Experimental and measured research on three-dimensional deformation law of gas drainage borehole in coal seam

Using self-researched gas drainage borehole stability dynamic monitoring device, three-dimensional deformation characteristics of borehole under steady vertical load were researched experimentally and systematically. This research indicated that under the action of steady loading, the mechanical deformation path of the simulated gas drainage borehole is gradually complicated, and the decay of the borehole circumferential strain is an important characterization of the prediction and early warning of borehole instability and collapse. The horizontal position of borehole occurs compressive strain, and the vertical of which occurs tensile strain under the action of vertical stress. At the initial stage of loading, the vertical strain is more sensitive than that in the horizontal direction. After a certain period of time, the horizontal strain is gradually higher than the vertical one, and the intersection of the borehole horizontal diameter and the hole wall is the stress concentration point. With the increase of the depth of hole, the strain shows a gradual decay trend as a whole, and the vertical strain decays more observably, but there is no absolute position correlation between the amount of strain decay and the increase in borehole depth,and the area within 1.5 times the orifice size is the borehole stress concentration zone.

Mirror-assisted multi-view high-speed digital image correlation for dual-surface dynamic deformation measurement

Based on the recently proposed mirror-assisted multi-view digital image correlation(MV-DIC),we establish a cost-effective and easy-to-implement mirror-assisted multi-view high-speed digital image correlation(MVHS-DIC)method and explore its applications for dual-surface full-field dynamic deformation measurement.In contrast to the general requirement of four expensive high-speed cameras for dual-surface dynamic deformation field measurement,the established mirror-assisted MVHS-DIC halves the cost by involving only two synchronized high-speed cameras and two planar mirrors.The two synchronized high-speed cameras can dynamically measure the front and rear surfaces of a sheet sample simultaneously through the reflection of the two mirrors.The results on the two surfaces are then transformed into the same coordinate system,leading to the required dual-surface 3D dynamical deformation fields.The effectiveness and accuracy of the established system are validated through modal tests of a cantilever aluminum sheet.The vibration measurement of a drum and dual-surface transient deformation measurement of a smartphone in the drop-collision process further prove its practicability.Benefiting from the attractive advantages of multi-view dynamic deformation measurement in a cost-efficient way,the established mirror-assisted MVHS-DIC is expected to encourage more comprehensive dynamic mechanical behavior characterization of regular-sized materials and structures in vibration and impact engineering fields.

Application of Digital Image Correlation Method to In-Situ Dynamic Strain Measurement

Application of digital image correlation(DIC) method to determination of in-situ dynamic strain is presented in this study. Firstly, an integrative software is programmed based on the DIC algorithms and pointwise least-squares fitting technique. Then, simulated speckle images are generated to study the computational accuracy of this software. The experimental setup and procedures for measuring in-situ dynamic strain through both DIC and strain gauge are proposed. The DIC results are close to those measured by strain gauge. This fact reveals that DIC is a practical and effective tool for in-situ dynamic strain measurement. Finally, the full-field in-situ dynamic strain of another specimen is measured by DIC, and the overall distribution of the strain in the measurement area is clearly shown.

Dynamic skin deformation simulation using musculoskeletal model and soft tissue dynamics

Deformation of skin and muscle is essential for bringing an animated character to life. This deformation is difficult to animate in a realistic fashion using traditional techniques because of the subtlety of the skin deformations that must move appropriately for the character design. In this paper, we present an algorithm that generates natural, dynamic, and detailed skin deformation(movement and jiggle) from joint angle data sequences. The algorithm has two steps: identification of parameters for a quasi-static muscle deformation model, and simulation of skin deformation. In the identification step, we identify the model parameters using a musculoskeletal model and a short sequence of skin deformation data captured via a dense marker set. The simulation step first uses the quasi-static muscle deformation model to obtain the quasi-static muscle shape at each frame of the given motion sequence(slow jump). Dynamic skin deformation is then computed by simulating the passive muscle and soft tissue dynamics modeled as a mass–spring–damper system. Having obtained the model parameters, we can simulate dynamic skin deformations for subjects with similar body types from new motion data. We demonstrate our method by creating skin deformations for muscle co-contraction and external impacts from four different behaviors captured as skeletal motion capture data. Experimental results show that the simulated skin deformations are quantitatively and qualitatively similar to measured actual skin deformations.

Three-dimensional measurements on the mandible of patients with hemifacial microsomia

Background:Hemifacial microsomia(HFM),which involves multiple sites with different levels of severity,is the second most common congenital craniofacial deformity after cleft lip and palate.However,three-dimensional(3D)measurements of mandibular deformities have not yet been studied in detail.The objective of this study is to investigate the method of 3D measurements of mandibular deformities in HFM patients.Methods:A total of 48 HFM patients were included in this study.All clinical treatment for patients was performed in the Plastic Surgery Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences at Peking Union Medical College from June 2006 to June 2020.The patients’3D computerized tomography scan data were processed using medical imaging software,following four iterative steps:3D reconstruction,mirroring,differential analysis,and partition.Results:The characteristics of the mandibular bone in HFM patients are mainly presented as follows:(1)compared to the normal side,the part of the bone body that extends from the ascending ramus to the pogonion(Po-NB)is analyzed using a dynamic process:less fullness-fullness-more fullness;(2)absences were frequently observed among the angular zones,that is,the height of the ascending ramus is deficient.Conclusions:HFM is a complicated condition with numerous variations in clinical presentation.We employed both 3D image reconstruction and computerization image processing techniques to investigate asymmetrical mandibular deformity in HFM patients in detail and with great accuracy.This will be of great use to clinicians for disease management.

盾构直削始发方案研究

随着盾构施工工艺的发展,越来越多的工程开始采用盾构直削始发.盾构法施工中,始发是易发生事故的重要环节.相对于传统的人工凿除洞门,直削始发时刀盘直接切割洞门,避免了掌子面土体形成临空面,从而降低了施工风险.以郑州某地铁区间隧道工程盾构直削始发为例,采用Midas GTS NX有限元软件,考虑洞门破除及盾构动态掘进的影响,对盾构直削始发时围护结构变形、土体变形和周围管线变形等进行了计算分析,验证了盾构端头直削始发方案的合理性.为验证数值模拟的可靠性,将数值计算结果和现场监测结果进行了对比分析,对比结果显示二者的变化规律一致,表明数值模拟结果合理.

基于机器视觉技术的高精度光学仪器表面动态变形测量研究

伴随着光学仪器精度的逐渐提高,其表面动态变形事件发生频率也呈现急剧增加的趋势,是影响与制约光学仪器发展与应用的主要因素之一。为了满足光学仪器的应用需求,提出基于机器视觉技术的高精度光学仪器表面动态变形测量方法。采用机器视觉设备获取高精度光学仪器表面图像,对表面图像进行灰度化处理、去噪处理与增强处理,以此为基础,应用SURF特征检测算法提取表面图像的特征点,通过FLANN算法匹配相邻图像的特征点,利用Delaunay三角化在表面图像区域形成三角网格,进一步计算表面图像特征点的位移与应变,从而实现高精度光学仪器表面动态变形的测量。实验数据显示:在横坐标为1μm时,应用提出方法获得的表面动态变形位移纵坐标为1.8μm,与实际位移基本保持一致,在实验组别为6时,应用提出方法获得的光学仪器表面动态变形应变数值为3μm,与实际应变数值保持一致,充分证实了提出方法具备较好的应用性能。

基于面结构光的飞机舱门间隙测量技术与应用

针对复杂试验环境下,战机舱门间隙非均匀变形动态测量难度大、精度要求高的问题,提出了基于面结构光的飞机舱门间隙测量方法,研究了条纹投影结构形面测量方法,包括在不需要空间相位展开过程或任何先验信息的情况下搜索包裹相位图中每个有效像素的立体对应和绝对条纹顺序,生成初始视差图和绝对相位图并进行了视差优化;建立了立体结构光模型,利用视差图和绝对相位图计算三维坐标。对得到的数据进行处理,包括建立被测件的物理坐标系,曲面截取以及对间隙位移量提取。设计了两种标准间隙,对本文方法的合理性和有效性进行了验证,可以对任意曲面和动态场景进行快速、准确的间隙和阶差的测量。将本方法应用于某飞机舱门间隙变形的测量中,获得了实际的变形位移量。

基于TM-DIC方法的桥梁动态响应测量

针对现有的桥梁动态响应测量系统及设备造价高、检测繁、推广难等问题,提出了一种基于TM-DIC方法的桥梁结构动态响应测量技术。方法利用常见的汉字特征作为识别目标,以智能手机作为采集设备,利用无线网路传输图像及视频数据,实现了非接触式便携测量。相较于现有视觉方法,上述技术融合模板匹配和数字图像相关方法,实现了目标自跟踪识别,自动划分感兴趣区域,大大减少了人为干预。通过实验室模型实验和现场实验进一步验证了方法的精度和稳定性。结果表明,所提方法具有成本低、精度高、便携性好的显著优势,为桥梁结构动态响应测量提供了新的解决思路。

中国大陆现今构造作用的地块运动和连续变形耦合模型

板块构造基本理论(特别是其刚性块体假设)能否应用于大陆,是大陆动力学研究所面临的主要问题之一,不同的理论模型给出不同的回答。缺乏完整、可靠的构造变形运动学图像使得无法对不同的理论模型给予约束和检验,以至于无法回答上述基本问题。本文以中国大陆及其周边近年来的1350个GPS观测资料为主,结合活动断裂和地震活动性资料,研究中国大陆现今构造变形的运动学特征。中国大陆的现今构造变形既有刚性地块的运动,如塔里木、鄂尔多斯、华南等地块;又有非刚性的连续变形,如青藏高原和天山。在大陆构造变形过程中,由于岩石圈性质的不同而造成变形的分区差异和上部脆性地壳的分块运动,不仅有整体性好的刚性地块运动,也有刚性很差的连续变形。以粘塑性流变为特征的下地壳和上地幔在周边板块作用下发生连续流动,从底部驱动着上覆脆性地块的运动,而不同活动地块本身的性质决定着地块的整体性和变形方式,中国大陆的现今构造变形可以用耦合的地块运动和连续变形模式来描述。

高聚物胶凝堆石料动残余变形特性试验研究

提高坝顶区堆石料整体稳定性是土石坝抗震加固的有效措施之一。为此,提出一种高聚物胶凝堆石料加固技术,该技术能显著提高堆石料强度,并有效地减小动荷载下堆石料的永久变形。为研究高聚物胶凝堆石料动残余变形特性,开展不同围压、不同固结比、不同动应力比和不同高聚物含量的系列动三轴试验。结果表明:高聚物胶凝堆石料的动残余变形随动应力比和围压的增大而增大;在围压为300 kPa、固结比为1.5、动应力比为0.4条件下,高聚物含量为2%的胶凝堆石料产生的残余应变要比相同条件下堆石料的残余应变低74%,因此,高聚物显著减小了堆石料的残余变形。给出了沈珠江残余变形模型计算参数,并进行了对比分析。

临震前地壳变形不动点现象与机制研究

在综合分析国内外地形变前兆研究现状的基础上,结合汶川8.0级地震前GPS、应变、重力等研究结果,提出临震前震源区域可能出现变形不动点现象。地壳变形过程中的不动点现象是临震前区域应力场进入临界状态的重要标志,是地震潜在危险区域划定的重要依据。借助不动点理论,给出汶川地震前变形不动点集合的演化,结合大区域地震活动空区与远场显著形变异常分布,探讨变形不动点现象发生的动力学背景,验证了汶川地震前地壳变形的不动点现象是大区域应力场有序运动的结果。

轴承圆柱滚子直径接触式动态测量动力学研究

针对轴承圆柱滚子直径快速测量时,传感器触头与滚子接触产生的作用力导致其变形影响精度这一问题,提出了一种考虑微观变形的接触动力学模型的研究方法。该方法基于Hertz接触理论、非线性阻尼理论和Coulomb摩擦理论,根据动态测量过程中传感器触头的变形,建立了触头与滚子之间的运动学微分方程,并分析了接触点处法向力与变形量之间关系,得到不同测量速度、位置角与变形量之间的变化规律;利用虚拟仿真技术分析,结合搭建的物理样机进行试验。实验结果表明,滚子直径测量误差不超过1μm。本研究成果量化了测量速度与精度之间的关系,为实际工程应用中圆柱体零件的直径进行高效、精确的接触式测量提供了理论依据。

岩石动力破坏的高速数字图像相关研究

在液压伺服万能试验机上,对某工程现场天然花岗岩材料进行轴向压缩试验。试验机施加的应变率在5×10-3 s-1左右,符合地震作用下的应变率范围。结合高速图像采集系统,采用数字图像相关技术研究了花岗岩材料在动力作用下的拉应变场与破坏形态的关系。在3个立方体试样的压缩破坏试验中都发现,岩石材料在破坏前最大拉应变发生的位置,都是最先出现破坏的位置。这说明,动力作用下岩石材料的破坏符合第二强度理论,即最大拉应变破坏理论。研究还表明,数字图像相关技术可以用于岩石材料的破坏研究,甚至有可能用于边坡稳定的监测。

双孔载频剪切散斑干涉法测量表面动态形变

为了精确地测量物体表面的动态形变并得到形变高度和梯度信息,提出了一种基于双孔衍射结构的空间载频剪切散斑干涉法。该方法采用双孔产生固定的载频条纹,利用双旋转光楔实现剪切量的连续调节,采用正弦拟合算法进行相位计算。首先,分析了双孔调制的相位载频与双孔距和像距之间的关系,讨论了双旋转光楔得到线性剪切量调整的实验参数。然后,设计了测量光路参数;采用孔距为3.8mm的双孔径配合焦距为80mm的成像镜头在物距为300mm时得到了载频为π/2的散斑场。最后,对动态形变的薄金属板进行了测量。实验结果表明:配合实时图像处理系统,该方法可以在帧率为15frame/s的采集速度下实现动态形变的测量与显示,可测形变峰值为0.11～1.15μm。本系统结构简单,易于集成,适用于动态形变的实时检测。

定点形变观测的降雨干扰及排除方法研究

分析了蓟县小辛庄台形变观测资料的降雨响应特征,对观测数据的非潮汐部分分别用一般距平法去年周期、K-L直线拟合方法去线性零漂等处理,再用动态系统法[1]对预处理数据进行排除降雨干扰计算,取得了一定的效果。

数字散斑干涉术和时空三维相位解包裹用于非连续表面动态变形测量（英文）

为解决传统相位解包裹法不能够用于非连续表面的动态变形测量的缺点,在详细阐述基于时空三维相位解包裹技术的数字散斑干涉术的工作原理和测量步骤基础上,应用数字散斑干涉术和时空三维相位解包裹测量非连续表面动态变形.实验证明,当采用每秒70帧的普通相机拍照时,可实现最快形变速率为25.12μm/s的非连续表面动态变形测量.本文所提方法扩展了数字散斑干涉术的测量范围,增强其应用能力.

高速三维数字图像相关系统及其动载三维变形测量

基于双目立体视觉、高速摄影和数字图像相关方法,用两台高速相机搭建了可用于观测结构动态三维变形的高速三维数字图像相关测量系统.介绍了测量系统的原理及实验过程中需要注意的细节,用该测量系统进行了两个动载下三维变形观测的实验:摆锤冲击铝板实验和霍普金森杆冲击石墨圆柱实验,得到了受冲击铝板的动态离面位移场演化和石墨圆柱试件横向变形的三维位移场.

富水角砾岩岩溶隧道综合加固效应及基底稳定性分析

以沪昆铁路麻拉寨隧道为工程背景,采用FLAC3D软件建立隧道三维数值模型,对采用大管棚加小导管综合超前支护、中台阶拱脚纵梁加固及中台阶添加临时仰拱等加固措施进行数值模拟分析。结果表明:中台阶拱脚纵梁的加固能明显增强初期支护拱脚的稳定性;综合加固措施对控制隧道围岩变形效果较好,对改善初期支护受力状态,特别是改善拉应力非常明显。在此基础上,模拟分析不同激振频率下隧道基底有、无桩筏基础情况下列车动荷载对隧道基底工后沉降和振动的动力响应规律。结果表明:激振频率对各测点沉降和振动速度的影响均较小,且高频激振对结构产生的危害要小于低频激振;采用桩筏基础加固隧道基底,对减小隧道基底沉降和振动速度的作用均非常明显,其最大沉降和最大振动速度比无桩筏基础时减小40.7%和74.4%,从而满足了相关要求,为隧道后期运营安全提供了保障。

硒鼓缓冲气柱包装冲击响应与变形行为的图像测量分析

硒鼓是高精密感光成像装置,在运输过程中易由于不慎跌落而造成破损。因此对硒鼓的缓冲包装性能进行评价具有重要的应用价值。通过对硒鼓缓冲气柱包装件进行冲击试验,研究硒鼓的冲击响应和缓冲气柱包装的缓冲特性。文中采用高速图像测量技术和数字图像处理方法,测量HP Q2612A硒鼓在五种冲击强度条件下的动力学响应,同时测量与分析缓冲气柱衬垫全场变形行为和特征。通过这些测试分析将有助于确定包装的缓冲效果,为改进缓冲包装设计提供了重要的依据。