Three-dimensional(3D)parametric measurements of individual gravels in the Gobi region using point cloud technique

Gobi spans a large area of China,surpassing the combined expanse of mobile dunes and semi-fixed dunes.Its presence significantly influences the movement of sand and dust.However,the complex origins and diverse materials constituting the Gobi result in notable differences in saltation processes across various Gobi surfaces.It is challenging to describe these processes according to a uniform morphology.Therefore,it becomes imperative to articulate surface characteristics through parameters such as the three-dimensional(3D)size and shape of gravel.Collecting morphology information for Gobi gravels is essential for studying its genesis and sand saltation.To enhance the efficiency and information yield of gravel parameter measurements,this study conducted field experiments in the Gobi region across Dunhuang City,Guazhou County,and Yumen City(administrated by Jiuquan City),Gansu Province,China in March 2023.A research framework and methodology for measuring 3D parameters of gravel using point cloud were developed,alongside improved calculation formulas for 3D parameters including gravel grain size,volume,flatness,roundness,sphericity,and equivalent grain size.Leveraging multi-view geometry technology for 3D reconstruction allowed for establishing an optimal data acquisition scheme characterized by high point cloud reconstruction efficiency and clear quality.Additionally,the proposed methodology incorporated point cloud clustering,segmentation,and filtering techniques to isolate individual gravel point clouds.Advanced point cloud algorithms,including the Oriented Bounding Box(OBB),point cloud slicing method,and point cloud triangulation,were then deployed to calculate the 3D parameters of individual gravels.These systematic processes allow precise and detailed characterization of individual gravels.For gravel grain size and volume,the correlation coefficients between point cloud and manual measurements all exceeded 0.9000,confirming the feasibility of the proposed methodology for measuring 3D parameters of individual gravels.The proposed workflow yields accurate calculations of relevant parameters for Gobi gravels,providing essential data support for subsequent studies on Gobi environments.

Fast prediction of the mechanical response for layered pavement under instantaneous large impact based on random forest regression

The layered pavements usually exhibit complicated mechanical properties with the effect of complex material properties under external environment.In some cases,such as launching missiles or rockets,layered pavements are required to bear large impulse load.However,traditional methods cannot non-destructively and quickly detect the internal structural of pavements.Thus,accurate and fast prediction of the mechanical properties of layered pavements is of great importance and necessity.In recent years,machine learning has shown great superiority in solving nonlinear problems.In this work,we present a method of predicting the maximum deflection and damage factor of layered pavements under instantaneous large impact based on random forest regression with the deflection basin parameters obtained from falling weight deflection testing.The regression coefficient R^(2)of testing datasets are above 0.94 in the process of predicting the elastic moduli of structural layers and mechanical responses,which indicates that the prediction results have great consistency with finite element simulation results.This paper provides a novel method for fast and accurate prediction of pavement mechanical responses under instantaneous large impact load using partial structural parameters of pavements,and has application potential in non-destructive evaluation of pavement structure.

Modeling mechanistic responses in asphalt pavements under three-dimensional tire-pavement contact pressure

A three dimensional finite element program incorporating actually measured vertical tire-pavement contact pressure(TPCP) was utilized for modeling the mechanistic responses in asphalt concrete(AC) layers by simulating various vehicle motions:stationary and non-stationary(i.e.in acceleration or deceleration mode).Analysis of the results indicated the following items.1) It is critical to use the vertical TPCP as the design control criteria for the tensile strains at the bottom of the AC layer when the base layer modulus is lower in magnitude(e.g.≤400 MPa);however,when the base layer modulus is higher in magnitude(e.g.≥7 000 MPa),the horizontal TPCP and the tensile strains in the X-direction at the surface of the AC layer should also be considered as part of the design response criteria.2) The definition of "overload" needs to be revised to include tire pressure over-inflation,i.e.,a vehicle should be considered to be overloaded if the wheel load exceeds the specification and/or the tire inflation pressure is higher than the specification.3) Light trucks have more structural impact on the strain responses and pavement design when the thickness of the surfacing AC layer is thinner(e.g.≤50 mm).4) The acceleration of a vehicle does not significantly impact the AC surface distresses such as rutting at the top of the upgrade slopes or intersections;however,vehicle deceleration can dramatically induce horizontal shear strains and consequently,aggravate shoving and rutting problems at the highway intersections.Evidently,these factors should be taken into account during mechanistic stress-strain modeling and structural design of asphalt pavements.

Experimental study of freak waves due to three-dimensional island terrain in random wave

An experimental study is carried out for waves passing an isolated reef terrain in a wave tank. A three-dimensional model of a representative and isolated reef terrain in the West Pacific is built. Random wave trains with various periods and wave heights are generated by a wave maker using the improved JONSWAP spectrum. It is observed that there are different kinds of generation processes and waveforms of freak waves. The freak wave factor Hm/Hs (where Hm is the maximum wave height of wave series, and Hs is significant wave height) is analyzed in detail, in terms of the skewness, kurtosis and water depth, as well as the relationship between freak wave height H& and skewness. The freak wave factor Hm/Hs is found to be in positive correlation with the kurtosis, while larger H[x tends to be related with bigger skewness. The rapid variation of water depth, such as slope and seamount, contributes to the occurrence probability of freak waves.

Three-Dimensional Simulations of RESET Operation in Phase-Change Random Access Memory with Blade-Type Like Phase Change Layer by Finite Element Modeling

An optimized device structure for reducing the RESET current of phase-change random access memory （PCRAM） with blade-type like （BTL） phase change layer is proposed. The electrical thermal analysis of the BTL cell and the blade heater contactor structure by three-dimensional finite element modeling are compared with each other during RESET operation. The simulation results show that the programming region of the phase change layer in the BTL cell is much smaller, and thermal electrical distributions of the BTL cell are more concentrated on the TiN/GST interface. The results indicate that the BTL cell has the superiorities of increasing the heating efficiency, decreasing the power consumption and reducing the RESET current from 0.67mA to 0.32mA. Therefore, the BTL cell will be appropriate for high performance PCRAM device with lower power consumption and lower RESET current.

Roughness evaluation of three-dimensional asphalt pavement based on two-dimensional power spectral density

To solve the problem of the lack of comprehensive evaluation of three-dimensional(3D)asphalt pavement roughness,a method for evaluating the asphalt pavement roughness is proposed based on two-dimensional(2D)power spectral density(PSD).By calculating the 2D PSD of a 3D asphalt pavement and converting it into the longitudinal average asphalt pavement PSD,the relationship between the evaluation method of the 3D asphalt pavement roughness and the current evaluation standard of roughness is established.Combined with the road-fitting formula used in international standards,the elevation data of the A,B,C,and D grades of the 3D asphalt pavement are simulated by the harmonic superposition method.According to the proposed method,the longitudinal PSD of each level of simulated asphalt pavement is calculated and compared with the standard spectral line of each pavement level.This approach verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method in evaluating the roughness of the 3D asphalt pavement.Compared with the PSD of a certain horizontal profile elevation,it is verified that the fluctuation amplitude of the spectral line calculated by the proposed method is greatly improved.The results show that the proposed method can evaluate the roughness of asphalt pavements more comprehensively and accurately and has strong practicability.

Three-dimensional stochastic seepage field for embankment engineering

Owing to the complexity of geo-engineering seepage problems influenced by different random factors, three-dimensional simulation and analysis of the stochastic seepage field plays an important role in engineering applications. A three-dimensional anisotropic heterogeneous steady random seepage model was developed on the basis of the finite element method. A statistical analysis of the distribution characteristics of soil parameters sampled from the main embankment of the Yangtze River in the Southern Jingzhou zone of China was conducted. The Kolomogorov-Smirnov test verified the statistical hypothesis that the permeability coefficient tensor has a Gaussian distribution. With the help of numerical analysis of the stochastic seepage field using the developed model, various statistical and random characteristics of the stochastic seepage field of the main embankment of the Yangtze River in the Southern Jingzhou zone of China were investigated. The model was also examined with statistical testing. Through the introduction of random variation of the upstream and downstream water levels into the model, the effects of the boundary randomness due to variation of the downstream and upstream water levels on the variation of simulated results presented with a vector series of the random seepage field were analyzed. Furthermore, the combined influence of the variation of the soil permeability coefficient and such seepage resistance measures as the cut-off wall and relief ditch on the hydraulic head distribution was analyzed and compared with the results obtained by determinate analysis. Meanwhile, sensitivities of the hydraulic gradient and downstream exit height to the variation of boundary water level were studied. The validity of the simulated results was verified by stochastic testing and measured data. The developed model provides more detail and a full stochastic algorithm to characterize and analyze three-dimensional stochastic seepage field problems.

基于路面等级识别的车辆半主动悬架内外环控制

针对车辆在不同路面等级下对悬架动态性能与馈能特性需求不同的问题,提出一种基于RF-XGBoost路面等级识别算法的半主动悬架内外环控制策略。利用随机森林(Random Forest,RF)模型对极端梯度提升(Extreme Gradient Boosting,XGBoost)算法进行优化,搭建RF-XGBoost算法模型对路面等级进行识别。将路面等级与悬架控制策略相结合,设计外环为天地棚控制,内环为自适应滑模控制的内外环控制,实现非线性悬架的自适应控制。仿真结果表明,相比传统混合天地棚控制的悬架,内外环控制下的悬架在A级路面下簧载质量加速度降低15.52%,并实现50.4 W的振动能量回收,在B、C级路面下簧载质量加速度分别降低15.09%、16.72%,轮胎动载荷分别降低11.63%、11.42%,在D级路面下轮胎动载荷降低14.12%。台架试验的结果与仿真分析的结果基本一致,表明所设计的自适应内外环控制有效。

基于复合分形的路面抗滑随机森林评估模型

路面抗滑性能直接影响着道路交通安全,而基于路表纹理特征的路面抗滑性能评估方法目前存在着可解释性差、准确度不高的问题.该研究使用精度为0.05 mm的便携式三维激光表面分析仪采集了185组路面纹理数据,通过动态摩擦因数测试仪获得了相应路段0~80 km/h速度范围内的路面摩擦数据,构建了综合表征路面纹理空间、横剖、深度方向复杂度的复合分形维数指标,建立了10 km/h和70 km/h速度下的路面抗滑性能随机森林评估模型.研究结果表明:复合分形维数具备独立描述纹理复杂程度的能力,但与路面动态摩擦因数之间不存在线性关系;复合分形维数对70 km/h速度下动态摩擦因数预估的准确度为0.78,可用于评价轮胎橡胶快速滑动状态下的路面抗滑性能;复合分形指标中的空间、横剖、表层、浅层、深层剖面分形特征共同影响着路面抗滑性能,在进行路面纹理形貌评价时,应从多种空间视角下进行纹理特征综合分析.

四履带式巡检机器人行走机构的分析及仿真

针对巡检机器人工作环境较为复杂,对一种四履带双摇臂式巡检机器人行走机构进行研究。从运动学角度,通过建立机器人在攀爬台阶以及跨越沟壑两种越障过程中的参数坐标系,分析其质心变化,来描述机器人行走机构的越障能力。通过Solidworks进行三维建模;并通过Matlab建立三维随机路面模型;然后导入Adams中,完成机器人行走机构攀爬台阶及跨越沟壑的仿真实验。对仿真结果进行分析,机器人行走机构能够攀爬200mm高的台阶以及跨越500mm宽的沟壑,并能够得到机器人翻越台阶及跨越沟壑时驱动轮的速度及加速度。通过虚拟仿真和样机调试,可以得到机器人在障碍物路面具有较好的适应性和越障能力,为危险特殊路况环境中的巡检工作带来很大的实际应用价值和推广空间。

Land use and cover change and influencing factor analysis in the Shiyang River Basin,China

Land use and cover change(LUCC)is the most direct manifestation of the interaction between anthropological activities and the natural environment on Earth's surface,with significant impacts on the environment and social economy.Rapid economic development and climate change have resulted in significant changes in land use and cover.The Shiyang River Basin,located in the eastern part of the Hexi Corridor in China,has undergone significant climate change and LUCC over the past few decades.In this study,we used the random forest classification to obtain the land use and cover datasets of the Shiyang River Basin in 1991,1995,2000,2005,2010,2015,and 2020 based on Landsat images.We validated the land use and cover data in 2015 from the random forest classification results(this study),the high-resolution dataset of annual global land cover from 2000 to 2015(AGLC-2000-2015),the global 30 m land cover classification with a fine classification system(GLC_FCS30),and the first Landsat-derived annual China Land Cover Dataset(CLCD)against ground-truth classification results to evaluate the accuracy of the classification results in this study.Furthermore,we explored and compared the spatiotemporal patterns of LUCC in the upper,middle,and lower reaches of the Shiyang River Basin over the past 30 years,and employed the random forest importance ranking method to analyze the influencing factors of LUCC based on natural(evapotranspiration,precipitation,temperature,and surface soil moisture)and anthropogenic(nighttime light,gross domestic product(GDP),and population)factors.The results indicated that the random forest classification results for land use and cover in the Shiyang River Basin in 2015 outperformed the AGLC-2000-2015,GLC_FCS30,and CLCD datasets in both overall and partial validations.Moreover,the classification results in this study exhibited a high level of agreement with the ground truth features.From 1991 to 2020,the area of bare land exhibited a decreasing trend,with changes primarily occurring in the middle and lower reaches of the basin.The area of grassland initially decreased and then increased,with changes occurring mainly in the upper and middle reaches of the basin.In contrast,the area of cropland initially increased and then decreased,with changes occurring in the middle and lower reaches.The LUCC was influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors.Climatic factors and population contributed significantly to LUCC,and the importance values of evapotranspiration,precipitation,temperature,and population were 22.12%,32.41%,21.89%,and 19.65%,respectively.Moreover,policy interventions also played an important role.Land use and cover in the Shiyang River Basin exhibited fluctuating changes over the past 30 years,with the ecological environment improving in the last 10 years.This suggests that governance efforts in the study area have had some effects,and the government can continue to move in this direction in the future.The findings can provide crucial insights for related research and regional sustainable development in the Shiyang River Basin and other similar arid and semi-arid areas.

基于数值模拟的路面随机激励模型分析及改进

针对公路运输中大型半挂车的轮胎多轴激励问题,从大型设备半挂车运输的随机激励源头出发,推导出路面不平度表达式,补充表达式的不足之处,再建立Matlab/Simulink模型,改进其设置中的问题,改进后的仿真验证结果比改进前更符合实际情况,文中创建的表达式与模型均可使用,为后续的相关研究提供了理论与模型参考。

连续梁桥车辆动态称重系数解析与试验验证

基于桥梁响应的车辆动态称重方法具有成本低、易维护和耐久性好等优点,但其称重精度依赖于称重系数的准确性。以典型三等跨预应力混凝土连续小箱梁桥为应用背景,首先推导了车辆重量与桥梁响应指标之间的相关数学表达式,给出了车辆称重系数的定义和理论解析解,同时指出针对实际宽幅桥梁,根据车辆横向位置修正对应的称重系数;其次,利用两车道随机车流对该桥有限元模型进行加载并提取桥梁响应,得到车重与响应之间的相关曲线和相关系数;最后,在实桥上设计安装了桥梁动态称重系统和路面动态称重系统用于监测通行车辆信息,通过匹配算法得到大数据统计下的车辆称重系数。研究结果表明,所提出的车辆称重系数解析解与仿真结果误差为1.8%,实测称重系数与理论解析解、数值仿真结果绝对误差为1.73%。研究结果对诸如简支梁、不等跨连续梁等其他类型桥梁提供了研究思路,以得到桥梁不同位置处的车辆称重系数,同时建议在实际工程应用中分别对理论、仿真和实测的称重系数相互校核,提高标定的准确性。

基于贝叶斯优化卷积神经网络的路面光伏阵列最大功率点电压预测方法

路面光伏阵列上快速行驶的车辆,所形成的车辆阴影具有复杂的动态随机分布特性,将导致路面光伏阵列的输出功率-电压(P-V)特性曲线呈现动态多峰特性,给路面光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪(maximumpowerpointtracking,MPPT)控制带来挑战。基于此,文中提出一种基于贝叶斯优化(Bayesianoptimization,BO)卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)的路面光伏阵列最大功率点电压预测方法。首先,将路面光伏阵列的光照和温度的环境信息以图像形式输入基于贝叶斯优化CNN的最大功率点电压预测模型进行学习;然后,利用训练出的预测模型,对当前时刻下路面光伏阵列最大功率点工作电压进行预测;最后,仿真和试验结果表明,提出的预测模型具有良好的适应性,能够精准预测不同车辆阴影工况下的路面光伏阵列最大功率点工作电压,尤其是大幅度提高最大功率点工作电压的预测速度,为动态随机车辆阴影下路面光伏阵列的最大功率点跟踪控制奠定基础。

沥青路面使用性能机器学习评价及预测方法综述

随着城市化进程的加快和交通运输需求的增长,确保沥青路面的使用性能对交通安全和经济发展至关重要。然而,如何准确评价沥青路面使用性能、预测潜在问题并采取及时的维护措施,一直是道路工程领域迫切需要解决的核心问题。因此,提出准确且高效的沥青路面使用性能评价及预测方法成为交通运输领域的重要任务。全面综述了机器学习方法在沥青路面使用性能评价及预测领域的研究进展,分析了支持向量机、随机森林、神经网络以及遗传算法等模型的基本原理、优缺点以及在实际工程中的应用情况。通过比较和分析这些方法,了解各种方法在沥青路面使用性能评价及预测方面的优点以及所面临的挑战。最后,提出了未来的研究方向和建议,以期为沥青路面的管理和养护提供更有效的理论支持和方法,以提高道路交通的安全性和可靠性。

Micromorphological characterization and random reconstruction of 3D particles based on spherical harmonic analysis

The microscopic characteristics of skeletal particles in rock and soil media have important effects on macroscopic mechanical properties. A mathematical procedure called spherical harmonic function analysis was here developed to characterize micromorphology of particles and determine the meso effects in a discrete manner. This method has strong mathematical properties with respect to orthogonality and rotating invariance. It was used here to characterize and reconstruct particle micromorphology in three-dimensional space. The applicability and accuracy of the method were assessed through comparison of basic geometric properties such as volume and surface area. The results show that the micromorphological characteristics of reproduced particles become more and more readily distinguishable as the reproduced order number of spherical harmonic function increases, and the error can be brought below 5% when the order number reaches 10. This level of precision is sharp enough to distinguish the characteristics of real particles. Reconstructed particles of the same size but different reconstructed orders were used to form cylindrical samples, and the stress-strain curves of these samples filled with different-order particles which have their mutual morphological features were compared using PFC3D. Results show that the higher the spherical harmonic order of reconstructed particles, the lower the initial compression modulus and the larger the strain at peak intensity. However, peak strength shows only a random relationship to spherical harmonic order. Microstructure reconstruction was here shown to be an efficient means of numerically simulating of multi-scale rock and soil media and studying the mechanical properties of soil samples.

Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Pavement Structure in Highway Tunnel

A linear full 3D finite element method (FEM) was performed in order to present the key design parameters of highway tunnel asphalt pavement under double-wheel load on rectangular loaded area considering horizontal contact stress induced by the acceleration/deceleration of vehicles.The key design parameters are the maximum horizontal tensile stresses at the surface of the asphalt layer,the maximum horizontal tensile stresses at the bottom of the asphalt layer and the maximum vertical shear stresses at the surface of the as- phalt layer were calculated.The influencing factors such as double-wheel weight;asphalt layer thickness;base course stiffness modulus and thickness;and the contact conditions among the structure layers on these key design parameters were also examined separately to propose construction procedures of highway tunnel asphalt pavement.

An overview of a unified theory of dynamics of vehicle–pavement interaction under moving and stochastic load

This article lays out a unified theory for dynamics of vehicle-pavement interaction under moving and stochastic loads. It covers three major aspects of the subject： pavement surface, tire-pavement contact forces, and response of continuum media under moving and stochastic vehicular loads. Under the subject of pavement surface, the spectrum of thermal joints is analyzed using Fourier analysis of periodic function. One-dimensional and two-dimensional random field models of pavement surface are discussed given three different assumptions. Under the subject of tire-pavement contact forces, a vehicle is modeled as a linear system. At a constant speed of travel, random field of pavement surface serves as a stationary stochastic process exciting vehicle vibration, which, in turn, generates contact force at the interface of tire and pavement. The contact forces are analyzed in the time domain and the frequency domains using random vibration theory. It is shown that the contact force can be treated as a nonzero mean stationary process with a normal distribution. Power spectral density of the contact force of a vehicle with walking-beam suspension is simulated as an illustration. Under the subject of response of continuum media under moving and stochastic vehicular loads, both time-domain and frequency-domain analyses are presented for analytic treatment of moving load problem. It is shown that stochastic response of linear continuum media subject to a moving stationary load is a nonstationary process. Such a nonstationary stochastic process can be converted to a stationary stochastic process in a follow-up moving coordinate.

飞机-道面耦合作用下飞机随机动荷载研究

为准确确定飞机滑行过程中随时间与位置随机变化的动荷载,建立了飞机主起落架四自由度模型,分析了飞机与道面的耦合作用,利用有限元仿真技术求得了道面平整度及升力影响下的飞机随机动荷载,并根据Welch法求得了飞机动荷载的功率谱密度,探究了动荷载能量在频域内的分布规律。研究结果表明:当滑跑速度不变,国际平整度指数分别为1.56 m/km、3.12 m/km、4.68 m/km时,B737-800每个主起落架上的动荷载峰值增长了7%;当道面平整度等级不变,飞机滑跑速度由10 m/s增加至40 m/s,受升力影响飞机动荷载呈减小趋势;频域范围内,飞机滑跑速度提高、悬挂系统与非悬挂系统刚度的增加均导致飞机动荷载频率增大;而随着道面平整度等级的降低,飞机动荷载频率不变,仅功率谱密度峰值增大;随着飞机悬挂部分阻尼的增加,动荷载功率谱密度的峰值明显降低,但频率保持不变;而非悬挂部分的阻尼对随机动荷载功率谱密度的影响不明显。

路面不平度对低路堤动应力的影响研究

基于正弦函数变化的路面不平度和两自由度的四分之一车辆模型,推导出车辆随机动荷载计算公式,研究路面不平度对车辆荷载作用下低路堤动力响应的影响规律。建立车-路耦合三维动力有限元模型,计算分析6种工况下不同路面不平度时车辆随机动荷载作用下低路堤的动应力,得出低路堤动应力均随路面不平度值的增加而增大,且与车辆附加动荷载系数m近似为线性关系;提出不同路面不平度时车辆随机动荷载作用下低路堤动应力计算模型,并对比有限元模型得到的低路堤动应力与应力计算模型得到的低路堤动应力。