Three-dimensional(3D)parametric measurements of individual gravels in the Gobi region using point cloud technique

Gobi spans a large area of China,surpassing the combined expanse of mobile dunes and semi-fixed dunes.Its presence significantly influences the movement of sand and dust.However,the complex origins and diverse materials constituting the Gobi result in notable differences in saltation processes across various Gobi surfaces.It is challenging to describe these processes according to a uniform morphology.Therefore,it becomes imperative to articulate surface characteristics through parameters such as the three-dimensional(3D)size and shape of gravel.Collecting morphology information for Gobi gravels is essential for studying its genesis and sand saltation.To enhance the efficiency and information yield of gravel parameter measurements,this study conducted field experiments in the Gobi region across Dunhuang City,Guazhou County,and Yumen City(administrated by Jiuquan City),Gansu Province,China in March 2023.A research framework and methodology for measuring 3D parameters of gravel using point cloud were developed,alongside improved calculation formulas for 3D parameters including gravel grain size,volume,flatness,roundness,sphericity,and equivalent grain size.Leveraging multi-view geometry technology for 3D reconstruction allowed for establishing an optimal data acquisition scheme characterized by high point cloud reconstruction efficiency and clear quality.Additionally,the proposed methodology incorporated point cloud clustering,segmentation,and filtering techniques to isolate individual gravel point clouds.Advanced point cloud algorithms,including the Oriented Bounding Box(OBB),point cloud slicing method,and point cloud triangulation,were then deployed to calculate the 3D parameters of individual gravels.These systematic processes allow precise and detailed characterization of individual gravels.For gravel grain size and volume,the correlation coefficients between point cloud and manual measurements all exceeded 0.9000,confirming the feasibility of the proposed methodology for measuring 3D parameters of individual gravels.The proposed workflow yields accurate calculations of relevant parameters for Gobi gravels,providing essential data support for subsequent studies on Gobi environments.

A modified method of discontinuity trace mapping using three-dimensional point clouds of rock mass surfaces

This paper presents an automated method for discontinuity trace mapping using three-dimensional point clouds of rock mass surfaces.Specifically,the method consists of five steps:(1)detection of trace feature points by normal tensor voting theory,(2)co ntraction of trace feature points,(3)connection of trace feature points,(4)linearization of trace segments,and(5)connection of trace segments.A sensitivity analysis was then conducted to identify the optimal parameters of the proposed method.Three field cases,a natural rock mass outcrop and two excavated rock tunnel surfaces,were analyzed using the proposed method to evaluate its validity and efficiency.The results show that the proposed method is more efficient and accurate than the traditional trace mapping method,and the efficiency enhancement is more robust as the number of feature points increases.

Formula for calculating spatial similarity degrees between point clouds on multi-scale maps taking map scale change as the only independent variable

The degree of spatial similarity plays an important role in map generalization, yet there has been no quantitative research into it. To fill this gap, this study first defines map scale change and spatial similarity degree/relation in multi-scale map spaces and then proposes a model for calculating the degree of spatial similarity between a point cloud at one scale and its gener- alized counterpart at another scale. After validation, the new model features 16 points with map scale change as the x coordinate and the degree of spatial similarity as the y coordinate. Finally, using an application for curve fitting, the model achieves an empirical formula that can calculate the degree of spatial similarity using map scale change as the sole independent variable, and vice versa. This formula can be used to automate algorithms for point feature generalization and to determine when to terminate them during the generalization.

城市竣工测绘典型要素语义分割PointNet++深度学习模型适用性分析

处理三维激光扫描仪获取的城市竣工测绘点云场景数据的传统方法存在较多局限性,无法适应信息化社会对产品高效处理的需求。基于此,本文分析了城市竣工测绘点云场景分类需求,研究了利用深度学习网络模型对点云场景进行自动化处理的方法。首先,对输入的城市竣工测绘数据进行预处理,以实现点云降采样、去噪、地面点与非地面点分割;然后,人工标注5个区域场景数据毫米级标签,进行数据增强;最后,测试PointNet++网络在城市竣工测绘点云场景下的语义分割性能和效果。测试结果表明,在少量样本下,PointNet++网络可以较好地实现城市竣工测绘点云场景的激光点云语义分割,总体mIoU达73.06%,能够满足城市竣工测绘点云语义自动化分割需求,为城市竣工测绘点云数据处理提供了新思路。

A state-of-the-art review of automated extraction of rock mass discontinuity characteristics using three-dimensional surface models

In the last two decades,significant research has been conducted in the field of automated extraction of rock mass discontinuity characteristics from three-dimensional(3D)models.This provides several methodologies for acquiring discontinuity measurements from 3D models,such as point clouds generated using laser scanning or photogrammetry.However,even with numerous automated and semiautomated methods presented in the literature,there is not one single method that can automatically characterize discontinuities accurately in a minimum of time.In this paper,we critically review all the existing methods proposed in the literature for the extraction of discontinuity characteristics such as joint sets and orientations,persistence,joint spacing,roughness and block size using point clouds,digital elevation maps,or meshes.As a result of this review,we identify the strengths and drawbacks of each method used for extracting those characteristics.We found that the approaches based on voxels and region growing are superior in extracting joint planes from 3D point clouds.Normal tensor voting with trace growth algorithm is a robust method for measuring joint trace length from 3D meshes.Spacing is estimated by calculating the perpendicular distance between joint planes.Several independent roughness indices are presented to quantify roughness from 3D surface models,but there is a need to incorporate these indices into automated methodologies.There is a lack of efficient algorithms for direct computation of block size from 3D rock mass surface models.

Global Fine Registration of Point Cloud in LiDAR SLAM Based on Pose Graph

The laser scanning system based on Simultaneous Localization and Mapping(SLAM)technology has the advantages of low cost,high precision and high efficiency.It has drawn wide attention in the field of surveying and mapping in recent years.Although real-time data acquisition can be achieved using SLAM technology,the precision of the data can’t be ensured,and inconsistency exists in the acquired point cloud.In order to improve the precision of the point cloud obtained by this kind of system,this paper presents a hierarchical point cloud global optimization algorithm.Firstly,the“point-to-plane”iterative closest point(ICP)algorithm is used to match the overlapping point clouds to form constraints between the trajectories of the scanning system.Then a pose graph is constructed to optimize the trajectory.Finally,the optimized trajectory is used to refine the point cloud.The computational efficiency is improved by decomposing the optimization process into two levels,i.e.local level and global level.The experimental results show that the RMSE of the distance between the corresponding points in overlapping areas is reduced by about 50%after optimization,and the internal inconsistency is effectively eliminated.

A Modified SOFM Method for Point Cloud Segmentation in Reverse Engineering

The purpose of reverse engineering is to convert a large point cloud into a CAD model. In reverse engineering, the key issue is segmentation, i.e. studying how to subdivide the point cloud into smaller regions, where each of them can be approximated by a single surface. Segmentation is relatively simple, if regions are bounded by sharp edges and small blends; problems arise when smoothly connected regions need to be separated. In this paper, a modified self-organizing feature map neural network （SOFM） is used to solve segmentation problem. Eight dimensional feature vectors （3-dimensional coordinates, 3-dimensional normal vectors, Gaussian curvature and mean curvature） are taken as input for SOFM. The weighted Euclidean distance measure is used to improve segmentation result. The method not only can deal with regions bounded by sharp edges, but also is very efficient to separating smoothly connected regions. The segmentation method using SOFM is robust to noise, and it operates directly on the point cloud. An examples is given to show the effect of SOFM algorithm.

A Novel Airborne 3D Laser Point Cloud Hole Repair Algorithm Considering Topographic Features

Hole repair processing is an important part of point cloud data processing in airborne 3-dimensional(3D)laser scanning technology.Due to the fragmentation and irregularity of the surface morphology,when applying the 3D laser scanning technology to mountain mapping,the conventional mathematical cloud-based point cloud hole repair method is not ideal in practical applications.In order to solve this problem,we propose to repair the valley and ridge line first,and then repair the point cloud hole.The main technical steps of the method include the following points:First,the valley and ridge feature lines are extracted by the GIS slope analysis method;Then,the valley and ridge line missing from the hole are repaired by the mathematical interpolation method,and the repaired results are edited and inserted to the original point cloud;Finally,the traditional repair method is used to repair the point cloud hole whose valley line and ridge line have been repaired.Three experiments were designed and implemented in the east bank of the Xiaobaini River to test the performance of the proposed method.The results showed that compared with the direct point cloud hole repair method in Geomagic Studio software,the average repair accuracy of the proposed method,in the 16 m buffer zone of valley line and ridge line,is increased from 56.31 cm to 31.49 cm.The repair performance is significantly improved.

低成本手持式稠密点云采集系统

针对现有室内外场景无法使用低成本便携式LiDAR很好地采集高稠密度点云数据的问题,本文研究设计了一种对低成本LiDAR和IMU传感器在硬件层面进行组合的低成本手持式稠密点云采集系统。采用简化残差计算量后的Faster-LIO当作里程计,通过传感器紧耦合的方式,将LiDAR和IMU之间的外参矩阵作为优化量,在采集的过程中进行实时优化以获得准确的相对位姿,从而得到满足精度要求的稠密点云。本文方法与经典的基于LOAM特征的LiDAR里程计及RTK里程计进行对比,试验结果表明,本文方法是有效的,手持式旋转激光雷达扩增了LiDAR的视野,而且对采用的里程计算法进行了改进,在减少算力要求降低成本的同时,大幅度降低了LiDAR和IMU等设备安装时无法避免的相互扰动问题,能较好地完成对场景稠密点云的采集及初步重建。

平滑注意力与谱上采样细化的非等距三维点云模型对应关系计算

为了解决非等距3维点云模型对应关系计算易受模型大尺度形变影响而导致对应失真、准确率低且平滑性差的问题,该文提出一种结合平滑注意力与谱上采样细化的非等距3维点云模型对应关系计算新方法。首先,利用点所在表面的几何特征信息设计平滑注意力机制与平滑感知模块,提高特征对大尺度形变区域非刚性变换的感知能力;其次,将深度函数映射模块与平滑正则化约束相结合,提升函数映射计算结果的平滑性;最后,在谱上采样细化模块中,以多分辨率重建的方式得到最终的逐点映射结果。实验结果表明,与已有算法相比,本算法在FAUST、SCAPE和SMAL数据集上构建的对应关系测地误差最小,处理大尺度形变模型时,能够提升逐点映射的平滑性和全局准确率。

基于车载三维激光扫描的城市道路竣工测量探讨

车载三维激光扫描系统融合了多种传感器和数据源,可以自动、迅速地获取道路的全方位信息。其扫描速度迅捷、数据信息丰富、精确度高、采集过程安全简单,并能节省人力。此技术显著提高了外业生产效率,并降低了生产成本。对车载三维激光扫描技术在道路工程竣工测量中的内外业处理流程的研究结果表明:该技术的精度可达到1∶500测图精度要求,满足城市高架路竣工规划测绘的精度需求。该技术方案是切实可行的,且能高效地提高生产效率。

基于深度学习的移动机器人语义SLAM方法研究

为了给移动机器人提供细节丰富的三维语义地图,支撑机器人的精准定位,本文提出一种结合RGB-D信息与深度学习结果的机器人语义同步定位与建图方法。改进了ORB-SLAM2算法的框架,提出一种可以构建稠密点云地图的视觉同步定位与建图系统;将深度学习的目标检测算法YOLO v5与视觉同步定位与建图系统融合,反映射为三维点云语义标签,结合点云分割完成数据关联和物体模型更新,并用八叉树的地图形式存储地图信息;基于移动机器人平台,在实验室环境下开展移动机器人三维语义同步定位与建图实验,实验结果验证了本文语义同步定位与建图算法的语义信息映射、点云分割与语义信息匹配以及三维语义地图构建的有效性。

激光雷达点云特征线检测与结构化研究进展与展望

实景三维(3D)建设是国家新型基础测绘建设的重要组成部分,是对在3D地理场景上承载结构化、语义化、支持人机兼容理解和物联实时感知的地理实体进行构建。而结构化是实现地理实体单体分割并获取其几何轮廓及组成结构的过程。随着大范围、城市级激光点云数据采集成本逐渐降低,3D点云的应用也越来越广泛。基于3D点云能完成生成地物的结构化表达,涉及线、面、体重建及语义分割、实例分割等。点云数据处理的核心内容是点云特征线检测、特征线线段化及特征线结构化。因此,点云特征线对点云处理和行业应用具有理论和实践价值。进行城市场景点云自适应特征线检测和精细结构化研究具有重要意义;研究点云特征线智能感知理论及结构化表达方法能为点云数据处理提供新的视角,对各类工程实践具有重要的理论指导意义,可服务于实景3D建设、二维(2D)、3D高清地图生成等具体应用。本文从点云特征线检测、点云特征线线段化、点云特征线结构化角度进行国内外研究现状综述,总结归纳点云特征线检测与结构化研究存在问题,并明确下一步研究思路。

三维激光扫描技术在历史建筑测绘中的应用——以闽清县历史建筑测绘建档项目为例

历史建筑作为城市的文脉,承载着一座城市的历史,受各种因素影响遭受不断的侵蚀甚至灭失,其保护形势越来越严峻。文章以闽清县历史建筑保护测绘为例,采用三维激光扫描技术,结合无人机倾斜摄影技术,对历史建筑真彩色三维点云模型建设进行了探索研究,为历史建筑的测绘资料建档和文物保护工作积累了宝贵的技术经验。结语对该技术进行了总结分析,认为三维激光扫描技术不仅能大幅提升工作效率和测量成果精度,还可实现历史建筑三维可视化,具有广阔的应用前景。

基于移动机器人的树木识别与冠层信息测量

针对人工测量苗圃冠层参数费时费力,无法快速提取果树冠层参数的问题,提出一种基于环境点云识别算法的树木冠层信息提取方法。首先利用LiDAR-IMU紧耦合里程计进行点云矫正和特征点提取,在建图中使用旋转约束解决Z轴偏移问题,完成测量区域的环境重建;将点云地图传输至后台工作站后,使用欧式聚类和3D-FV-DNNs算法对树木点云进行分割与识别;最后在找到第一主枝后利用立方体素法实现冠层体积建模,采用二维栅格法提取冠层面积参数。试验表明:本文采用的建图算法能较高精度地重建完整果园环境,基于DNN深度学习分类器的苗圃识别方法获取的P-R曲线的Bet值比SVM与RF分类器所获取的数值高出0.064 1与0.099 9,此外树冠体积与面积的R^(2)与RMSE分别为0.746 77、0.697 8以及0.097 54、0.076 77。表明本文算法测得的冠层参数与人工测量值有强相关性,为果园精细化管理提供重要支撑。

利用SLAM点云的玉米株数自动识别

为了实现农田玉米株数的快速无损自动化识别,提出一种利用同时定位与地图构建(SLAM)点云的农田玉米株数自动识别方法。借助飞马SLAM100手持扫描仪进行玉米田块点云数据采集,充分利用SLAM点云中玉米植株的竖直度特征和扫描过程中植株的先验纹理特征,进行玉米植株顶部的自动提取,引入密度聚类算法进行玉米植株的区分与株数自动识别,并通过农田实测数据进行实验。结果表明,所设计的方法能够实现玉米植株的自动识别,对玉米种植株数的识别率达到92.53%。该研究在玉米植株自动识别、作物估产以及智慧农业研究领域具有良好的工程应用价值。

室内测绘机器人自主定位与三维建图研究

室内空间由于低照明、缺少GPS定位辅助和场景特征较少等原因难以利用有限传感器进行高精度三维建图。针对此问题,对FAST-LIO算法进行改进,引入了Lider-IMU参数初始化系统和后端回环检测优化算法,以增加大场景下的建图鲁棒性。采用公开数据集进行实验研究。结果表明,和现有算法相比,该算法轨迹误差精度均有提升。还设计了机器人在东南大学的建筑内部环境进行测试。实验结果表明,机器人能够实现自主移动建图并安全返回,效果良好。

一种面向室内动态行人场景的激光SLAM算法

在复杂室内环境中,消除动态行人对实时建图的干扰一直是激光同步定位与建图(SLAM)算法需要解决的核心问题之一。当前的SLAM算法主要关注静态场景,忽略了场景中存在的运动物体。然而,在室内场景中,频繁出现的移动行人降低了全局点云地图的质量,增加了后续定位与导航的不确定性。提出一种针对室内动态行人场景的紧耦合激光SLAM算法,以更好地适应此类复杂场景。在传统SLAM框架的基础上引入基于点云聚类与分割的预处理模块,用于准确消除动态行人点云。该算法首先采用基于欧氏距离的增强两步式聚类算法对点云进行聚类和分割,随后提取聚类结果的多维切片特征和强度特征,并结合支持向量机(SVM)的分类结果来识别场景中的行人实例,同时利用静态点云实时估计自身位姿并构建高分辨率点云地图。分别使用Hilti公开数据集以及真实场景数据对所提算法的动态点云去除效果和实时性进行测试,结果表明,相较于Removert、Dynablox等当前先进的激光SLAM算法,该算法能够显著改善点云地图的构建效果,降低其中动态行人点云的比例,且系统对单帧图片的处理时长不超过100 ms,满足实时性要求。

基于目标检测的室内动态场景同步定位与建图

为了提高室内动态场景下定位与建图的准确性与实时性,提出了一种基于目标检测的室内动态场景同步定位与建图(simultaneous localization and mapping,SLAM)系统。利用目标检测的实时性,在传统ORB_SLAM2算法上结合YOLOv5目标检测网络识别相机图像中的动态物体,生成动态识别框,根据动态特征点判别方法只将识别框内动态物体上的ORB特征点去除,利用剩余特征点进行相机位姿的估计,最后建立只含静态物体的稠密点云地图与八叉树地图。同时在机器人操作系统(robot operating system,ROS)下进行仿真,采用套接字(Socket)通信方式代替ROS中话题通信方式,将ORB_SLAM2算法与YOLOv5目标检测网络相结合,以提高定位与建图的实时性。在TUM数据集上进行多次实验结果表明,与ORB_SLAM2系统相比,本文系统相机位姿精确度大幅度提高,并且提高了每帧跟踪的处理速度。

基于ResNet-MLP模型的车辆目标检测算法

为提高车辆目标检测精度,针对传统视觉传感器光照敏感性、空间感知性差等缺点,采用激光雷达传感器,提出一种基于ResNet-MLP二阶段模型的车辆目标检测算法。该算法对点云鸟瞰图的映射方式进行改进,使其保留点云高度特征,并通过改进后的ResNet进行点云特征的提取,最后使用并行多层感知机网络对车辆目标分类和位置回归。采用KITTI的3D Object数据集进行验证,通过与PointNet++和VoxelNet方法进行对比实验,结果发现,交并比(IOU)较高时3种方法的检测精度均有所下降,但相对于其他2种算法,本算法检测精度更高,运行速度更快,可为未来自动驾驶车辆的实时感知方面提供技术支撑。