Application of Three-dimensional Laser Scanning Technology in the Teaching Practice of Surveying and Mapping of Ancient Buildings

Based on the study of the application of three-dimensional laser scanning technology in ancient building surveying and mapping,this paper briefly describes the working principle and flow of three-dimensional laser scanning technology.Based on the practical application,this paper puts forward the discussion of related problems and matters needing attention.This has a certain reference significance for the study of new technology in surveying and mapping of ancient buildings.

Method for visualizing the shear process of rock joints using 3D laser scanning and 3D printing techniques

This study presents a visualized approach for tracking joint surface morphology.Three-dimensional laser scanning(3DLS)and 3D printing(3DP)techniques are adopted to record progressive failure during rock joint shearing.The 3DP resin is used to create transparent specimens to reproduce the surface morphology of a natural joint precisely.The freezing method is employed to enhance the mechanical properties of the 3DP specimens to reproduce the properties of hard rock more accurately.A video camera containing a charge-coupled device(CCD)camera is utilized to record the evolution of damaged area of joint surface during the direct shear test.The optimal shooting distance and shooting angle are recommended to be 800 mm and 40?,respectively.The images captured by the CCD camera are corrected to quantitatively describe the damaged area on the joint surface.Verification indicates that this method can accurately describe the total sheared areas at different shear stages.These findings may contribute to elucidating the shear behavior of rock joints.

Slope excavation quality assessment and excavated volume calculation in hydraulic projects based on laser scanning technology

Slope excavation is one of the most crucial steps in the construction of a hydraulic project. Excavation project quality assessment and excavated volume calculation are critical in construction management. The positioning of excavation projects using traditional instruments is inefficient and may cause error. To improve the efficiency and precision of calculation and assessment, three-dimensional laser scanning technology was used for slope excavation quality assessment. An efficient data acquisition, processing, and management workflow was presented in this study. Based on the quality control indices, including the average gradient, slope toe elevation, and overbreak and underbreak,cross-sectional quality assessment and holistic quality assessment methods were proposed to assess the slope excavation quality with laserscanned data. An algorithm was also presented to calculate the excavated volume with laser-scanned data. A field application and a laboratory experiment were carried out to verify the feasibility of these methods for excavation quality assessment and excavated volume calculation. The results show that the quality assessment indices can be obtained rapidly and accurately with design parameters and scanned data, and the results of holistic quality assessment are consistent with those of cross-sectional quality assessment. In addition, the time consumption in excavation quality assessment with the laser scanning technology can be reduced by 70%e90%, as compared with the traditional method. The excavated volume calculated with the scanned data only slightly differs from measured data, demonstrating the applicability of the excavated volume calculation method presented in this study.

Study on Estimation Method of Rock Mass Discontinuity Shear Strength Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning and Image Technique

The estimation of shear strength of rock mass discontinuity is always a focal, but difficult, problem in the field of geotechnical engineering. Considering the disadvantages and limitation of exist- ing estimation methods, a new approach based on the shadow area percentage （SAP） that can be used to quantify surface roughness is proposed in this article. Firstly, by the help of laser scanning technique, the three-dimensional model of the surface of rock discontinuity was established. Secondly, a light source was simulated, and there would be some shadows produced on the model surface. Thirdly, to obtain the value of SAP of each specimen, the shadow detection technique was introduced for use. Fourthly, compared with the result from direct shear testing and based on statistics, an empirical for- mula was found among SAP, normal stress, and shear strength. Data of Yujian （~ River were used as an example, and the following conclusions have been made. （1） In the case of equal normal stress, the peak shear stress is positively proportional to the SAP. （2） The formula for estimating was derived, and the predictions of peak-shear strength made with this equation well agreed with the experimental re- suits obtained in laboratory tests.

钻孔置入式地下空洞三维激光(声呐)扫描技术研究与应用

针对现有设备不能满足地下空洞精确测量需求的现状,利用激光和声呐扫描技术,通过逐层扫描空洞二维轮廓构建出空洞三维形态,研制了钻孔置入式地下空洞三维扫描设备。该设备的扫描探头能通过一般地质钻孔顺利置入到待测地下空洞,在无水环境使用激光扫描、有水环境使用声呐扫描。工程应用结果表明:该设备能够探测出溶洞的三维形态、规模和走向,为工程设计和施工提供了重要的基础数据,具有良好的普适性和推广应用价值。

运营铁路隧道衬砌背后较大空洞的精确检测技术

目前采用地质雷达等无损检测技术可快速、准确检测衬砌厚度和衬砌中钢筋数量等参数,并可有效判识衬砌背后空洞等缺陷沿隧道纵向和环向长度,但对这类缺陷的径向尺度因介电常数的差异、反射面的识别等原因而无法准确判识。依托西南地区某运营铁路隧道衬砌背后存在较大空洞的工程实际,结合现场钻孔调查和地质雷达无损检测,首次运用钻孔三维激光扫描技术对运营铁路隧道衬砌背后空洞进行扫描,实现精确检测,得到衬砌背后空洞的三维形态和具体尺寸,检测成果可为隧道病害整治提供准确的数据,可设计出更具针对性和操作性的整治方案。提出的"物探+钻孔三维激光扫描"技术,能实现衬砌背后空洞"粗中有细"的全面检测。

Quantitative analysis of the ribbon synapse number of cochlear inner hair cells in C57BL/6J mice using the three-dimensional modeling method

In mammals,the ribbon synapses of cochlear inner hair cells are a synaptic structure of the first sensory nerve in the pathway of acoustical signal transmission to the acoustic center,and it is directly involved in voice coding and neurotransmitter release. It is difficult to quantitatively analyze the ribbon synaptic number only using an electron microscope,because the ribbon synaptic number is relatively limited and their location is deep. In this study,the specific presynaptic structure-RIBEYE,and non-specific postsynaptic structure-GluR 2 & 3 in C57BL/6J mouse basilar membrane samples were treated by immunofluorescent labeling. Serial section was performed on the samples using a laser scanning confocal microscope,and then the serial sections were used to build three-dimensional models using 3DS MAX software. Each fluorescein color pair indicates one synapse,so the number of ribbon synapses of inner hair cells is obtained. The spatial distribution and the number of ribbon synapses of cochlear inner hair cells were clearly shown in this experiment,and the mean number of ribbon synapses per inner hair cell was 16.10±1.03. Our results have demonstrated the number of ribbon synapses is accurately calculated by double immunofluorescent labeling to presynaptic and postsynaptic structures,serial sections obtained using a laser scanning confocal microscope,and three-dimensional modeling obtained using 3DS MAX software. The method above is feasible and has important significance for further exploring the mechanism of sensorineural deafness.

Three-dimensional structure of CA1 pyramidal cells in rat hippocampus——Optical recording of LSM and computer simulation of fractal structure

The optical recording of three-dimensional(3-D)reconstruction of CA1 pyramidal cells wasderived from the studies on the CA1 region of the hippocampus in adult male Wistar rats.The recordingwas produced by the Confocal Laser Scan Microscope(LSM-10).The attemption was to outline themorphological neural network of CA1 pyramidal cells organization,following the trail of axo-dendritic connec-tions in 3-D spatial distributions among neurons.The fractal structure of neurons with their dendritic andaxonal trees using fractal algorithm was noticed,and 2—18 simulated cells were obtained using PC-486 comput-er.The simulational cells are similar in morphology to the natural CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells.There-fore,the exploitation of an advanced neurohistological research technique combining optical recording of theLSM-10 and computer simulation of fractal structure can provide the quantitative fractal structural basis forchaosic dynamics of brain.

Methods of configuration test and deformation analysis for large airship

In recent years, high-altitude aerostats have been increasingly developed in the direction of multi-functionality and large size. Due to the large size and the high flexibility, new challenges for large aerostats have appeared in the configuration test and the deformation analysis. The methods of the configuration test and the deformation analysis for large airship have been researched and discussed. A tested method of the configuration,named internal scanning, is established to quickly obtain the spatial information of all surfaces for the large airship by the three-dimensional(3D) laser scanning technology. By using the surface wrap method, the configuration parameters of the large airship are calculated. According to the test data of the configuration, the structural dimensions such as the distances between the characteristic sections are measured. The method of the deformation analysis for the airship contains the algorithm of nonuniform rational B-splines(NURBS) and the finite element(FE)method. The algorithm of NURBS is used to obtain the reconfiguration model of the large airship. The seams are considered and the seam areas are divided. The FE model of the middle part of the large airship is established. The distributions of the stress and the strain for the large airship are obtained by the FE method. The position of the larger deformation for the airship is found.

Co-developing an international TLS network for the 3D ecological understanding of global trees:System architecture,remote sensing models,and functional prospects

Trees are spread worldwide,as the watchmen that experience the intricate ecological effects caused by various environmental factors.In order to better understand such effects,it is preferential to achieve finely and fully mapped global trees and their environments.For this task,aerial and satellite-based remote sensing(RS)methods have been developed.However,a critical branch regarding the apparent forms of trees has significantly fallen behind due to the technical deficiency found within their globalscale surveying methods.Now,terrestrial laser scanning(TLS),a state-of-the-art RS technology,is useful for the in situ three-dimensional(3D)mapping of trees and their environments.Thus,we proposed co-developing an international TLS network as a macroscale ecotechnology to increase the 3D ecological understanding of global trees.First,we generated the system architecture and tested the available RS models to deepen its ground stakes.Then,we verified the ecotechnology regarding the identification of its theoretical feasibility,a review of its technical preparations,and a case testification based on a prototype we designed.Next,we conducted its functional prospects by previewing its scientific and technical potentials and its functional extensibility.Finally,we summarized its technical and scientific challenges,which can be used as the cutting points to promote the improvement of this technology in future studies.Overall,with the implication of establishing a novel cornerstone-sense ecotechnology,the co-development of an international TLS network can revolutionize the 3D ecological understanding of global trees and create new fields of research from 3D global tree structural ecology to 3D macroecology.

综合物探在贵州胜土水库岩溶调查中的应用

溶蚀、溶洞等不良地质体的存在,使水库运行存在很大的安全隐患。因此,查明它们的轮廓、规模是非常必要的。传统的岩溶勘察是利用钻探、物探等方法,不仅效率低,而且无法准确查明溶洞轮廓。该文介绍了利用高密度电法、钻孔电视成像和溶洞三维激光扫描三种物探方法相结合,在贵州胜土水库岩溶调查中取得了很好的应用效果。不仅准确查明了溶洞的轮廓,而且能计算出溶洞的体积,为后期帷幕灌浆处理提供了可靠依据。该工程也证实了综合物探技术是对水库岩溶调查行之有效的方法。

Rice seeds identification based on back propagation neural network model

Rice quality directly affects the final rice yield.In order to achieve rapid,non-destructive testing of rice seeds,this paper combines the three-dimensional laser scanning technology and back propagation(BP)neural network algorithm to build a rice seeds identification platform.The information on rice seed surface is collected from four angles and processed using Geomagic Studio software.Based on the noise filtering,smoothing of the point cloud,vulnerability repair,and downsampling,the three-dimensional(3D)morphological characteristics of a rice seed surface,and the projection features of the main plane cross-section are obtained through the calculation of the features.The experiments were performed on five rice varieties,including Da Hua aromatic glutinous,Hong ShiⅠ,Tian You VIII,Xin Dao X,and Yu Jing VI.The resulting input vector consisted respectively of:(1)nine 3D morphological surface features,(2)nine projection features of the main cross-section plane of rice,and(3)all of the above features.The results showed that for an input vector consisting of nine surface 3D morphological features,the recognition rate of the five rice varieties was 95%,96%,87%,93%,and 89%,respectively;for an input vector consisting of nine projection features of the main cross-section plane of rice seeds,the recognition rate was 96%,96%,90%,92%,and 89%,respectively;and lastly,for an input vector consisting of all the features,the highest recognition rate of 96%,97%,91%,94%,and 90%,respectively,was achieved.The analysis showed that rice varieties could be identified by using 3D laser scanning.Therefore,the proposed method can improve the accuracy of rice varieties identification.