Discontinuity development patterns and the challenges for 3D discrete fracture network modeling on complicated exposed rock surfaces

Natural slopes usually display complicated exposed rock surfaces that are characterized by complex and substantial terrain undulation and ubiquitous undesirable phenomena such as vegetation cover and rockfalls.This study presents a systematic outcrop research of fracture pattern variations in a complicated rock slope,and the qualitative and quantitative study of the complex phenomena impact on threedimensional(3D)discrete fracture network(DFN)modeling.As the studies of the outcrop fracture pattern have been so far focused on local variations,thus,we put forward a statistical analysis of global variations.The entire outcrop is partitioned into several subzones,and the subzone-scale variability of fracture geometric properties is analyzed(including the orientation,the density,and the trace length).The results reveal significant variations in fracture characteristics(such as the concentrative degree,the average orientation,the density,and the trace length)among different subzones.Moreover,the density of fracture sets,which is approximately parallel to the slope surface,exhibits a notably higher value compared to other fracture sets across all subzones.To improve the accuracy of the DFN modeling,the effects of three common phenomena resulting from vegetation and rockfalls are qualitatively analyzed and the corresponding quantitative data processing solutions are proposed.Subsequently,the 3D fracture geometric parameters are determined for different areas of the high-steep rock slope in terms of the subzone dimensions.The results show significant variations in the same set of 3D fracture parameters across different regions with density differing by up to tenfold and mean trace length exhibiting differences of 3e4 times.The study results present precise geological structural information,improve modeling accuracy,and provide practical solutions for addressing complex outcrop issues.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of crown spike due to coupling effect between bubbles and free surface

The motion of gas bubbles beneath a free surface will lead to a spike of fluid on the free surface. The distance of the bubbles to the free surface is the key factor to different phenomena. When the inception distance varies in some range, crown phenomenon would happen after the impact of weak buoyancy bubbles, so this kind of spike is defined as crown spike in the present paper. Based on potential flow theory, a three-dimensional numerical model is established to simulate the motion of the free-surface spike generated by one bubble or a horizontal line of two in-phase bubbles. After the downward jet formed near the end of the collapse phase, the simulation of the free surface is performed to study the crown spike without regard to the toroidal bubble＇s effect. Calculations about the interaction between one bubble and free surface agree well with the experimental results conducted with a high-speed camera, and relative error is within 15%. Crown spike in both single- and two-bubble cases are simulated numerically. Different features and laws of the motion of crown spike, depending on the bubble-boundary distances and the inter-bubble distances, have been investigated.

Microstructure-based three-dimensional characterization of chip formation and surface generation in the machining of particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites

Particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites(PRMMCs)are difficult to machine due to the inclusion of hard,brittle reinforcing particles.Existing experimental investigations rarely reveal the complex material removal mechanisms(MRMs)involved in the machining of PRMMCs.This paper develops a three-dimensional(3D)microstructure-based model for investigating the MRM and surface integrity of machined PRMMCs.To accurately mimic the actual microstructure of a PRMMC,polyhedrons were randomly distributed inside the matrix to represent irregular SiC particles.Particle fracture and matrix deformation and failure were taken into account.For the model’s capability comparison,a two-dimensional(2D)analysis was also conducted.Relevant cutting experiments showed that the established 3D model accurately predicted the material removal,chip morphology,machined surface finish,and cutting forces.It was found that the matrix-particle-tool interactions led to particle fractures,mainly in the primary shear and secondary deformation zones along the cutting path and beneath the machined surface.Particle fracture and dilodegment greatly influences the quality of a machined surface.It was also found that although a 2D model can reflect certain material removal features,its ability to predict microstructural variation is limited.

Tunnel flexibility effect on the ground surface acceleration response

Flexibility of underground structures relative to the surrounding medium, referred to as the flexibility ratio, is an important factor that influences their dynamic interaction. This study investigates the flexibility effect of a box-shaped subway tunnel, resting directly on bedrock, on the ground surface acceleration response using a numerical model verified against dynamic centrifuge test results. A comparison of the ground surface acceleration response for tunnel models with different flexibility ratios revealed that the tunnels with different flexibility ratios influence the acceleration response at the ground surface in different ways. Tunnels with lower flexibility ratios have higher acceleration responses at short periods, whereas tunnels with higher flexibility ratios have higher acceleration responses at longer periods. The effect of the flexibility ratio on ground surface acceleration is more prominent in the high range of frequencies. Furthermore, as the flexibility ratio of the tunnel system increases, the acceleration response moves away from the free field response and shifts towards the longer periods. Therefore, the flexibility ratio of the underground tunnels influences the peak ground acceleration （PGA） at the ground surface, and may need to be considered in the seismic zonation of urban areas.

Primary safe criterion of earth-brushing flight for flying vehicle over digital surface model

In modern terrain-following guidance it is an important index for flight vehicle to cruise about safely and normally. On the basis of a constructing method of digital surface model (DSM), the definition, classification and scale analysis of an isolated obstacle threatening flight safety of terrain-following guidance are made. When the interval of vertical-and cross-sections on DSM is 12. 5 m, the proportion of isolated obstacles to the data amount of DSM model to be loaded is optimal. The main factors influencing the lowest flying height in terrain-following guidance are analyzed, and a primary safe criterion of the lowest flying height over DSM model is proposed. According to their test errors, the lowest flying height over 1:10 000 DSM model can reach 40. 5 m^45. 0 m in terrain-following guidance. It is shown from the simulation results of a typical urban district that the proposed models and methods are reasonable and feasible.

Modeling of CHAMP satellite data according to the 3D surface spline model of geomagnetic fi elds

Surface observations and CHAMP measurement data are employed to develop a three-dimensional surface spline(3DSS)model of China's Mainland.The magnetic field distribution at the satellite level is then demonstrated using the model obtained.The results of this model are compared and verifi ed by deriving the corresponding two(2DTY)and threedimensional(3DTY)Taylor polynomial models.Issues such as the removal of disruptive geomagnetic fi elds,the data gap between the surface and satellite levels,and boundary eff ects are carefully considered during modeling.We then focus on evaluating the modeling eff ect of the satellite data.Ten satellite points not involved in the modeling procedure are selected,and the residuals,absolute change rates,and RMSEs of these points are calculated.Results show that the distribution of the magnetic fi eld determined by the 3DSS model is highly consistent with that obtained from the IGRF12 model.Expect for component Y,the absolute change rates of other components are less than 0.5%.Specifi cally,the RMSE of Y of 3DSS is nearly 60%lower than those of 3DTY and 2DTY;the RMSE of other components of the former are also over 90%lower than those of the latter.This fi nding implies that the 3DSS model has good performance for modeling satellite data and its results are reliable.Moreover,the modeling eff ect of 3DTY is better than that of 2DTY.

Improved Ant Colony Algorithm for Vehicle Scheduling Problem in Airport Ground Service Support

Support vehicles are part of the main body of airport ground operations,and their scheduling efficiency directly impacts flight delays.A mathematical model is constructed and the responsiveness of support vehicles for current operational demands is proposed to study optimization algorithms for vehicle scheduling.The model is based on the constraint relationship of the initial operation time,time window,and gate position distribution,which gives an improvement to the ant colony algorithm(ACO).The impacts of the improved ACO as used for support vehicle optimization are compared and analyzed.The results show that the scheduling scheme of refueling trucks based on the improved ACO can reduce flight delays caused by refueling operations by 56.87%,indicating the improved ACO can improve support vehicle scheduling.Besides,the improved ACO can jump out of local optima,which can balance the working time of refueling trucks.This research optimizes the scheduling scheme of support vehicles under the existing conditions of airports,which has practical significance to fully utilize ground service resources,improve the efficiency of airport ground operations,and effectively reduce flight delays caused by ground service support.

基于多域物理信息神经网络的复合地层隧道掘进地表沉降预测

复合地层中盾构掘进诱发地表沉降的准确预测是隧道工程安全建设与施工决策的关键问题。基于隧道施工诱发地层变形机制构建隧道收敛变形与掘进位置的联系,并将其耦合至深度神经网络(deep neural network,简称DNN)框架,建立了预测盾构掘进诱发地层变形的物理信息神经网络(physics-informed neural network,简称PINN)模型。针对隧道上覆多个地层的地质特征,提出了多域物理信息神经网络(multi-physics-informed neural network,简称MPINN)模型,实现了在统一的框架内对不同地层的物理信息分区域表达。结果表明:MPINN模型高度还原了有限差分法的计算结果,可以准确预测复合地层中隧道开挖诱发的地表沉降;由于融入了物理机制,MPINN模型对隧道施工诱发地表沉降的问题具有普适性,可应用于不同地质和几何条件下隧道诱发地表沉降的预测;基于工程实测数据,提出的MPINN模型准确预测了监测断面的地表沉降曲线,可为复合地层下盾构掘进过程中地表沉降的预测预警提供参考。

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING FOR THIN PLATE-LIKE STRUCTURES INCLUDING SURFACE EFFECTS BY USING STATE SPACE METHOD

A three-dimensional （3-D） approach based on the state space method is proposed to study size-dependent mechanical properties of ultra-thin plate-like elastic structures considering surface effects. The structure is modeled as a laminate composed of a bulk bounded with upper and bottom surface layers, which are allowed to have different material properties from the bulk layer. State equations, including the surface properties of the structure, can be established on the basis of 3-D fundamental elasticity to analyze the size-dependent static characteristics of the thin plate-like structure. Compared with two-dimensional plate theories based size-dependent models for thin film structures in literature, the present 3-D approach is exact, which can provide benchmark results to assess the accuracy of 2-D plate theories and various numerical approaches. To show the feasibility of the proposed approach, a 3-D analytical solution for a simply supported plate-like thin structure including surface layers is derived. An algorithm is proposed for the calculation of the state equations obtained to ensure that the numerical results can reveal the surface effects clearly even for extremely thin surface layers. Numerical examples are carried out to exhibit the surface effects and some discussions are provided based on the results obtained.

A THREE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM DISPERSION MODEL WITHIN SURFACE LAYER

Taking advantage of the relation of lateral Lagrangian time scale T_(LY) with the stability and height, we establish a three-dimensional random dispersion model and simulate the dispersing process of a ground source within the surface layer. The results calculated show that under the condition of stable stratifica- tion our model is obviously better improved than those obtained by assuming T_(LY) to be constant, while under unstable condition, not much improved.

基于随机场理论的隧道开挖后地表及隧道变形分析

天然土体由于受到多因素的影响,土体参数存在着内在的不确定性。为了更好地反映实际土体参数的分布情况,基于随机场理论,在考虑黏聚力和内摩擦角空间变异性的情况下,利用乔列斯基分解和随机有限元模型相结合的方法,对地表和隧道变形进行分析。研究结果表明:地表沉降曲线簇的波动范围随着黏聚力和内摩擦角相关距离的增大而增大,其竖直相关距离对地表沉降变形的影响更明显;黏聚力和内摩擦角的变异系数对地表沉降变形的影响强于其相关距离对地表沉降变形的影响;隧道变形值的分布随着黏聚力和内摩擦角变异系数的增大而逐渐离散,其中内摩擦角变异系数对隧道变形值分布的影响更明显;不考虑黏聚力和内摩擦角的空间变异性将偏小地预测地表沉降和隧道变形,使设计偏于危险。

曲面摩擦滑移隔震结构的随机地震可靠度分析

曲面摩擦滑移隔震结构(curved surface sliding isolated structure,CSSIS)是一种具有广泛应用潜力的新技术.但在工程实践中,地震波的选取会显著影响CSSIS的抗震设计和风险评估结果.针对缺乏强震记录的情况,提出一个能够反映特定地区地震特征的随机地震动模型,并通过Monte-Carlo模拟算法,评估CSSIS的抗震可靠指标.通过振动台试验和理论分析确定CSSIS力学模型的关键结构参数,采用随机地震动模型生成地震波,以天津宁河地区为例,基于首次超越概率理论,计算了CSSIS的失稳概率Pf.结果表明,地震震级M和震中距D对CSSIS的抗震性能具有显著影响.随着震中距D的增加,上部结构的失稳概率Pf迅速下降;相反,地震震级M的增加会导致Pf升高.所得研究结果将为CSSIS的广泛应用提供重要的设计参考依据.

地铁隧道穿越地裂缝段暗挖施工对地表影响规律分析

基于有限元分析软件,对穿越地裂缝的隧道开挖引起的地表横向变形、地表竖向位移和隧道变形规律进行分析。结果表明:(1)地表横向最终变形曲线呈现出“W型”,两个凹槽分别位于左右线隧道的中心处,且受到双洞效应的影响,左线地表横向沉降要大于右线;(2)隧道左右线开挖过程中沿开挖方向地表沉降变形在开挖进尺为5 m时,地表表现出局部隆起的趋势;且距地裂缝的距离越近,地表沉降和横向变形越大;(3)当地裂缝位于隧道正上方时,地表沉降变形规律可划分为三个阶段:平稳变形阶段,加速变形阶段,变形稳定阶段;(4)左右线隧道拱顶拱底最大变形位置均在地裂缝附近,左线隧道拱顶拱底最大变形分别为-48、47 mm,右线隧道拱顶拱底最大变形分别为-45、44 mm。建议在地裂缝主变形带内设置沉降缝,预留净空变形量,并加强隧道的结构刚度,提高抗变形能力,并预留轨道、接触网等的调整高度。

Mechanical responses of multi-layered ground due to shallow tunneling with arbitrary ground surface load

An analytical model based on complex variable theory is proposed to investigate ground responses due to shallow tunneling in multi-layered ground with an arbitrary ground surface load.The ground layers are assumed to be linear-elastic with full-stick contact between them.To solve the proposed multi-boundary problem,a series of analytic functions is introduced to accurately express the stresses and displacements contributed by different boundaries.Based on the principle of linear-elastic superposition,the multi-boundary problem is converted into a superposition of multiple single-boundary problems.The conformal mappings of different boundaries are independent of each other,which allows the stress and displacement fields to be obtained by the sum of components from each boundary.The analytical results are validated based on numerical and in situ monitoring results.The present model is superior to the classical model for analyzing ground responses of shallow tunneling in multi-layered ground;thus,it can be used with assurance to estimate the ground movement and surface building safety of shallow tunnel constructions beneath surface buildings.Moreover,the solution for the ground stress distribution can be used to estimate the safety of a single-layer composite ground.

基于遥感技术的露天煤矿地表沉降监测与预测模型

开发了一种基于遥感技术的露天煤矿地表沉降监测与预测模型。基于卫星遥感Landsat和Sentinel平台的光学影像及合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像构建了一个高效的数据处理流程,流程包括辐射校正、大气校正、几何校正等步骤以及多源数据的同化;采用了支持向量机(SVM)、神经网络和随机森林等机器学习算法,结合从遥感和地面数据中提取的关键特征如土壤湿度、植被覆盖度和地形变化等来预测地表沉降。结果表明:该模型能够准确预测露天煤矿的地表沉降,并为矿区管理和环境监测提供了有力的工具。

盾构隧道掘进地表沉降监测数据分析及模型研究

以广西某地铁盾构隧道掘进期间监测数据为基础,分析盾构施工中地表沉降的变化规律。分为两个部分:一是沿掘进方向,轴线上方地表点历时变化统计分析,通过多项式拟合得出轴线上方地表沉降点的沉降变化模型;二是垂直于掘进方向,不同监测断面的累计沉降量分析,在Peck公式的基础上,综合考虑双线掘进的叠加影响,通过对实测数据进行拟合分析,得出双线盾构掘进沉降槽宽度系数和土体损失率参数。结果显示:(1)多项式模型对轴线沉降点相对掘进前后80 m范围内变化拟合较符合,整体呈现S型,前期略有抬升,后逐渐下沉,沉降主要集中在前后20 m期间,后趋于平缓;(2)Peck沉降公式拟合模型适用于该项目,预测值与实测数据吻合良好,综合多个监测断面拟合结果,提出广西地区参考沉降槽宽度参数K为0.42±0.13和土体损失率Vs为0.42±0.2。

A novel ground surface subsidence prediction model for sub-critical mining in the geological condition of a thick alluvium layer

A substantial number of the coal mines in China are in the geological condition of thick alluvium layer. Under these circumstances, it does not make sense to predict ground surface subsidence and other deformations by using conventional prediction models. This paper presents a novel ground surface subsidence prediction model for sub-critical mining in the geological condition of thick alluvium layer. The geological composition and mechanical properties of thick alluvium is regarded as a random medium, as are the uniformly distributed loads on rock mass; however, the overburden of the rock mass in the bending zone is looked upon as a hard stratum controlling the ground surface subsidence. The different subsidence and displacement mechanisms for the rock mass and the thick alluvium layer are respectively considered and described in this model, which indicates satisfactory performances in a practical prediction case.

Computational implementation of a GIS developed tool for prediction of dynamic ground movement and deformation due to underground extraction sequence

In the last century, there has been a significant development in the evaluation of methods to predict ground movement due to underground extraction. Some remarkable developments in three-dimensional computational methods have been supported in civil engineering, subsidence engineering and mining engineering practice. However, ground movement problem due to mining extraction sequence is effectively four dimensional （4D）. A rational prediction is getting more and more important for long-term underground mining planning. Hence, computer-based analytical methods that realistically simulate spatially distributed time-dependent ground movement process are needed for the reliable long-term underground mining planning to minimize the surface environmental damages. In this research, a new computational system is developed to simulate four-dimensional （4D） ground movement by combining a stochastic medium theory, Knothe time-delay model and geographic information system （GIS） technology. All the calculations are implemented by a computational program, in which the components of GIS are used to fulfill the spatial-temporal analysis model. In this paper a tight coupling strategy based on component object model of GIS technology is used to overcome the problems of complex three-dimensional extraction model and spatial data integration. Moreover, the implementation of computational of the interfaces of the developed tool is described. The GIS based developed tool is validated by two study cases. The developed computational tool and models are achieved within the GIS system so the effective and efficient calculation methodology can be obtained, so the simulation problems of 4D ground movement due to underground mining extraction sequence can be solved by implementation of the developed tool in GIS.

Estimation of Ground Deformation Caused by the Earthquake (M7.2) in Japan,2008,from the Geomorphic Image Analysis of High Resolution LiDAR DEMs

In this study, a new method for quantitative and efficient measurement for the ground surface movement was developed. The feature of this technique is to identify geomorphic characteristics by image matching analysis, using the intelligent images made from high resolution DEM(Digital Elevation Model). This method is useful to extract the small ground displacement where the surface shape was not intensely deformed.