THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELLIPTIC CRACK UNDER IMPACT LOADING

The dynamic stress intensity factor of a three-dimensionalelliptic crack under impact loading is determined with the finiteelement method. The computation results can take into account theinfluence of time and the ratio of the wave speeds on the stressintensity factor. The present method is suitable not only forthree-dimensional dynamic crack, but also for three-dimensionaldynamic contact.

Morphological evolution and flow conduction characteristics of fracture channels in fractured sandstone under cyclic loading and unloading

In coal mining,rock strata are fractured under cyclic loading and unloading to form fracture channels.Fracture channels are the main flow narrows for gas.Therefore,expounding the flow conductivity of fracture channels in rocks on fluids is significant for gas flow in rock strata.In this regard,graded incremental cyclic loading and unloading experiments were conducted on sandstones with different initial stress levels.Then,the three-dimensional models for fracture channels in sandstones were established.Finally,the fracture channel percentages were used to reflect the flow conductivity of fracture channels.The study revealed how the particle size distribution of fractured sandstone affects the formation and expansion of fracture channels.It was found that a smaller proportion of large blocks and a higher proportion of small blocks after sandstone fails contribute more to the formation of fracture channels.The proportion of fracture channels in fractured rock can indicate the flow conductivity of those channels.When the proportion of fracture channels varies gently,fluids flow evenly through those channels.However,if the proportion of fracture channels varies significantly,it can greatly affect the flow rate of fluids.The research results contribute to revealing the morphological evolution and flow conductivity of fracture channels in sandstone and then provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the gas flow pattern in the rock strata of coal mines.

Numerical study on wave loads and motions of two ships advancing in waves by using three-dimensional translating-pulsating source

A frequency domain analysis method based on the three-dimensional translating-pulsating （3DTP） source Green function is developed to investigate wave loads and free motions of two ships advancing on parallel course in waves. Two experiments are carried out respectively to mea- sure the wave loads and the free motions for a pair of side-by- side arranged ship models advancing with an identical speed in head regular waves. For comparison, each model is also tested alone. Predictions obtained by the present solution are found in favorable agreement with the model tests and are more accurate than the traditional method based on the three dimensional pulsating （3DP） source Green function. Numer- ical resonances and peak shift can be found in the 3DP pre- dictions, which result from the wave energy trapped in the gap between two ships and the extremely inhomogeneous wave load distribution on each hull. However, they can be eliminated by 3DTP, in which the speed affects the free sur- face and most of the wave energy can be escaped from the gap. Both the experiment and the present prediction show that hydrodynamic interaction effects on wave loads and free motions are significant. The present solver may serve as a validated tool to predict wave loads and motions of two ves- sels under replenishment at sea, and may help to evaluate the hydrodynamic interaction effects on the ships safety in replenishment operation.

Investigation of control effects of end-wall selfadaptive jet on three-dimensional corner separation of a highly loaded compressor cascade

To overcome the limitations posed by three-dimensional corner separation,this paper proposes a novel flow control technology known as passive End-Wall(EW)self-adaptive jet.Two single EW slotted schemes(EWS1 and EWS2),alongside a combined(COM)scheme featuring double EW slots,were investigated.The results reveal that the EW slot,driven by pressure differentials between the pressure and suction sides,can generate an adaptive jet with escalating velocity as the operational load increases.This high-speed jet effectively re-excites the local low-energy fluid,thereby mitigating the corner separation.Notably,the EWS1 slot,positioned near the blade leading edge,exhibits relatively low jet velocities at negative incidence angles,causing jet separation and exacerbating the corner separation.Besides,the EWS2 slot is close to the blade trailing edge,resulting in massive low-energy fluid accumulating and separating before the slot outlet at positive incidence angles.In contrast,the COM scheme emerges as the most effective solution for comprehensive corner separation control.It can significantly reduce the total pressure loss and improve the static pressure coefficient for the ORI blade at 0°-4° incidence angles,while causing minimal negative impact on the aerodynamic performance at negative incidence angles.Therefore,the corner stall is delayed,and the available incidence angle range is broadened from -10°--2°to -10°-4°.This holds substantial promise for advancing the aerodynamic performance,operational stability,and load capacity of future highly loaded compressors.

Structured illumination microscopy based on asymmetric three-beam interference

Structured illumination microscopy(SIM)is a rapidly developing super-resolution technology.It has been widely used in various application fields of biomedicine due to its excellent two-and three-dimensional imaging capabilities.Furthermore,faster three-dimensional imaging methods are required to help enable more research-oriented living cell imaging.In this paper,a fast and sensitive three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy based on asymmetric three-beam interference is proposed.An innovative time-series acquisition method is employed to halve the time required to obtain each raw image.A segmented half-wave plate as a substantial linear polarization modulation method is applied to the three-dimensional SIM system for the first time.Although it needs to acquire 21 raw images instead of 15 to reconstruct one super-resolution image,the SIM setup proposed in this paper is 30%faster than the traditional spatial light modulator-SIM(SLM-SIM)in imaging each super-resolution image.The related theoretical derivation,hardware system,and verification experiment are elaborated in this paper.The stable and fast 3D super-resolution imaging method proposed in this paper is of great significance to the research of organelle interaction,intercellular communication,and other biomedical fields.

Significantly Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performances of Epoxy Nanocomposites with Long-Range Aligned Lamellar Structures

High-efficiency electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials are of great importance for electronic equipment reliability,information security and human health.In this work,bidirectional aligned Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)@Fe_(3)O_(4)/CNF aerogels(BTFCA)were firstly assembled by bidirectional freezing and freeze-drying technique,and the BTFCA/epoxy nanocomposites with long-range aligned lamellar structures were then prepared by vacuum-assisted impregnation of epoxy resins.Benefitting from the successful construction of bidirectional aligned three-dimensional conductive networks and electromagnetic synergistic effect,when the mass fraction of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) and Fe_(3)O_(4) are 2.96 and 1.48 wt%,BTFCA/epoxy nanocomposites show outstanding EMI shield-ing effectiveness of 79 dB,about 10 times of that of blended Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)@Fe_(3)O_(4)/epoxy(8 dB)nanocomposites with the same loadings of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) and Fe_(3)O_(4).Meantime,the corresponding BTFCA/epoxy nanocomposites also present excellent thermal stability(T_(heat-resistance index) of 198.7℃)and mechanical properties(storage modulus of 9902.1 MPa,Young’s modulus of 4.51 GPa and hardness of 0.34 GPa).Our fabricated BTFCA/epoxy nanocomposites would greatly expand the applications of MXene and epoxy resins in the fields of information security,aerospace and weapon manufacturing,etc.

Direct loading of atoms from a macroscopic quadrupole magnetic trap into a microchip trap

We demonstrate the direct loading of cold atoms into a microchip 2-mm Z-trap, where the evaporative cooling can be performed efficiently, from a macroscopic quadrupole magnetic trap with a high loading efficiency. The macroscopic quadrupole magnetic trap potential is designed to be moveable by controlling the currents of the two pairs of anti-Helrnholtz coils. The cold atoms are initially prepared in a standard six-beam magneto-optical trap and loaded into the macroscopic quadrupole magnetic trap, and then transported to the atom chip surface by moving the macroscopic trap potential. By means of a three-dimensional absorption imaging system, we are able to optimize the position alignment of the atom cloud in the macroscopic trap and the microchip Z-shaped wire. Consequently, with a proper magnetic transfer scheme, we load the cold atoms into the microchip Z-trap directly and efficiently. The loading efficiency is measured to be about 50%. This approach can be used to generate appropriate ultracold atoms sources, for example, for a magnetically guided atom interferometer based on atom chip.

Three-dimensional consolidation deformation analysis of porous layered soft soils considering asymmetric effects

Long-term settlements for underground structures, such as tunnels and pipelines, are generally observed after the completion of construction in soft clay. The soil consolidation characteristic has great influences on the long-term deformation for underground structures. A three-dimensional consolidation analysis method under the asymmetric loads is developed for porous layered soil based on Biot's classical theory. Time-displacement effects can be fully considered in this work and the analytical solutions are obtained by the state space approach in the Cartesian coordinate. The Laplace and double Fourier integral transform are applied to the state variables in order to reduce the partial differential equations into algebraic differential equations and easily obtain the state space solution. Starting from the governing equations of saturated porous soil, the basic relationship of state space variables is established between the ground surface and the arbitrary depth in the integral transform domain. Based on the continuity conditions and boundary conditions of the multi-layered pore soil model, the multi-layered pore half-space solutions are obtained by means of the transfer matrix method and the inverse integral transforms. The accuracy of proposed method is demonstrated with existing classical solutions. The results indicate that the porous homogenous soils as well as the porous non-homogenous layered soils can be considered in this proposed method. When the consolidation time factor is 0.01, the value of immediate consolidation settlement coefficient calculated by the weighted homogenous solution is 27.4% bigger than the one calculated by the non-homogeneity solution. When the consolidation time factor is 0.05, the value of excess pore water pressure for the weighted homogenous solution is 27.2% bigger than the one for the non-homogeneity solution. It is shown that the material non-homogeneity has a great influence on the long-term settlements and the dissipation process of excess pore water pressure.

Autologous nerve graft repair of different degrees of sciatic nerve defect:stress and displacement at the anastomosis in a three-dimensional finite element simulation model

In the repair of peripheral nerve injury using autologous or synthetic nerve grafting, the mag- nitude of tensile forces at the anastomosis affects its response to physiological stress and the ultimate success of the treatment. One-dimensional stretching is commonly used to measure changes in tensile stress and strain; however, the accuracy of this simple method is limited. There- fore, in the present study, we established three-dimensional finite element models of sciatic nerve defects repaired by autologous nerve grafts. Using PRO E 5.0 finite element simulation software, we calculated the maximum stress and displacement of an anastomosis under a 5 N load in 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-mm long autologous nerve grafts. We found that maximum displacement increased with graft length, consistent with specimen force. These findings indicate that three-dimensional finite element simulation is a feasible method for analyzing stress and displacement at the anas- tomosis after autologous nerve grafting.

Combined load bearing capacity of rigid piles embedded in a crossanisotropic clay deposit using 3D finite element lower bound

In this study,an iterative-based three-dimensional finite element lower bound in association with the second-order cone programming method is adopted to evaluate the limit load of a single pile embedded in cross-anisotropic soils under general loading condition.The lower bound solutions of the pile embedded in an anisotropic soil deposit can be found by formulating the element equilibrium,equilibrium of shear and normal stresses along discontinuities,boundary conditions,yield function,and optimizing the objective function through the second-order cone programming method in conjunction with an iterative-based update procedure.A general loading condition is considered to profile the expansion of the safe load in the vertical-horizontal-moment(V-H-M)space.The results of this study are compared and validated against three different cases including an isotropic lateral loading,anisotropic end bearing capacity,and a pile embedded in an isotropic soil deposit under general loading condition.A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the impact of different influencing factors.It was found that the effect of anisotropy on the variation of lateral limit load of a single pile is more pronounced than the corresponding vertical and bending moment limit loads,whereas the interface properties have more significant effects on the vertical and bending moment limit loads in comparison to the lateral limit load.

Frequency-tunable transmon in a three-dimensional copper cavity

We have realized a frequency-tunable transmon in a three-dimensional cooper cavity using a direct current supercon- ducting quantum interference device. Both the transition frequency of the transmon and the frequency of the dressed cavity can be varied with the applied external flux bias, which are well consistent with the theoretical model. The range of the variable transition frequency is from 5.188 GHz to 7.756 GHz. The energy relaxation time of the transmon is hundreds of nanoseconds.

Three-dimensional coupled-mode model and characteristics of low-frequency sound propagation in ocean waveguide with seamount topography

Large-scale topography, such as a seamount, substantially impacts low-frequency sound propagation in an ocean waveguide, limiting the application of low-frequency acoustic detecting techniques. A three-dimensional(3D) coupledmode model is developed to calculate the acoustic field in an ocean waveguide with seamount topography and analyze the3D effect. In this model, a correction is introduced in the bottom boundary, theoretically making the acoustic field satisfy the energy conservation. Furthermore, a large azimuth angle calculation range is obtained by using the operator theory and higher-order Pade approximation. Additionally, the model has advantages related to the coupling mode and parabolic equation theory. The couplings corresponding to the effects of range-dependent environment are fully considered, and the numerical implementation is kept feasible. After verifying the accuracy and reliability of the model, low-frequency sound propagation characteristics in the seamount environment are analyzed. The results indicate lateral variability in bathymetry can lead to out-of-plane effects such as the horizontal refraction phenomenon, while the coupling effect tends to restore the abnormal sound field and produces acoustic field diffraction behind the seamount. This model effectively considers the effects of the horizontal refraction and coupling, which are proportional to the scale of the seamount.

CONVOLUTION OF THE IMPACT THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELASTO-DYNAMICS AND DYNAMIC STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR FOR AN ELLIPTIC CRACK

This paper presents a formulation for three-dimensional elasto-dynamics with an elliptic crack based on the Laplace and Fourier transforms and the convolution theorem. The dynamic stress intensity factor for the crack is determined by solving a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. The results of this paper are very close to those given by the two-dimensional dual integral equation method.

Numerical simulation of flow interference between four cylinders in in-line square arrangement

In the present paper,two-and three-dimensional numerical simulations of the flow interference between four cylinders in an in-line square arrangement at Re = 200 are performed.Assisted with the two-dimensional(2-D) numerical simulation,the mean and fluctuating forces,Strouhal number(St) and vortex shedding pattern in the wake for each cylinder were analyzed with the spacing ratio(L /D) ranging from 1.5 to 6.0.It was found that,four different vortex modes(viz.,flip-flopping,shielding anti-phase-synchronized,in-phasesynchronized and anti-phase-synchronized) gradually appear with the increase of the L/D ratio.The average drag coefficient of the upstream cylinders is larger than that of the downstream cylinders,while the downstream cylinders usually undergo serious fluctuating forces.When the L/D ratio ranges from 3.0 to 4.0,the dominant frequency of the drag coefficient is equal to the value of St of upstream cylinders.This indicates that a simultaneous resonance in the in-flow and cross-flow directions may occur for some single structures of a multi-body oscillating system.For the 3-D numerical simulation,the L/D and aspect ratios are kept constant as 5.0 and 10,respectively.It was found that some vortices are formed in the wake of the upstream cylinders.Besides,with the same spacing ratio,the calculated drag coefficient and lift coefficient fluctuation are slightly larger than the 2-D results,but with a phase difference.

Reliability analysis of diesel engine crankshaft based on 2D stress strength interference model

A 2D stress strength interference model (2D-SSIM) considering that the fatigue reliability of engineering structural components has close relationship to load asymmetric ratio and its variability to some extent is put forward. The principle, geo-metric schematic and limit state equation of this model are presented. Reliability evaluation for a kind of diesel engine crankshaft was made based on this theory, in which multi-axial loading fatigue criteria was employed. Because more important factors, i.e. stress asymmetric ratio and its variability, are considered, it theoretically can make more accurate evaluation for structural com-ponent reliability than the traditional interference model. Correspondingly, a Monte-Carlo Method simulation solution is also given. The computation suggests that this model can yield satisfactory reliability evaluation.

Three-Dimensional Thermal-Stress Analysis of Semi-infinite Transversely Isotropic Composites

By making use of the direct integration method,an exact analysis of the general three-dimensional thermoelasticity problem is performed for the case of a transversely isotropic homogeneous half-space subject to local thermal and force loadings.The material plane of isotropy is assumed to be parallel to the limiting surface of the halfspace.By reducing the original thermoelasticity equations to the governing ones for individual stress-tensor components,the effect of material anisotropy in the stress field is analyzed with regard to the feasibility requirement,i.e.,the finiteness of the stress field at a distance from the disturbed area.As a result,the solution is constructed in the form of explicit analytical dependencies on the force and thermal loadings for various kinds of transversely isotropic materials and agrees with the basic principles of the continua mechanics.The solution can be efficiently used as a benchmark one for the direct computation of temperature and thermal stresses in transversely isotropic semi-infinite domains,as well as for the verification of solutions constructed by different means.

Researches on Cartographic Database-Based Interactive Three-Dimensional Topographic Map

With the development of computer graphics, the three-dimensional (3D) visualization brings new technological revolution to the traditional cartography. Therefore, the topographic 3D-map emerges to adapt to this technological revolution, and the applications of topographic 3D-map are spread rapidly to other relevant fields due to its incomparable advantage. The researches on digital map and the construction of map database offer strong technical support and abundant data source for this new technology, so the research and development of topographic 3D-map will receive greater concern. The basic data of the topographic 3D-map are rooted mainly in digital map and its basic model is derived from digital elevation model (DEM) and 3D-models of other DEM-based geographic features. In view of the potential enormous data and the complexity of geographic features, the dynamic representation of geographic information becomes the focus of the research of topographic 3D-map and also the prerequisite condition of 3D query and analysis. In addition to the equipment of hardware that are restraining, to a certain extent, the 3D representation, the data organization structure of geographic information will be the core problem of research on 3D-map. Level of detail (LOD), space partitioning, dynamic object loading (DOL) and object culling are core technologies of the dynamic 3D representation. The object- selection, attribute-query and model-editing are important functions and interaction tools for users with 3D-maps provided by topographic 3D-map system, all of which are based on the data structure of the 3D-model. This paper discusses the basic theories, concepts and cardinal principles of topographic 3D-map, expounds the basic way to organize the scene hierarchy of topographic 3D-map based on the node mechanism and studies the dynamic representation technologies of topographic 3D-map based on LOD, space partitioning, DOL and object culling. Moreover, such interactive operation functions are explored, in this paper, as spatial query, scene editing and management of topographic 3D-map. Finally, this paper describes briefly the applications of topographic 3D-map in its related fields.

工程降水对钻孔应变的干扰特征及干扰机制研究

抽水干扰在钻孔应变观测中常见且影响显著,为了能真实捕捉到地震前兆信息,须对其干扰机制进行研究.随着城市化进程,基坑工程及其伴随的工程降水逐步增多,工程降水对钻孔应变的干扰比普通单井抽水干扰更为严重.工程降水对钻孔应变观测有何干扰特征、干扰机制如何、干扰数据能否修复等问题对地震异常的探测具有重要意义.本文基于莱阳体应变受到附近御龙湾项目工程降水干扰的观测案例,研究了工程降水的干扰特征,修复了干扰畸变,通过数值模拟确定了干扰机制.结果表明:(1)工程降水在干扰体应变趋势变化的基础上叠加了方向明确、量级稳定的固体潮畸变,可以通过一阶差分逆运算进行修复.修复固体潮畸变并扣除背景速率后,工程降水干扰量级达-15.65×10^(-9)/d;(2)通过建立基于集中载荷模型的网格算法,模拟出工程降水在体应变异常初期和后期分别产生6.61×10^(9) N和1.73×10^(10) N的集中力载荷,干扰量级明显大于常见的单井抽水干扰,压性干扰集中于体应变仪与抽水井连线的垂直方向;(3)通过固体潮畸变特征及力学机制分析确定了工程降水造成固体潮畸变的干扰机制为"抽水引起压性趋势下降—抽水暂停引起张性台阶上升—抽水引起压性趋势下降"周期行为,固体潮畸变时间间隔(频次)和钻孔水位之间呈显著同步特征,线性系数为0.737.

INTERFERENCE CHECKING IN COMPUTER-AIDED PLANT DESIGN SYSTEM

In this paper, the interference checking of three-dimensional objects within a plant is discussed and accomplished, which offers an automated solution to the design problems inherent in multi-user, multi-model environments. Also, the collision detection among moving objects is presented and discussed, and some new ideas are proposed. These methods are successfully applied in our Plant Design System (PDS) and are proven to be very practical and efficient.

不同间距串列双球壳屋盖风荷载干扰效应大涡模拟

采用基于空间平均的大涡模拟方法,以串列双球壳屋盖为对象,研究了对不同中心间距下串列屋盖的风致干扰效应。首先,将球心距为160 m的双球壳屋盖大涡模拟结果与风洞试验进行对比,验证了数值模拟方法及参数的有效性;其次,对比分析球心间距分别为160 m和190 m时双球壳屋盖表面的风压分布特征,研究了不同中心间距对球壳屋盖表面平均和脉动风压分布的影响;最后,结合非定常绕流风场,研究了中心间距对串列双球壳屋盖风荷载的影响机理。结果表明:考虑的中心间距下,串列双球壳屋盖的平均和脉动风压系数的变化趋势类似;上游屋盖的遮挡效应减弱了下游屋盖迎风面的正压,但当间距比较小时,下游屋盖的阻塞作用会加剧上游屋盖的流动分离,使得顶部天窗的局部风吸力明显增加;随着间距的增大,上游屋盖背风面的分离涡由小尺度条带涡变化为大尺度弧形涡,使得屋盖顶部天窗、上游屋盖背风面和下游屋盖迎风面的风压脉动更为显著。