cannot reflect wind field distribution in a vertical direction above the sea surface.Thus,the present paper proposes a theoretical framework for the optimal inversion of the 3D wind field structure variation in the area where the buoy is located.The variation analysis method is first used to reconstruct the wind field distribution at different heights of the buoy,after which theoretical analysis verification and numerical simulation experiments are conducted.The results indicate that the use of variational methods to reconstruct 3D wind fields is significantly effective in eliminating disturbance errors in observations,which also verifies the correctness of the theoretical analysis of this method.The findings of this article can provide a reference for the layout optimization design of wind measuring instruments in buoy observation systems and also provide theoretical guidance for the design of new observation buoys in the future.

Effect of ambient wind on pressure wave generated by high-speed train entering a tunnel

Using three-dimensional, unsteady N-S equations and k-ε turbulence model, the effect of ambient wind on the pressure wave generated by a high-speed train entering a tunnel was studied via numerical simulation. Pressure changes of the train surface and tunnel wall were obtained as well as the flow field around the train. Results show that when the train runs downwind, the pressure change is smaller than that generated when there is no wind. When the train runs upwind, the pressure change is larger. The pressure change is more sensitive in the upwind condition than in the downwind condition. Compared with no wind condition, when the wind velocity is 10 m/s and 30 m/s, the pressure amplitude on the train head is reduced by 2.8% and 10.5%, respectively. The wall pressure amplitude at 400 m away from the tunnel entrance is reduced by 2.4% and 13.5%, respectively. When the wind velocity is-10 m/s and-30 m/s, the pressure amplitude on the train head increases by 3.0% and 17.7%, respectively. The wall pressure amplitude at 400 m away from the tunnel entrance increases by 3.6% and 18.6%, respectively. The pressure waveform slightly changes under ambient wind due to the influence of ambient wind on the pressure wave propagation speed.

Numerical Study on the Impact of Ground Heating and Ambient Wind Speed on Flow Fields in Street Canyons

The impact of ground heating on flow fields in street canyons under different ambient wind speed conditions was studied based on numerical methods. A series of numerical tests were performed, and three factors including height-to-width （H/W） ratio, ambient wind speed and ground heating intensity were taken into account. Three types of street canyon with H/W ratios of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, respectively, were used in the simulation and seven speed values ranging from 0.0 to 3.0 m s-1 were set for the ambient wind speed. The ground heating intensity, which was defined as the difference b-ween the ground temperature and air temperature, ranged from 10 to 40 K with an increase of 10 K in the tests. The results showed that under calm conditions, ground heating could induce circulation with a wind speed of around 1.0 m s-i, which is enough to disperse pollutants in a street canyon. It was also found that an ambient wind speed threshold may exist for street canyons with a fixed H/W ratio. When ambient wind speed was lower than the threshold identified in this study, the impact of the thermal effect on the flow field was obvious, and there existed a multi-vortex flow pattern in the street canyon. When the ambient wind speed was higher than the threshold, the circulation pattern was basically determined by dynamic effects. The tests on the impact of heating intensity showed that a higher ground heating intensity could strengthen the vortical flow within the street canyon, which would help improve pollutant diffusion capability in street canyons.

Wind dynamic environment and wind-sand erosion and deposition processes on different surfaces along the Dunhuang–Golmud railway,China

The Dunhuang–Golmud railway passes through different deserts in arid areas,especially drifting-sand desert and sandy-gravel Gobi.The near-surface wind environment and wind-sand transport process vary due to different external factors,such as topography,vegetation,and regional climate,resulting in evident spatial differences in surface erosion and deposition.Consequently,the measures for preventing wind-sand hazards will differ.However,the mechanism and control theory of sand damage remain poorly understood.In this study,we used meteorological observation,three-dimensional(3D)laser scanning,and grain-size analysis to compare and evaluate the spatial distribution of wind conditions,sand erosion and deposition patterns,and grain composition in the drifting-sand desert and sandy-gravel Gobi along the Dunhuang–Golmud railway in China.Results show that the annual mean wind speed,the frequency of sand-driving wind,and the drift potential of sandy-gravel Gobi are higher than those of drifting-sand desert,indicating a greater wind strength in the sandy-gravel Gobi,which exhibits spatial heterogeneity in wind conditions.The major sediment components in sandy-gravel Gobi are very fine sand,fine sand,and medium sand,and that in drifting-sand desert are very fine sand and fine sand.We found that the sediment in the sandy-gravel Gobi is coarser than that in the drifting-sand desert based on mean grain size and sediment component.The spatial distributions of sand erosion and deposition in the sandy-gravel Gobi and drifting-sand desert are consistent,with sand deposition mainly on the west side of the railway and sand erosion on the east side of the railway.The area of sand deposition in the drifting-sand desert accounts for 75.83%of the total area,with a mean deposition thickness of 0.032 m;while the area of sand deposition in the sandy-gravel Gobi accounts for 65.31%of the total area,with a mean deposition thickness of 0.028 m,indicating greater deposition amounts in the drifting-sand desert due to the presence of more fine sediment components.However,the sand deposition is more concentrated with a greater thickness on the embankment and track in the sandy-gravel Gobi and is dispersed with a uniform thickness in the drifting-sand desert.The sand deposition on the track of the sandy-gravel Gobi mainly comes from the east side of the railway.The results of this study are helpful in developing the preventive measures and determining appropriate selection and layout measures for sand control.

环境温度和来流双重作用下的风力机性环境温度和来流双重作用下的风力机性能能

文章以现有风力机变桨控制系统为研究对象,进行了变来流和环境温度的风轮性能试验,流固耦合计算选用workbench2021平台中的Fluent模块和Transient Structural模块来完成。结果表明:在试验范围内,模型和试验的功率、升力系数的最大误差分别为3.7%,5.8%,平均误差分别为2.2%,3.4%;在额定风速10 m/s位置风轮达到最大功率2.5 kW,攻角为14°时,升力系数最大为1.05。来流风速对尾流区旋涡强度影响较为明显,来流风速越高,同一位置坐标叶片表面压力越大,叶轮尾部速度衰减越小,叶片所受最大应力和变形量与来流风速成正比关系;环境温度越低,同一位置坐标叶片表面压力越大,叶片所受最大应力和变形量与环境温度成反比关系,环境温度为-20~20℃时,由温度引起的最大应力、变形量波动分别为1.45%和2.37%,该结果对风力机在恶劣环境中的运行具有指导意义。

地下进风系统对间接空冷塔性能的影响

削弱环境风对间接空冷塔散热器性能的不利影响,有助于其安全和经济运行。该文提出一种新型间接空冷塔地下进风系统,将空冷散热器整体布置在低于地表平面的地下空间内。建立配置地下进风系统的间接空冷塔数值计算模型,得到间接空冷塔的空气流场特性和热力特性。基于凝汽器和空冷散热器协同调节、相互制约的作用机制,采用机理模型和数值模拟相结合的方法建立排汽压力的计算模型,在此基础上计算地下进风系统的热经济性。结果表明,在4 m/s风速下,虽然迎风扇段空气流量减少14.5%,热负荷降低12.4%,但侧风扇段和背风扇段冷却空气量分别增加46.0%、8.0%,热负荷分别提升30.9%、3.2%。在高风速工况下,地下进风系统削弱环境风对排汽压力的影响,具有抵御自然大风的能力。某660 MW间接空冷机组,采用地下进风系统全年可节约标煤9554.3 t,节省燃料费1094.0万元。

离子风作用下液滴的振荡蒸发特性

设计搭建了离子风作用下液滴蒸发试验装置,研究了不同电场和环境气体中去离子水液滴的蒸发速率、振幅和振荡频率等动态蒸发行为参数,并测量了离子风的流场速度分布.结果表明:当电压低于起晕电压时,电场力会降低液滴蒸发速率;当电压高于起晕电压时,离子风的形成会强化液滴蒸发;电压和气体离子迁移率的增加均会提高离子风的风速,加剧液滴振荡,提高液滴蒸发速率;相比液滴自然蒸发,离子风作用下液滴蒸发速率的最大增强比可达9.89;随着电压增大,离子风从不稳定状态转变为稳定状态.

环境风条件下非对称街道峡谷的火灾烟气扩散与回卷机制

城市中常见多种街道峡谷(简称“街谷”)结构,一旦发生火灾,易形成大量火灾烟气等有害气体。受城市冠层环境风的影响,烟气向下风向倾斜,有可能被下风向建筑物阻挡而无法顺利向自然环境中扩散,导致出现街谷内烟气回卷现象,对身处其中人员的安全疏散和身体健康十分不利。运用火灾计算流体模拟软件FDS,重点考虑街谷非对称性对火灾烟气扩散的影响效应构建了街谷模型;选取典型的街谷条件,通过改变上、下风向建筑物高度和环境风速,揭示了烟气扩散与流场结构演化特征,获得了各非对称街谷条件下的临界回卷风速;引入街谷非对称因子m(上、下风向建筑物高度之比),建立了临界回卷风速与非对称因子m之间的预测模型。结果表明:保持下风向建筑物高度不变而增加上风向建筑物高度时,烟气扩散呈现完全回卷、半回卷和不回卷三阶段控制,反之,保持上风向建筑高度不变而增加下风向建筑物高度时,烟气扩散呈现不回卷和完全回卷两阶段控制;m值越大,即上风向建筑物越高或下风向建筑物越低时,越难形成烟气回卷现象,所对应的临界回卷风速也越大,而m值相近时街谷火灾烟气回卷行为相似;最终提出了临界回卷风速vc与街谷非对称因子m之间的分段线性预测模型。

阵列低环温空气源热泵外流场模拟研究

建立了无墙面阻碍和有墙面阻碍情况下低环境温度空气源热泵六列四行的阵列物理模型,对以261.15 K为名义工况下的空气源热泵外环境流场进行三维数值模拟。对比研究不同水平风速下蒸发器换热面入口空气温度和换热量,分析冷风回流现象对低环温空气源热泵传热性能的影响,指出最恶劣工况机组的位置。环境风存在阻碍风机出口冷空气的扩散,使风机出口偏转角增大,导致冷空气在风机上部堆积,阵列内部以及背风侧的机组冷风回流现象更加明显。结果表明:当机组横向间距为0.6 m时,水平风速分别从0 m/s增至5 m/s,阵列机组最低入口空气温度比环境温度低2.44~3.69 K,平均换热量下降1%~6.2%,平均入口空气温度比环境温度低0.78~1.57 K;当机组距墙间距为0.6 m时,水平风速分别从0 m/s增至5 m/s,阵列机组最低入口空气温度比环境温度低3.51~4.14 K,平均换热量下降5.9%~11.5%,平均入口空气温度比环境温度低1.29~1.98 K。在此基础上对不同横向间距、不同距墙间距下阵列空气源热泵进行模拟,结果表明:增大横向间距或距墙间距均能改善阵列低环温空气源热泵机组的换热。当横向间距增至1.2 m,阵列机组平均换热量可达原来机组换热量的96.5%以上;距墙间距增至1.2 m,阵列机组平均换热量可达原来机组换热量的91.3%以上。横向间距或距墙间距为1.2 m为较好安装间距。

环境风下多层航站楼排烟效果及人员疏散研究

为探究环境风下机场航站楼排烟模式对人员安全疏散的影响,以某航站楼为研究对象,选择多楼层区域作为数据获取范围,针对排烟窗控制模式的33种工况,采用火灾动力学(FDS)软件模拟排烟效果;以北风经东北风转为东风构造风向区间,获得风向与危险到达时间的曲线关系;以0~90°为高侧窗开启角度区间,获得适宜开窗范围,并根据环境风进行安全疏散的判定与优化。结果表明:对于楼内排烟效果而言,若高侧窗全开,无风和低风速下有利于排烟,环境风速较高时,垂直于楼层走势的风向排烟效果较好;在风向区间内,0~70°风向会对高侧窗排烟起促进作用,30和60°风向点最优,顺楼层走势的风向会有烟气倒灌;在高侧窗开启角度内,实际以5~30°下悬窗或全开窗为宜;结合风向下的危险到达时间,进行楼层人员疏散优化,调控后疏散时间比未优化时减少10%。

环境风对高速列车气动噪声特性的影响分析

气动噪声随着列车运行速度的提高急剧增加,是高速列车噪声的重要组成部分。本文使用缩比为1:20的三车编组模型,通过三维瞬态延迟分离涡模型求解高速列车的外流场,分析了环境风对流场结构与声源特性的影响;之后使用FW-H方程进行噪声传播计算,分析了不同速度的环境风对高速列车气动声学行为特性的影响。结果表明:高速列车主要的噪声源分布在转向架附近,在环境风的影响下,列车背风侧声源强度高于迎风侧,列车底部声源强度增幅较大。10 m/s以内的环境风会改变高速列车在尾流区域的声学指向性,并使气动噪声增加2.1∼8.7 dB。相关结论可以为高速列车气动声学设计等研究提供参考。

基于水下滑翔机观测的印度洋东南海域环境噪声风关特性

基于“海燕”水下滑翔机在印度洋东南海域实测的环境噪声数据和海面风速再分析数据:分析了此海域4~20 kHz内环境噪声时频特性;验证了滑翔机深度不会显著影响环境噪声的风关特性测量;定量计算了噪声谱级与海面风速的相关系数;利用最小二乘拟合得到各中心频率噪声谱级与风速的线性函数关系。结果表明:在小于4 kHz的频段内,因受所搭载温盐深仪CTD(Conductivity, Temperature, Depth)泵的噪声影响,噪声谱级与海面风速的相关系数在0.2以下;在大于4 kHz的频段内,环境噪声谱级与海表面风速变化趋势一致性较好,且在6~10 kHz频段内相关系数为0.8左右;在5~20 kHz频段内,噪声谱级与风速拟合呈线性函数关系,并且随着中心频率增高,倍频程损失平均为5 dB左右;在10 kHz处,拟合斜率最大,噪声谱级对海面风速变化的敏感度最高。

Ambient noise spectral properties in the north area of Xisha

Ambient noise is very important in the prediction system of a sonar performance, because it determines the detection ranges always in a passive sonar and usually in an active sonar. In the uncertainty issue for the so-nar performance, it is necessary to know this factor＇s statistical characteristics that are only obtained by data processing from the underwater ambient noise measurements. Broad-band ambient noise signals from 16 hydrophones were amplified and recorded for 2 min every 1 h. The results show that the ambient noise is essentially depth independent. The cross correlation of the ambient noise levels （1, 6 and 12 h average） with a wind speed is presented. It was found that the correlation is excellent on the upper frequency band and the noise levels correlate better with high wind speed than with low wind speed.

Shallow velocity structure of the Luoyang basin derived from dense array observations of urban ambient noise

Determining the shallow structure of a sediment basin is important when evaluating potential seismic hazards given that such basins can significantly amplify seismic energy. The Luoyang basin is located in the western He’nan uplift and is a Meso-Cenozoic depression basin. To characterize the shallow structure of the basin, we develop a model of the shallow high-resolution three-dimensional(3D)shear-wave velocity structure of the basin by applying ambient noise tomography to a dense array of 107 portable digital seismometers deployed over the basin. More than 1,400 Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves for periods in the range 0.5–5 s are extracted. The 3D variations of shear-wave velocity in the shallow crust are inverted using a direct surface-wave tomographic method with period-dependent ray tracing, with all the surface-wave group-velocity dispersion data being inverted simultaneously. The results show that in the shallow crust of the study area, the velocity distribution corresponds to surface geology and geological features. The Luoyang basin exhibits a low shear-wave velocity feature that is consistent with the distribution of sediment in the region,while the Xiongershan and Songshan uplifts exhibit higher shear-wave velocity structures. The results provide a shallow high-resolution 3D velocity model that can be used as a basis for simulation of strong ground motion and evaluation of potential seismic hazards.

Mathematical Modeling of the Influence of the Wind Field Structure in the Atmosphere on the Cloud Formation Processes

The state of the physics of convective clouds and cloud seeding is discussed briefly. It is noted that at the present time there is a transition from the stage of investigation of “elementary” processes in the clouds to the stage of studying the formation of macro- and microstructural characteristics of clouds as a whole, taking into account their system properties. The main directions of the development of cloud physics at the upcoming stage of its development are discussed. The paper points out that one of these areas is the determination of the structure-forming factors for the clouds and the study of their influence on their formation and evolution. It is noted that one of such factors is the interaction of clouds with their surrounding atmosphere, and the main method of studying its role in the processes of cloud formation is mathematical modeling. A three-dimensional nonstationary model of convective clouds is presented with a detailed account of the processes of thermohydrodynamics and microphysics, which is used for research. The results of modeling the influence of the wind field structure in the atmosphere on the formation and evolution of clouds are presented. It is shown that the dynamic characteristics of the atmosphere have a significant effect on the formation of macro- and microstructural characteristics of convective clouds: the more complex the structure of the wind field in the atmosphere (i.e., the more intense the interaction of the atmosphere and the cloud), the less powerful the clouds are formed.

立体环境风下菲涅尔聚光光伏系统电输出特性

研究聚光条件下实际环境风对系统性能的影响对聚光光伏系统的设计和运行具有重要的意义。针对线性菲涅尔聚光光伏系统,采用光–热–电耦合模拟方法,分析立体环境风的风速和风向角(包括入射角和偏向角)对系统电输出特性的影响。结果表明:随风速增加,平均电效率η_(el)上升,且不同光伏电池板倾角α下η_(el)差异性减小;风向角θ从15°增加到75°,环境风入射角减小,偏向角增大,两者共同作用导致在倾角α≤60°时,η_(el)先单调递增后单调递减,在θ=45°时达到最大,且风速较低时,η_(el)(θ=15°)>η_(el)(θ=75°),风速较高时则相反;在倾角75°时η_(el)表现为先升高后降低再升高的趋势,且风速大小不影响η_(el)的变化规律;随着倾角的增大,各倾角下最大平均电效率对应的偏向角和入射角也逐渐增大。研究结果从理论上揭示了立体环境风对菲涅尔聚光光伏系统电输出特性的影响机制和规律。

横风下持续开口火溢流时高速列车车厢内部最大温升

高速列车车厢内部着火后,若是火势较大,容易在开口处形成持续的火溢流,加之自然界中环境风的作用,车厢内部的最大温升被显著改变。因此,根据我国某型高速列车尺寸建立1∶8模型,通过试验得到79组最大温升数据,定量研究在环境风、侧向开口和火源功率的共同影响下,当高速列车车厢火灾发展到持续火溢流燃烧阶段时,车厢内部最大温升的发展规律。结果表明:车厢内的最大温升随风速及开口尺寸的增大而增大,随火源功率的增大而减少。最后提出耦合正向环境风弗劳德数、腔室内部产热和散热关系以及火源无量纲热释放速率的无量纲特征参数,建立大长细比高速列车出现持续开口火溢流时车厢内部最大温升的预测模型,并通过试验数据与模型预测值的对比验证了模型的合理性。研究成果对于高速列车火灾的防灾减灾具有一定的参考价值。

高速铁路车站雨棚附属结构动力响应

为研究列车风激扰下雨棚附属结构的动力响应,以某高铁车站雨棚附属结构为研究对象,建立雨棚附属结构及高速列车仿真模型,分析高速列车以不同速度级通过时雨棚附属结构所受列车风的压力(简称“列车风压”)分布规律;基于此,研究雨棚附属结构的动力响应和疲劳寿命,确定列车风与8级环境风共同作用极限条件下采用不同连接方案时雨棚附属结构的合理设计高度。结果表明:在同等高度下,雨棚附属结构所受列车风压极值随车速的提高而增大;在相同速度级下,列车风压极值随高度的增加而减小;当高速列车以相同速度级通过雨棚时,LED屏应力极值最大,车站站牌应力极值次之,出站口指示牌应力极值最小;雨棚附属结构疲劳寿命随车速提高不断降低,在现有运营条件下雨棚附属结构服役100 a不会发生疲劳破坏,其中LED屏的疲劳寿命最短,疲劳破坏最先发生在顶部连接部位;极限条件下雨棚附属结构最优连接方案下的合理设计高度范围为5.72~10.50 m。