Estimation of sea clutter inherent Doppler spectrum from shipborne S-band radar sea echo

Measurement of shipborne radar sea echo is instrumental in collecting the sea clutter data in open sea areas.However,the ship movement would introduce an extra Doppler component into the spectrum of the sea clutter,so the sea clutter inherent spectrum must be estimated prior to investigating the sea clutter Doppler characteristics from the shipborne radar sea echo.In this paper we show some results about a shipborne sea clutter measurement experiment that was conducted in the South China Sea in a period between 2017 and 2018;abundant clutter data have been collected by using a shipborne S-band clutter measurement radar.To obtain the sea clutter inherent Doppler spectrum from these data,an estimation method,based on the mapping relationship between the shipborne clutter spectrum and the inherent clutter spectrum,is proposed.This method is validated by shipborne clutter data sets under the same measuring conditions except for the ship speed.Using this method,the characteristics of the Doppler spectrum lineshapes in the South China Sea are calculated and analyzed according to different sea states,wave directions,and radar resolutions,which can be instrumental in designing the radar target detection algorithms.

Effective Sea Clutter Spectrum Extraction Method for HFSWR in Adverse Conditions

An effective approach in solving the sea clutter spectrum extraction problem is studied in the paper.Different from the conventional signal to noise ratio（SNR）method based on Doppler frequency or range domain information,a method is developed to characterize the differences between the sea echo and those interferences are by signal to interference plus noise ratio（SINR）which jointly utilizing the range,Doppler frequency and azimuth domain information.Furthermore,these differences can be adaptable to adverse conditions by forming the necessary boundaries and constraints in searching of the maximum SINR,which greatly promotes the extraction of sea clutter spectrum.The real high frequency surface wave radar（HFSWR）data demonstrate that the proposed method is less influenced by those interferences and can effectively extract the sea clutter spectrum even under the adverse conditions.Furthermore,it has been shown as an effective method for ship detection and sea state remote sensing of HFSWR.

Three-Dimensional Scene Encryption Algorithm Based on Phase Iteration Algorithm of the Angular-Spectral Domain

In order to increase the capacity of encrypted information and reduce the loss of information transmission, a three-dimensional(3 D) scene encryption algorithm based on the phase iteration of the angular spectrum domain is proposed in this paper. The algorithm, which adopts the layer-oriented method, generates the computer generated hologram by encoding the three-dimensional scene. Then the computer generated hologram is encoded into three pure phase functions by adopting the phase iterative algorithm based on angular spectrum domain,and the encryption process is completed. The three-dimensional scene encryption can improve the capacity of the information,and the three-phase iterative algorithm can guarantee the security of the encryption information. The numerical simulation results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper realized the encryption and decryption of three-dimensional scenes. At the same time, it can ensure the safety of the encrypted information and increase the capacity of the encrypted information.

Slope-climbing of cropland and its effects in China

In recent decades,the spatio-temporal patterns of China’s croplands have been reshaped by disturbances from anthropogenic activities,with complex changes in the topographic characteristics of croplands.Slope-climbing of croplands(SCCL)is an important issue that threatens sustainable agricultural development.While providing land with prominent location advantages,SCCL weakens the water and fertilizer retention capacity for cropland,intensifies various geological disasters,and adversely affects the ecological environment and food yield of these croplands.It is crucial to determine the spatio-temporal variation features and effects of SCCL in China to formulate more accurate cropland protection policies and to maintain food security;however,the current lack of relevant studies is detrimental for capturing trends in cropland resources and sustainable cropland use.In this study,we constructed a multi-scale slope spectrum for cropland and total terrain to explore the spatial differences and trends of SCCL from a three-dimensional view.We evaluated the natural and socioeconomic effects of SCCL in China from multiple perspectives.Results indicate that the proportion of cropland with slopes below 2°,5°,and 6°in China decreased by 0.43%,0.47%,and 0.50%from 1980 to 2020,respectively.SCCL became apparent during 1980-1990 and 2010-2020,especially over the recent decade.The cropland climbing index(CCI)and upper limited slope change(ULSC)to measure the spatio-temporal pattern of SCCL were 0.99%and 1.17°,respectively,during 2010-2020.At the agricultural regional scale,the SCCL was also concentrated in 1980-1990 and 2010-2020,and it is more pronounced in the southern areas.The proportion of provinces and prefecture-level cities with high-intensity SCCL during 1980-2020 were 87.10%and 49.73%,respectively.SCCL was comparatively more pronounced and broader from 2010 to 2020.During this period,17.84%of prefecture-level cities had no SCCL,and the average CCI for all prefecture-level cities peaked at 1.62%.In this study,we also evaluated the pros and cons of SCCL and provided targeted suggestions for decision makers and farmers to refine cropland protection policy systems and further develop the sustainable use of croplands.

Research on perturbation of neutron fluence rate in a closed thermal neutron field due to medium materials

The neutron radiation field has vital applications in areas such as biomedicine,geology,radiation safety,and many others for neutron detection and neutron metrology.Correcting neutron fluence rate perturbation accurately is an important yet challenging problem.This study proposes a correction method that analyzes three physical processes.This method,which transforms the detection process from point detection to area detection,is based on a novel physical model and has been validated through theoretical analyses,experiments,and simulations.According to the average differences between the calculated and experimental results,the new method(1.67%)demonstrated better accuracy than the traditional simulation(2.17%).In a closed thermal neutron radiation field,the detector or strong neutron absorption material significantly perturbs the neutron fluence rate,whereas its impact on the energy spectrum shape and neutron directionality is relatively minor.Furthermore,based on the calculation results of the perturbation rate formula for medium materials with different compositions and sizes,the larger the volume and capture cross section of the medium,the higher the perturbation rate generated in the closed radiation field.

基于杂波和噪声联合稀疏特性的直接数据域STAP方法

针对机载预警雷达空时自适应处理(space-time adaptive processing,STAP)所面临的异构杂波环境,基于杂波和噪声的联合稀疏特性提出了一种直接数据域(direct data domain,D3)STAP方法。首先通过子孔径平滑技术扩充训练样本集合;然后基于杂波谱二阶表征理论构造STAP功率字典矩阵、导出目标函数,并解得待检测单元信号的空时功率谱;最后根据杂波先验信息重构无孔径损失的杂波加噪声协方差矩阵。数值实验验证了所提方法的协方差矩阵估计精度高于传统的稀疏恢复D3-STAP算法,且在理想情况和存在阵列误差的情况下,所提方法皆具备更好的低速目标检测性能。

基于深度学习的海杂波谱参数预测与影响因素分析

该文基于不同雷达参数和海洋环境参数条件下的岸基雷达海杂波实测数据,利用深度神经网络(DNN)建模技术,建立了从多个测量条件参数出发的海杂波多普勒谱参数预测模型,实现了独立于杂波数据、基于环境特征的海杂波谱特征认知,谱频移和展宽的预测精度达90%以上。基于该预测模型,该文提出了一种基于参数循环递减认知的多普勒谱影响因素分析方法,分析了不同测量参数对海杂波多普勒谱预测的影响,得到了谱参数随主要影响因素的变化规律,结果对基于多普勒特征的海面目标检测应用具有重要意义。

气球载雷达使用效能分析

本文首先阐述国内外典型气球载雷达发展现状及其主要特征,从低空覆盖范围、反隐身性能、慢速目标探测能力、功率孔径资源使用效率等方面具体分析气球载雷达相对地面雷达、机载雷达的作战效能优势,并对气球载雷达未来发展趋势进行展望。

对海监视雷达杂波的建模及仿真

杂波是雷达回波信号的重要组成部分,研究中常用幅度概率分布模型和相关谱型来描述。采用零记忆非线性变换法(ZMNL)进行建模设计,生成同时满足幅度分布条件和相关特性的随机序列,并将模拟杂波数据的概率密度和功率谱与理论曲线对比,进一步验证ZMNL法杂波建模的有效性和准确性。最后针对海航大学对海探测的雷达回波实测数据,进行海杂波和云雨杂波回波的幅度概率分布和功率谱的分析。

基于凸优化模型的FIR滤波器组设计

针对假定的杂波区,通过规划的频谱确定滤波器频率中心,以最小化杂波输出功率为目标建立凸优化模型,利用CVX求解满足约束条件的滤波器组系数,根据优化设计的滤波器组最大频率响应检验杂波抑制效果,不满足设计要求时则改变滤波器组的设计参数,迭代设计以实现对杂波的目标抑制比。

海杂波多普勒谱Hurst指数特性分析及目标检测

针对对海探测雷达面临的海面漂浮小目标检测问题,本文主要研究了海杂波多普勒谱Hurst指数特征的统计特性,并提出了一种基于多普勒谱Hurst指数的目标检测方法。首先,本文基于实测数据,详细分析了时间序列长度(脉冲数)、快速傅里叶变换频率点数、极化方式和海况等级对海杂波多普勒谱分形特性及多普勒谱Hurst指数统计特性的影响;其次,利用6种经典统计分布模型(高斯分布、瑞利分布、韦布尔分布、对数正态分布、K分布和KK分布),验证了海杂波多普勒谱Hurst指数的最佳统计分布模型为对数正态分布,进而引入Log⁃t检测器,提出基于多普勒谱Hurst指数的恒虚警检测方法;最后,使用IPIX数据验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,所提方法具有较好的小目标检测性能和稳定性,且在VV极化数据中性能最佳。

实测海杂波频域分形特性分析

该文主要研究海杂波在频域中的分形特性以及不同参数对频域分形特性的影响。首先,该文以分数布朗运动(FBM)为例,较为系统地阐述了在时域FBM具有分形特性的前提下,FBM频谱也具有分形特性。然后,采用X波段与S波段实测海杂波数据验证频域中海杂波的分形特性,并分析了不同参数对频域海杂波分形特性的影响。结果表明,实测海杂波频谱在统计意义下满足自相似条件,具有分形特性,且频域分形特征对海杂波与目标回波表现出一定的可分性,具有在海杂波微弱目标检测中应用的潜力。

基于ZMNL法的雷达杂波仿真

为了研究杂波环境下的信号处理问题 ,本文借助ZMNL法 (零记忆非线性变换法 )设计了一套雷达杂波仿真系统 ,利用统计模型对雷达接收机可能遇到的气象杂波、地杂波、海杂波、箔条干扰等各种杂波类型进行了计算机模拟 ,并给出了有价值的仿真结果。

机载PD雷达中重频模式的杂波视频信号仿真方法

针对机载脉冲多普勒(PD)雷达,介绍了基于距离-多普勒模型的杂波功率谱模型;提出了在中重频(MPRF)工作模式时,同时考虑距离通道和多普勒通道的影响,根据杂波功率谱对杂波进行时域重构的方法;通过仿真得出了杂波的I/Q两路信号,由这两路信号经距离通道划分后进行FFT变换的距离-多普勒二维分布图验证了所提方法的可行性。

基于频域多尺度Hurst指数的海杂波中目标检测方法

本文主要研究海杂波频谱的扩展自相似特性及多尺度Hurst指数在海杂波目标检测中的应用.作为分数布朗运动的一种推广,扩展自相似过程采用多尺度Hurst指数来描述分形信号.多尺度Hurst指数可以描述分形信号在各尺度下的细节信息,弥补了单一Hurst指数只能从整体上描述分形信号粗糙度的不足.首先,本文在实测雷达数据基础上研究了海杂波频谱的扩展自相似性以及影响参数;然后,利用在最优频域尺度下海杂波频谱的多尺度Hurst指数对目标相对较敏感的特点设计恒虚警检测方法,实现海杂波中的目标检测.实测数据分析表明,海杂波频谱的多尺度Hurst指数比时域单一Hurst指数、时域多尺度Hurst指数具有更好的海杂波与目标区分能力,且由于Fourier变换可以有效提升信杂比,该检测方法具有检测海杂波中微弱运动目标的潜力.

海杂波FRFT谱的近似分形特性与目标检测

主要介绍了海杂波分数阶Fourier变换(FRFT)谱的近似分形特性及其在海杂波目标检测中的应用。根据FRFT的尺度变换性质,研究了自相似过程FRFT谱的近似分形特性,然后将近似分形分析方法引入到实测海杂波FRFT谱分析中,发现在特定变换阶数下得到的海杂波FRFT谱间存在近似分形特性,且目标回波可使近似分形特性描述参数——FRFT域Hurst指数发生变化。因此,可利用FRFT域Hurst指数设计恒虚警率(CFAR)检测方法。经X波段和C波段雷达实测数据验证,所提方法的检测性能明显优于经典的利用时域Hurst指数的目标检测方法。

海杂波统计特性分析

分析了海杂波背景下的目标检测的困难,研究了后向散射系数在海杂波的各个散射区中的性质,列举分析了几种常用的海杂波后向散射系数理论模型,重点分析了海杂波幅度特性和海杂波相关特性,不但有助于设计和实现雷达滤波器,而且有助于提高抑制杂波的能力以及保证雷达应有的探测性能。

高超声速平台雷达杂波特性研究

高超声速平台载雷达下视时面临恶劣的杂波环境,对其杂波特性的分析是杂波抑制的基础。针对高超声速飞行器雷达杂波估计问题,文中对高超声速载雷达杂波进行了建模仿真,分析了在不同脉冲重复频率下高超声速平台载雷达杂波的距离———多普勒谱特性和空时二维杂波谱特性。并从杂波抑制的角度分析了不同重频体制的优劣,指出了高超声速平台杂波抑制可以折衷选择中等重复频率。

机载双基地雷达STAP典型方法性能评估

首先建立了机载双基地雷达的杂波模型,然后分析了机载双基地雷达杂波谱的空时分布特性,最后比较了存在阵元误差、通道误差、载机偏航、杂波起伏4种非理想因素和不同脉冲重复频率情况下的机载双基地雷达典型空时自适应处理方法的杂波抑制性能。通过仿真比较得出,广义相邻多波束法是机载双基地雷达背景下具有实际应用价值的一种杂波抑制方法。

空地双基地雷达杂波建模与特性分析

研究了球载发射源、地面接收站条件下的双基地雷达地杂波问题。首先在给出空地双基地雷达的空间几何模型基础上,研究了空地双基地雷达杂波建模方法,导出了空地双基地雷达在指定距离门内地杂波模型的表达式。对空地双基地雷达地杂波的距离-多普勒二维分布特性进行了仿真分析,并讨论了收发波束照射同步对地杂波多普勒谱特性的影响,得出了收发波束的精确照射同步可以提高系统改善因子的结论。