Three-Dimensional Conjugate Tooth Surface Design and Contact Analysis of Harmonic Drive with Double-Circular-Arc Tooth Profle

A three-dimensional conjugate tooth surface design method for Harmonic Drive with a double-circular-arc tooth profle is proposed. The radial deformation function of the fexspline (FS), obtained through Finite Element (FE) analysis, is incorporated into the kinematics model. By analyzing the FS tooth enveloping process, the optimization of the overlapping conjugate tooth profle is achieved. By utilizing the hobbing process, the three-dimensional machinable tooth surface of FS can be acquired. Utilizing the coning deformation of the FS, simulations are conducted to analyze the multi-section assembly and meshing motion of the machinable tooth surface. The FE method is utilized to analyze and compare the loaded contact characteristics. Results demonstrate that the proposed design method can achieve an internal gear pair consisting of a circular spline with a spur gear tooth surface and the FS with a machinable tooth surface. With the rated torque, approximately 24% of the FS teeth are engaged in meshing, and more than 4/5 of the tooth surface in the axial direction carries the load. The contact patterns, maximum contact pressure, and transmission error of the machinable tooth surface are 227.2%, 40.67%, and 71.24% of those on the spur gear tooth surface, respectively. It clearly demonstrates exceptional transmission performance.

Modeling mechanistic responses in asphalt pavements under three-dimensional tire-pavement contact pressure

A three dimensional finite element program incorporating actually measured vertical tire-pavement contact pressure(TPCP) was utilized for modeling the mechanistic responses in asphalt concrete(AC) layers by simulating various vehicle motions:stationary and non-stationary(i.e.in acceleration or deceleration mode).Analysis of the results indicated the following items.1) It is critical to use the vertical TPCP as the design control criteria for the tensile strains at the bottom of the AC layer when the base layer modulus is lower in magnitude(e.g.≤400 MPa);however,when the base layer modulus is higher in magnitude(e.g.≥7 000 MPa),the horizontal TPCP and the tensile strains in the X-direction at the surface of the AC layer should also be considered as part of the design response criteria.2) The definition of "overload" needs to be revised to include tire pressure over-inflation,i.e.,a vehicle should be considered to be overloaded if the wheel load exceeds the specification and/or the tire inflation pressure is higher than the specification.3) Light trucks have more structural impact on the strain responses and pavement design when the thickness of the surfacing AC layer is thinner(e.g.≤50 mm).4) The acceleration of a vehicle does not significantly impact the AC surface distresses such as rutting at the top of the upgrade slopes or intersections;however,vehicle deceleration can dramatically induce horizontal shear strains and consequently,aggravate shoving and rutting problems at the highway intersections.Evidently,these factors should be taken into account during mechanistic stress-strain modeling and structural design of asphalt pavements.

Two kinds of contact problems in three-dimensional icosahedral quasicrystals

Two kinds of contact problems, i.e., the frictional contact problem and the adhesive contact problem, in three-dimensional （3D） icosahedral quasicrystals are dis- cussed by a complex variable function method. For the frictional contact problem, the contact stress exhibits power singularities at the edge of the contact zone. For the adhe- sive contact problem, the contact stress exhibits oscillatory singularities at the edge of the contact zone. The numerical examples show that for the two kinds of contact problems, the contact stress exhibits singularities, and reaches the maximum value at the edge of the contact zone. The phonon-phason coupling constant has a significant effect on the contact stress intensity, while has little impact on the contact stress distribution regu- lation. The results are consistent with those of the classical elastic materials when the phonon-phason coupling constant is 0. For the adhesive contact problem, the indentation force has positive correlation with the contact displacement, but the phonon-phason cou- pling constant impact is barely perceptible. The validity of the conclusions is verified.

Three-Dimensional Rigid-Plastic FEM Simulation of Bulk Forming Processes with New Contact and Remeshing Techniques

Some techniques such as die surface description, contact judgement algorithm and remeshing are proposed to improve the robustness of the numerical solution. Based on these techniques, a three-dimensional rigid-plastic FEM code has been developed. Isothermal forging process of a cylindrical housing has been simulated. The simulation results show that the given techniques and the FEM code are reasonable and feasible for three-dimensional bulk forming processes.

THE CHARACTERISTIC FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOVING BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM

The software for oil-gas transport and accumulation is to describe the history of oil-gas transport and accumulation in basin evolution. It is of great value in rational evaluation of prospecting and exploiting oil-gas resources. The mathematical model can be discribed as a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations with moving boundary value problem. For a generic case of the three-demensional bounded region, bi this thesis, the effects of gravitation、buoyancy and capillary pressure are considered, we put forward a kind of characteristic finite difference schemes and make use thick and thin grids to form a complete set, and of calculus of vaviations, the change of variable, the theory of prior estimates and techniques, Optimal order estimates in l^2 norm are derived for the error in approximate assumption, Thus we have completely solved the well-known theoretical problem proposed by J. Douglas, Jr.

Gradient Estimate of Solutions to a Class of Mean Curvature Equations with Prescribed Contact Angle Boundary Problem

This paper studies the prescribed contact angle boundary value problem of a certain type of mean curvature equation.Applying the maximum principle and the moving frame method and based on the location of the maximum point,the boundary gradient estimation of the solutions to the equation is obtained.

BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR MOVING AND ROLLING CONTACT OF 2D ELASTIC BODIES WITH DEFECTS

A scheme of boundary element method for moving contact of two-dimensional elastic bodies using conforming discretization is presented. Both the displacement and the traction boundary conditions are satisfied on the contacting region in the sense of discretization. An algorithm to deal with the moving of the contact boundary on a larger possible contact region is presented. The algorithm is generalized to rolling contact problem as well. Some numerical examples of moving and rolling contact of 2D elastic bodies with or without friction, including the bodies with a hole-type defect, are given to show the effectiveness and the accuracy of the presented schemes.

Moving contact line problem: Advances and perspectives

The solid-liquid interface, which is ubiquitous in nature and our daily life, plays fundamental roles in a variety of physical-chemical-biological- mechanical phenomena, for example in lubrication, crystal growth, and many biological reactions that govern the building of human body and the functioning of brain. A surge of interests in the moving contact line （MCL） problem, which is still going on today, can be traced back to 1970s primarily because of the exis- tence of the ＂Huh-Scriven paradox＂. This paper, mainly from a solid mechanics perspective, describes very briefly the multidisciplinary nature of the MCL problem, then summarizes some major advances in this exciting research area, and some future directions are presented.

MESHLESS ANALYSIS FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELASTICITY WITH SINGULAR HYBRID BOUNDARY NODE METHOD

The singular hybrid boundary node method （SHBNM） is proposed for solving three-dimensional problems in linear elasticity. The SHBNM represents a coupling between the hybrid displacement variational formulations and moving least squares （MLS） approximation. The main idea is to reduce the dimensionality of the former and keep the meshless advantage of the later. The rigid movement method was employed to solve the hyper-singular integrations. The ＇boundary layer effect＇, which is the main drawback of the original Hybrid BNM, was overcome by an adaptive integration scheme. The source points of the fundamental solution were arranged directly on the boundary. Thus the uncertain scale factor taken in the regular hybrid boundary node method （RHBNM） can be avoided. Numerical examples for some 3D elastic problems were given to show the characteristics. The computation results obtained by the present method are in excellent agreement with the analytical solution. The parameters that influence the performance of this method were studied through the numerical examples.

Exact analytical solution to three-dimensional phase change heat transfer problems in biological tissues subject to freezing

Analytically solving a three-dimensional （3-D） bioheat transfer problem with phase change during a freezing process is extremely difficult but theoretically important. The moving heat source model and the Green function method are introduced to deal with the cryopreservation process of in vitro biomaterials. Exact solutions for the 3-D temperature transients of tissues under various boundary conditions, such as totally convective cooling, totally fixed temperature cooling and a hybrid between them on tissue surfaces, are obtained. Furthermore, the cryosurgical process in living tissues subject to freezing by a single or multiple cryoprobes is also analytically solved. A closed-form analytical solution to the bioheat phase change process is derived by considering contributions from blood perfusion heat transfer, metabolic heat generation, and heat sink of a cryoprobe. The present method is expected to have significant value for analytically solving complex bioheat transfer problems with phase change.

隧道盾构管片非接触式全周形貌测量方法研究

针对隧道盾构管片几何质量检测的需求,提出了非接触式全周形貌测量方法。首先,遥控移动载体移动至测点,投影仪投射散斑图像,工业相机捕获并计算得到的点云数据;然后,采集多个测点;最后,将各局部点云数据进行拼接,获得被测物体的全周形貌。该快速半自动的检测方法可获得隧道盾构管片全周尺寸,精度达到0.2%。

Influence of alloy components on arc erosion morphology of Ag/MeO electrical contact materials

Arc erosion morphologies of Ag/MeO（10） electrical contact materials after 50000 operations under direct current of 19 V and 20 A and resistive load conditions were investigated using scanning electron microscope（SEM） and a 3D optical profiler（3DOP）. The results indicated that 3DOP could supply clearer and more detailed arc erosion morphology information. Arc erosion resistance of Ag/SnO_2（10） electrical contact material was the best and that of Ag/CuO（10） was the worst. Arc erosion morphology of Ag/MeO（10） electrical contact materials mainly included three different types. Arc erosion morphologies of Ag/ZnO（10） and Ag/SnO_2（10） electrical contact materials were mainly liquid splash and evaporation, and those of Ag/CuO（10） and Ag/CdO（10） were mainly material transfer from anode to cathode. Arc erosion morphology of Ag/SnO_2（6）In_2O_3（4） electrical contact materials included both liquid splash, evaporation and material transfer. In addition, the formation process and mechanism on arc erosion morphology of Ag/MeO（10） electrical contact materials were discussed.

GALIN’S THEOREM HOLDS FOR MOVING PUNCH

This paper presents a formulation for solving three-dimensional moving punch problem. It proves that Galin's theorem holds for the punch. As an example, the study offers some results (including numerical data) of dynamic displacement over an ellipse contact region.

弯管内可控万向铰接柔性管动力学特性研究

针对弯管内可控万向铰接柔性管随机动态接触问题,以弯管和可控铰接柔性管为研究对象,采用哈密顿原理结合多体系统动力学理论,引入刚体运动坐标系描述可控铰的运动约束,以管-管接触模型描述可控万向铰接管和弯管的动态接触,建立了弯管内可控万向铰接柔性管多体系统接触非线性动力学的数值计算方法。以超短半径水平井造斜段柔性钻具为例,根据贝克休斯公司的钻具动力学特性标准,对柔性钻杆的振动特性进行了评价,研究了不同转速和不同钻压对柔性钻杆动力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:横向振动是导致柔性钻具可能失效的主要因素;柔性钻杆的横向振动剧烈程度随着转速的增加而减小,随着钻压的增加而增大。

轮轨滑动磨损对应力和温度影响的研究

列车在启动、制动或通过曲线轨道、长大下坡道时,轮轨之间将出现滑动接触,这种现象在地铁中较为常见。滑动接触引起的磨损对接触区域应力和温度有着显著影响。根据数值计算方法和摩擦传热理论,建立轮轨接触磨损模型和摩擦传热模型,引入与磨损相关的接触应力,采用移动热源模拟轮轨之间的摩擦热,考虑温度对材料参数的影响,研究滑动磨损对应力和温度的影响。结果显示,随着滑动距离的增加,轮轨接触斑面积逐渐变大,接触应力从尖凸状变为扁平状,最大接触应力逐渐减小,接触应力分布趋于均匀。当磨损深度超过0.2 mm时,采用初始接触应力计算得到的轮轨节点温度值要显著高于采用与磨损相关的接触应力计算得到的温度值,并且随着滑动距离的增加,温度之间的差异逐渐变大。滑动接触时刻末,用初始接触应力计算的轮轨接触区域温度场中的最高温度比磨损相关的接触应力计算得到的最高温度分别高113.9℃和61.0℃。研究结果显示,磨损对应力和温度的影响较为显著,在计算应力和摩擦热时应充分考虑磨损对其的影响。

考虑移动边界约束作用的薄壁件铣削动特性研究

针对薄壁件铣削过程工件约束边界复杂及动特性难预测等问题,创新性的提出了接触移动边界约束的概念,深入研究了接触移动边界约束对系统动特性的影响规律。首先,建立了考虑刀-工接触移动边界约束作用的薄板切削过程动力学模型,提取刀-工接触区域,分析了接触刚度力和阻尼力与接触参数的复杂影响关系。其次,预测了任意接触移动边界约束作用的薄板动态响应,形成了更为全面地任意边界约束选择方案,包括接触移动边界条件和经典边界条件。基于薄板理论建立系统运动学方程,综合考虑包括移动边界约束产生的能量项、常规任意边界约束产生的能量项以及薄板变形产生的能量项的组合。最后,通过不同案例以及有限元法,与现有文献中的数值、解析和实验等方法获得的结果作了大量对比,证明了本文提出方法的准确性。结果表明,接触移动约束效应对系统动态特性的影响不可忽视。

液滴润湿固体表面的移动接触线:从吸附到滑动

液滴润湿固体表面是自然界和日常生产、生活中常见的流体力学现象.针对液滴润湿固体表面过程中移动接触线的运动模式,有必要开展深入的物理力学研究.采用分子动力学模拟方法,研究了3种不同润湿性固体表面上水滴浸润的动力学过程,展示了全时域液滴铺展动力学行为及其相应的移动接触线标度律,并划定了液滴润湿过程的4个阶段.第1阶段中(t/τ_(i)≤0.05,其中τi为惯性-毛细特征时间),液滴与固体表面实现点接触,接触角为180°.第2阶段中(0.05﹤τ_(i)≤1),液滴动态接触角快速减小,接触半径随时间以1/2幂律关系快速增长,且不受表面润湿性的影响.第3阶段中(1﹤τ_(i)≤3),液滴动态接触角继续减小,接触半径持续增长,表面亲水性越强浸润速率越快;最后进入长期弛豫阶段(t/τ_(i)> 3),疏水表面上的液滴铺展基本结束,接触半径和接触角均趋于定值,而亲水表面上液滴动态接触角的减小明显减缓,接触半径呈指数增长.进一步标定了固-液-气三相接触线的尺寸,通过深入分析位于固-液-气三相接触线处水分子在相空间中的运动轨迹,发现了两类接触线运动模式:吸附和滑动.具体而言,在液滴润湿固体表面的第1和第2阶段中,接触线以吸附模式产生和增长;第3阶段中吸附和滑动模式并重.第4阶段中接触线则以滑动为主.文章揭示了液滴润湿固体表面的分子级运动细节,有助于进一步深入理解固-液界面微尺度流动.

一种转辙机新型接点的研发与应用

作为转辙机内部与外部联锁系统进行信号状态传输的关键设备,转辙机接点能否正确传递并表示出道岔位置状态,对行车安全具有重要意义。针对传统转辙机排布式接点易断开、磨损大、清洁难等缺点,提出采用模块化设计思路研发新型接点。该新型接点主要由运动机构、静接点组件、动接点组件等构成,由转辙机锁闭块先带动运动机构上的动作臂转动,再带动后方同轴的动接点组件运动,实现动接点在静接点组件的左右切换,从而改变接点开关闭合状态。新型接点采用集成式设计结构,缩小其在转辙机内部的占用空间;通过V型和圆锥型设计,提高抗振性能;动接点与静接点以差动旋入式相接触,使动接点环周圈磨耗保持一致,延长接点寿命;在动接点环上方设计防尘防护罩,提高接点的可维护性。经过电寿命试验、振动试验,以及实验室环境验证,新型接点符合相关技术条件并满足设计需求。

移动接触线及动态接触角数理模型研究综述

Huh-Scriven佯谬表明在连续介质假设下,若固体壁面指定无滑移边界条件将导致移动接触线处速度不连续和力学奇异性。以移动接触线力学奇异性及其消除机制为主线,从微观角度探讨了移动接触线的多尺度特性,综述了湿润过程中动态接触角的数理模型,讨论了仿真过程中针对移动接触线速度的几个处理方法。

NON-INTERIOR SMOOTHING ALGORITHM FOR FRICTIONAL CONTACT PROBLEMS

A new algorithm for solving the three-dimensional elastic contact problem with friction is presented. The algorithm is a non-interior smoothing algorithm based on an NCP-function. The parametric variational principle and parametric quadratic programming method were applied to the analysis of three-dimensional frictional contact problem. The solution of the contact problem was finally reduced to a linear complementarity problem, which was reformulated as a system of nonsmooth equations via an NCP-function. A smoothing approximation to the nonsmooth equations was given by the aggregate function. A Newton method was used to solve the resulting smoothing nonlinear equations. The algorithm presented is easy to understand and implement. The reliability and efficiency of this algorithm are demonstrated both by the numerical experiments of LCP in mathematical way and the examples of contact problems in mechanics.