Surface characteristics analysis of fractures induced by supercritical CO_(2)and water through three-dimensional scanning and scanning electron micrography

Morphology of hydraulic fracture surface has significant effects on oil and gas flow,proppant migration and fracture closure,which plays an important role in oil and gas fracturing stimulation.In this paper,we analyzed the fracture surface characteristics induced by supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_(2))and water in open-hole and perforation completion conditions under triaxial stresses.A simple calculation method was proposed to quantitatively analyze the fracture surface area and roughness in macro-level based on three-dimensional(3D)scanning data.In micro-level,scanning electron micrograph(SEM)was used to analyze the features of fracture surface.The results showed that the surface area of the induced fracture increases with perforation angle for both SC-CO_(2)and water fracturing,and the surface area of SC-CO_(2)-induced fracture is 6.49%e58.57%larger than that of water-induced fracture.The fractal dimension and surface roughness of water-induced fractures increase with the increase in perforation angle,while those of SC-CO_(2)-induced fractures decrease with the increasing perforation angle.A considerable number of microcracks and particle peeling pits can be observed on SC-CO_(2)-induced fracture surface while there are more flat particle surfaces in water-induced fracture surface through SEM images,indicating that fractures tend to propagate along the boundary of the particle for SC-CO_(2)fracturing while water-induced fractures prefer to cut through particles.These findings are of great significance for analyzing fracture mechanism and evaluating fracturing stimulation performance.

Background-free three-dimensional selective imaging of anisotropic plasmonic nanoparticles

There is an increasing demand for advanced optical imaging techniques that can detect and resolve nanosize objects at a spatial resolution below the optical diffraction limit, especially in three-dimensional （3D） cellular environments. In this study, using a polarization-activated localization scheme based on the orientation-dependent properties of anisotropic plasmonic metal nanoparticles （MNPs）, ＂photoswitchable＂ imaging of single gold nanorods （AuNRs） was accomplished not only in two dimensions but also in three dimensions. Moreover, the Rayleigh scattering background arising from the congested subcellular structures was efficiently suppressed. Thus, we obtained the 3D distributions of both the position and the orientation of the AuNRs inside the cells and investigated their intemalization kinetics. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the confocal-like 3D imaging of non-fluorescence nanoparticles with a high resolution and almost zero background. This technique is easy to implement and should greatly facilitate MNP studies and applications in biomedicine and biology.

弹塑性三维各向异性分形表面的接触分析

Weierstrass-Mandelbrot函数能模拟加权、随机重叠的隆起部状表面,该函数是更起作用通用的单变量标量.给出三维各向异性分形表面高度函数的推导过程,分析三维各向异性分形表面特征.将分形维数推广到三维的一般情况,给出弹性、完全塑性接触时单峰的实际接触面积与单峰的横截面积之间的不同关系.理论分析易适用于解释各向异性分形表面与不同材料行为.

基于弧长参数化的曲面W-M分形插值

论文提出了一种以Weierstrass-Mandelbrot分形(简称W-M分形)与参数曲面相合成来实现分形曲面的数字化建模的方法。指出了在参数曲面上合成W-M分形以及实施弧长参数化计算的必要性;论述了弧长参数化的具体算法,并用此方法实现了W-M分形与参数曲面的合成;在此基础上,提出了两向异性分形曲面的一种建模方法,实现了参数曲面上进行两向异性W-M分形的插值模拟。

滑动轴承表面形貌的分形模拟及对摩擦学性能的影响

运用分形理论对滑动轴承粗糙表面进行模拟,研究粗糙表面对其膜厚、压力以及承载力的影响。进一步模拟两向异性粗糙表面,比较轴承圆周及轴向方向上粗糙表面对轴承承载及摩擦性能的影响。结果表明:在一定载荷下,轴瓦表面分形维数越小,尺度系数越大,则轮廓幅值越大,表面轮廓越简单,越难形成润滑膜;表面轮廓幅值对润滑膜压力影响明显,幅值越大,润滑膜压力分布越不平滑,润滑性能越差;表面分形维数越小,特征粗糙度值越大,则承载力越低,摩擦力越大,且圆周方向上的分形维数以及特征粗糙度的影响要比轴线方向的影响大。