Computed tomography three-dimensional reconstruction in the diagnosis of bleeding small intestinal polyps:A case report

BACKGROUND Computed tomography(CT)small bowel three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction is a powerful tool for the diagnosis of small bowel disease and can clearly show the intestinal lumen and wall as well as the outside structure of the wall.The horizontal axis position can show the best adjacent intestinal tube and the lesion between the intestinal tubes,while the coronal position can show the overall view of the small bowel.The ileal end of the localization of the display of excellent,and easy to quantitative measurement of the affected intestinal segments,the sagittal position for the rectum and the pre-sacral lesions show the best,for the discovery of fistulae is also helpful.Sagittal view can show rectal and presacral lesions and is useful for fistula detection.It is suitable for the assessment of inflammatory bowel disease,such as assessment of disease severity and diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the small bowel and mesenteric space-occupying lesions as well as the judgment of small bowel obstruction points.CASE SUMMARY Bleeding caused by small intestinal polyps is often difficult to diagnose in clinical practice.This study reports a 29-year-old male patient who was admitted to the hospital with black stool and abdominal pain for 3 months.Using the combination of CT-3D reconstruction and capsule endoscopy,the condition was diagnosed correctly,and the polyps were removed using single-balloon enteroscopyendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography without postoperative complications.CONCLUSION The role of CT-3D in gastrointestinal diseases was confirmed.CT-3D can assist in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in combination with capsule endoscopy and small intestinal microscopy.

Evaluating the use of three-dimensional reconstruction visualization technology for precise laparoscopic resection in gastroesophageal junction cancer

BACKGROUND Laparoscopic gastrectomy for esophagogastric junction(EGJ)carcinoma enables the removal of the carcinoma at the junction between the stomach and esophagus while preserving the gastric function,thereby providing patients with better treatment outcomes and quality of life.Nonetheless,this surgical technique also presents some challenges and limitations.Therefore,three-dimensional reconstruction visualization technology(3D RVT)has been introduced into the procedure,providing doctors with more comprehensive and intuitive anatomical information that helps with surgical planning,navigation,and outcome evaluation.AIM To discuss the application and advantages of 3D RVT in precise laparoscopic resection of EGJ carcinomas.METHODS Data were obtained from the electronic or paper-based medical records at The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from January 2020 to June 2022.A total of 120 patients diagnosed with EGJ carcinoma were included in the study.Of these,68 underwent laparoscopic resection after computed tomography(CT)-enhanced scanning and were categorized into the 2D group,whereas 52 underwent laparoscopic resection after CT-enhanced scanning and 3D RVT and were categorized into the 3D group.This study had two outcome measures:the deviation between tumor-related factors(such as maximum tumor diameter and infiltration length)in 3D RVT and clinical reality,and surgical outcome indicators(such as operative time,intraoperative blood loss,number of lymph node dissections,R0 resection rate,postoperative hospital stay,postoperative gas discharge time,drainage tube removal time,and related complications)between the 2D and 3D groups.RESULTS Among patients included in the 3D group,27 had a maximum tumor diameter of less than 3 cm,whereas 25 had a diameter of 3 cm or more.In actual surgical observations,24 had a diameter of less than 3 cm,whereas 28 had a diameter of 3 cm or more.The findings were consistent between the two methods(χ^(2)=0.346,P=0.556),with a kappa consistency coefficient of 0.808.With respect to infiltration length,in the 3D group,23 patients had a length of less than 5 cm,whereas 29 had a length of 5 cm or more.In actual surgical observations,20 cases had a length of less than 5 cm,whereas 32 had a length of 5 cm or more.The findings were consistent between the two methods(χ^(2)=0.357,P=0.550),with a kappa consistency coefficient of 0.486.Pearson correlation analysis showed that the maximum tumor diameter and infiltration length measured using 3D RVT were positively correlated with clinical observations during surgery(r=0.814 and 0.490,both P<0.05).The 3D group had a shorter operative time(157.02±8.38 vs 183.16±23.87),less intraoperative blood loss(83.65±14.22 vs 110.94±22.05),and higher number of lymph node dissections(28.98±2.82 vs 23.56±2.77)and R0 resection rate(80.77%vs 61.64%)than the 2D group.Furthermore,the 3D group had shorter hospital stay[8(8,9)vs 13(14,16)],time to gas passage[3(3,4)vs 4(5,5)],and drainage tube removal time[4(4,5)vs 6(6,7)]than the 2D group.The complication rate was lower in the 3D group(11.54%)than in the 2D group(26.47%)(χ^(2)=4.106,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Using 3D RVT,doctors can gain a more comprehensive and intuitive understanding of the anatomy and related lesions of EGJ carcinomas,thus enabling more accurate surgical planning.

Three-dimensional(3D)parametric measurements of individual gravels in the Gobi region using point cloud technique

Gobi spans a large area of China,surpassing the combined expanse of mobile dunes and semi-fixed dunes.Its presence significantly influences the movement of sand and dust.However,the complex origins and diverse materials constituting the Gobi result in notable differences in saltation processes across various Gobi surfaces.It is challenging to describe these processes according to a uniform morphology.Therefore,it becomes imperative to articulate surface characteristics through parameters such as the three-dimensional(3D)size and shape of gravel.Collecting morphology information for Gobi gravels is essential for studying its genesis and sand saltation.To enhance the efficiency and information yield of gravel parameter measurements,this study conducted field experiments in the Gobi region across Dunhuang City,Guazhou County,and Yumen City(administrated by Jiuquan City),Gansu Province,China in March 2023.A research framework and methodology for measuring 3D parameters of gravel using point cloud were developed,alongside improved calculation formulas for 3D parameters including gravel grain size,volume,flatness,roundness,sphericity,and equivalent grain size.Leveraging multi-view geometry technology for 3D reconstruction allowed for establishing an optimal data acquisition scheme characterized by high point cloud reconstruction efficiency and clear quality.Additionally,the proposed methodology incorporated point cloud clustering,segmentation,and filtering techniques to isolate individual gravel point clouds.Advanced point cloud algorithms,including the Oriented Bounding Box(OBB),point cloud slicing method,and point cloud triangulation,were then deployed to calculate the 3D parameters of individual gravels.These systematic processes allow precise and detailed characterization of individual gravels.For gravel grain size and volume,the correlation coefficients between point cloud and manual measurements all exceeded 0.9000,confirming the feasibility of the proposed methodology for measuring 3D parameters of individual gravels.The proposed workflow yields accurate calculations of relevant parameters for Gobi gravels,providing essential data support for subsequent studies on Gobi environments.

Evaluating the contribution of satellite measurements to the reconstruction of three-dimensional ocean temperature fields in combination with Argo profiles

Assimilation systems absorb both satellite measurements and Argo observations.This assimilation is essential to diagnose and evaluate the contribution from each type of data to the reconstructed analysis,allowing for better configuration of assimilation parameters.To achieve this,two comparative reconstruction schemes were designed under the optimal interpolation framework.Using a static scheme,an in situ-only field of ocean temperature was derived by correcting climatology with only Argo profiles.Through a dynamic scheme,a synthetic field was first derived from only satellite sea surface height and sea surface temperature measurements through vertical projection,and then a combined field was reconstructed by correcting the synthetic field with in situ profiles.For both schemes,a diagnostic iterative method was performed to optimize the background and observation error covariance statics.The root mean square difference(RMSD)of the in situ-only field,synthetic field and combined field were analyzed toward assimilated observations and independent observations,respectively.The rationale behind the distribution of RMSD was discussed using the following diagnostics:(1)The synthetic field has a smaller RMSD within the global mixed layer and extratropical deep waters,as in the Northwest Pacific Ocean;this is controlled by the explained variance of the vertical surface-underwater regression that reflects the ocean upper mixing and interior baroclinicity.(2)The in situ-only field has a smaller RMSD in the tropical upper layer and at midlatitudes;this is determined by the actual noise-to-signal ratio of ocean temperature.(3)The satellite observations make a more significant contribution to the analysis toward independent observations in the extratropics;this is determined by both the geographical feature of the synthetic field RMSD(smaller at depth in the extratropics)and that of the covariance correlation scales(smaller in the extratropics).

A method for phase reconstruction in optical three-dimensional shape measurement

In optical three-dimensional shape measurement, a method of improving the measurement precision for phase reconstruction without phase unwrapping is analyzed in detail. Intensities of any five consecutive pixels that lie in the x-axis direction of the phase domain are given. Partial derivatives of the phase function in the x- and y-axis directions are obtained with a phase-shifting mechanism, the origin of which is analysed. Furthermore, to avoid phase unwrapping in the phase reconstruction, we derive the gradient of the phase function and perform a two-dimensional integral along the x- and y-axis directions. The reconstructed phase can be obtained directly by performing numerical integration, and thus it is of great convenience for phase reconstruction. Finally, the results of numerical simulations and practical experiments verify the correctness of the proposed method.

GPU-accelerated three-dimensional reconstruction method of the Compton camera and its application in radionuclide imaging

A novel and fast three-dimensional reconstruction method for a Compton camera and its performance in radionuclide imaging is proposed and analyzed in this study. The conical surface sampling back-projection method with scattering angle correction(CSS-BP-SC) can quickly perform the back-projection process of the Compton cone and can be used to precompute the list-mode maximum likelihood expectation maximization(LM-MLEM). A dedicated parallel architecture was designed for the graphics processing unit acceleration of the back-projection and iteration stage of the CSS-BP-SC-based LM-MLEM. The imaging results of the two-point source Monte Carlo(MC) simulation demonstrate that by analyzing the full width at half maximum along the three coordinate axes, the CSS-BP-SC-based LM-MLEM can obtain imaging results comparable to those of the traditional reconstruction algorithm, that is, the simple back-projection-based LM-MLEM. The imaging results of the mouse phantom MC simulation and experiment demonstrate that the reconstruction results obtained by the proposed method sufficiently coincide with the set radioactivity distribution, and the speed increased by more than 664 times compared to the traditional reconstruction algorithm in the mouse phantom experiment. The proposed method will further advance the imaging applications of Compton cameras.

Three-Dimensional Measurement and Reconstruction of Fabric Drape Shape

This paper introduces a new method of measuring the three-dimensional drape shape of fabrics with structural light. First, we apply parallel annular structural light to form light and shade alternating contour stripes on the surface of fabrics. We then collect the images of contour stripes using Charge Coupled Device (CCD). Subsequently, we process the images to identify the contour stripes and edges of fabrics, and obtain the fabric contour lines of curved surfaces. Finally, we apply three-dimensional curved surface modeling method based on a network of polar coordinates, and reconstruct the three-dimensional drape shape of fabrics. Experiments show that our method is effective in testing and reconstructing three-dimensional drape shape of fabrics.

Digital measurement of bone tumor volume by CT three-dimensional reconstruction technology

Objective To discuss the measurement of bone tumor volume on the basis of three dimensional images segmentation technology. Methods Twenty patients with lacunar bone tumor from Tianjin Hospital and Tongji Hospital were included in the

Three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction diagnosed digestive tract perforation and acute peritonitis caused by Monopterus albus:A case report

BACKGROUND Few reports have described living foreign bodies in the human body.The current manuscript demonstrates that computed tomography(CT)is an effective tool for accurate preoperative evaluation of living foreign bodies in clinic.The threedimensional(3D)reconstruction technology could clearly display anatomical structures,lesions and adjacent organs,improving diagnostic accuracy and guiding the surgical decision-making process.CASE SUMMARY Herein we describe a 68-year-old man diagnosed with digestive tract perforation and acute peritonitis caused by a foreign body of Monopterus albus.The patient pre-sented to the emergency department with complaints of dull abdominal pain,profuse sweating and a pale complexion during work.A Monopterus albus had entered the patient’s body through the anus two hours ago.During hospitalization,the 3D reconstruction technology revealed a perforation of the middle rectum complicated with acute peritonitis and showed a clear and complete Monopterus albus bone morphology in the abdominal and pelvic cavities,with the Monopterus albus biting the mesentery.Laparoscopic examination detected a large(diameter of about 1.5 cm)perforation in the mid-rectum.It could be seen that a Monopterus albus had completely entered the abdominal cavity and had tightly bitten the mesentery of the small intestine.During the operation,the dead Monopterus albus was taken out.CONCLUSION The current manuscript demonstrates that CT is an effective tool for accurate preoperative evaluation of living foreign bodies in clinic.

Development of a toroidal soft x-ray imaging system and application for investigating three-dimensional plasma on J-TEXT

A toroidal soft x-ray imaging(T-SXRI)system has been developed to investigate threedimensional(3D)plasma physics on J-TEXT.This T-SXRI system consists of three sets of SXR arrays.Two sets are newly developed and located on the vacuum chamber wall at toroidal positionsφof 126.4°and 272.6°,respectively,while one set was established previously atφ=65.50.Each set of SXR arrays consists of three arrays viewing the plasma poloidally,and hence can be used separately to obtain SXR images via the tomographic method.The sawtooth precursor oscillations are measured by T-SXRI,and the corresponding images of perturbative SXR signals are successfully reconstructed at these three toroidal positions,hence providing measurement of the 3D structure of precursor oscillations.The observed 3D structure is consistent with the helical structure of the m/n=1/1 mode.The experimental observation confirms that the T-SXRI system is able to observe 3D structures in the J-TEXT plasma.

Variational Reconstruction and Simulation Experiments of Sea Surface Wind Field for Ocean Data Buoy

The sea surface wind field is an important physical parameter in oceanography and meteorology.With the continuous refinement of numerical weather prediction,air-sea interface materials,energy exchange,and other studies,three-dimensional(3D)wind field distribution at local locations on the sea surface must be measured accurately.The current in-situ observation of sea surface wind parameters is mainly achieved through the installation of wind sensors on ocean data buoys.However,the results obtained from this single-point measurement method cannot reflect wind field distribution in a vertical direction above the sea surface.Thus,the present paper proposes a theoretical framework for the optimal inversion of the 3D wind field structure variation in the area where the buoy is located.The variation analysis method is first used to reconstruct the wind field distribution at different heights of the buoy,after which theoretical analysis verification and numerical simulation experiments are conducted.The results indicate that the use of variational methods to reconstruct 3D wind fields is significantly effective in eliminating disturbance errors in observations,which also verifies the correctness of the theoretical analysis of this method.The findings of this article can provide a reference for the layout optimization design of wind measuring instruments in buoy observation systems and also provide theoretical guidance for the design of new observation buoys in the future.

Triple-path feature transform network for ring-array photoacoustic tomography image reconstruction

Photoacoustic imaging(PAI)is a noninvasive emerging imaging method based on the photoacoustic effect,which provides necessary assistance for medical diagnosis.It has the characteristics of large imaging depth and high contrast.However,limited by the equipment cost and reconstruction time requirements,the existing PAI systems distributed with annular array transducers are difficult to take into account both the image quality and the imaging speed.In this paper,a triple-path feature transform network(TFT-Net)for ring-array photoacoustic tomography is proposed to enhance the imaging quality from limited-view and sparse measurement data.Specifically,the network combines the raw photoacoustic pressure signals and conventional linear reconstruction images as input data,and takes the photoacoustic physical model as a prior information to guide the reconstruction process.In addition,to enhance the ability of extracting signal features,the residual block and squeeze and excitation block are introduced into the TFT-Net.For further efficient reconstruction,the final output of photoacoustic signals uses‘filter-then-upsample’operation with a pixel-shuffle multiplexer and a max out module.Experiment results on simulated and in-vivo data demonstrate that the constructed TFT-Net can restore the target boundary clearly,reduce background noise,and realize fast and high-quality photoacoustic image reconstruction of limited view with sparse sampling.

SAR regional all-azimuth observation orbit design for target 3D reconstruction

Three-dimensional(3D) synthetic aperture radar(SAR)extends the conventional 2D images into 3D features by several acquisitions in different aspects. Compared with 3D techniques via multiple observations in elevation, e.g. SAR interferometry(InSAR) and SAR tomography(TomoSAR), holographic SAR can retrieve 3D structure by observations in azimuth. This paper focuses on designing a novel type of orbit to achieve SAR regional all-azimuth observation(AAO) for embedded targets detection and holographic 3D reconstruction. The ground tracks of the AAO orbit separate the earth surface into grids. Target in these grids can be accessed with an azimuth angle span of360°, which is similar to the flight path of airborne circular SAR(CSAR). Inspired from the successive coverage orbits of optical sensors, several optimizations are made in the proposed method to ensure favorable grazing angles, the performance of 3D reconstruction, and long-term supervision for SAR sensors. Simulation experiments show the regional AAO can be completed within five hours. In addition, a second AAO of the same area can be duplicated in two days. Finally, an airborne SAR data process result is presented to illustrate the significance of AAO in 3D reconstruction.

Automatic three-dimensional reconstruction based on four-view stereo vision using checkerboard pattern

An automatic three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction method based on four-view stereo vision using checkerboard pattern is presented. Mismatches easily exist in traditional binocular stereo matching due to the repeatable or similar features of binocular images. In order to reduce the probability of mismatching and improve the measure precision, a four-camera measurement system which can add extra matching constraints and offer multiple measurements is applied in this work. Moreover, a series of different checkerboard patterns are projected onto the object to obtain dense feature points and remove mismatched points. Finally, the 3D model is generated by performing Delaunay triangulation and texture mapping on the point cloud obtained by four-view matching. This method was tested on the 3D reconstruction of a terracotta soldier sculpture and the Buddhas in the Mogao Grottoes. Their point clouds without mismatched points were obtained and less processing time was consumed in most cases relative to binocular matching. These good reconstructed models show the effectiveness of the method.

Disagreement in middle ear volume estimation between tympanometry and three-dimensional volume reconstruction in the context of tympanic membrane perforation

Introduction: Middle ear volume(MEV) is a clinically relevant parameter across middle ear diseases. MEV values between these techniques have never before been tested for agreement in ears with perforated tympanic membranes(TMs).Methods: Middle ears were identified from 36 patients ranging 18-89 years of age with TM perforations who underwent tympanometry and temporal bone computed tomography(CT) between 2005 and 2015. MEVs calculated by both tympanometry and three-dimensional volume reconstruction(3DVR) were analyzed for agreement using Bland Altman plots. The differences between tympanometric and 3DVR MEV values for each given middle ear were characterized across MEV quartiles(1= smallest; 4= largest) and across increasing states of middle ear disease using Kruskale Wallis and Wilcoxon testing with Bonferroni correction.Results: Bland Altman plots demonstrated significant disagreement between MEV measurement techniques. Differences between tympanometric(T) and 3DVR MEV values were significantly greater with increasing average(i.e.(Tt3DVR)/2)) MEV per linear regression(p < 0.0001). Significance was demonstrated between fourth and first average MEV quartiles(p= 0.0024), fourth and second quartiles(p= 0.0024), third and first quartiles(p= 0.0048), and third and second quartiles(p= 0.048). Absolute MEV difference was not significantly different across varying states of middle ear disease(p= 0.44).Conclusion: Statistically and clinically significant disagreement was demonstrated between tympanometric and 3DVR MEV values. Studies that vary in MEV estimation techniques may be expected to demonstrate significantly different results. These preliminary results suggest that clinicians should endeavor to seek further confirmation when interpreting high tympanometric MEV values.

Establishing minimum clinically important difference values for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function, hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction, and knee injury and osteoarthritis out

AIM To establish minimum clinically important difference(MCID) for measurements in an orthopaedic patient population with joint disorders.METHODS Adult patients aged 18 years and older seeking care for joint conditions at an orthopaedic clinic took the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function(PROMIS~? PF) computerized adaptive test(CAT), hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction(HOOS JR), and the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint reconstruction(KOOS JR) from February 2014 to April 2017. MCIDs were calculated using anchorbased and distribution-based methods. Patient reports of meaningful change in function since their first clinic encounter were used as an anchor.RESULTS There were 2226 patients who participated with a mean age of 61.16(SD = 12.84) years, 41.6% male, and 89.7% Caucasian. Mean change ranged from 7.29 to 8.41 for the PROMIS~? PF CAT, from 14.81 to 19.68 for the HOOS JR, and from 14.51 to 18.85 for the KOOS JR. ROC cut-offs ranged from 1.97-8.18 for the PF CAT, 6.33-43.36 for the HOOS JR, and 2.21-8.16 for the KOOS JR. Distribution-based methods estimated MCID values ranging from 2.45 to 21.55 for the PROMIS~? PF CAT; from 3.90 to 43.61 for the HOOS JR, and from 3.98 to 40.67 for the KOOS JR. The median MCID value in the range was similar to the mean change score for each measure and was 7.9 for the PF CAT, 18.0 for the HOOS JR, and 15.1 for the KOOS JR.CONCLUSION This is the first comprehensive study providing a wide range of MCIDs for the PROMIS? PF, HOOS JR, and KOOS JR in orthopaedic patients with joint ailments.

Multi-objective strategy to optimize dithering technique for high-quality three-dimensional shape measurement

Dithering optimization techniques can be divided into the phase-optimized technique and the intensity-optimized technique. The problem with the former is the poor sensitivity to various defocusing amounts, and the problem with the latter is that it cannot enhance phase quality directly nor efficiently. In this paper, we present a multi-objective optimization framework for three-dimensional(3D) measurement by utilizing binary defocusing technique. Moreover, a binary patch optimization technique is used to solve the time-consuming issue of genetic algorithm. It is demonstrated that the presented technique consistently obtains significant phase performance improvement under various defocusing amounts.

Three-dimensional positions of scattering centers reconstruction from multiple SAR images based on radargrammetry

A method and procedure is presented to reconstruct three-dimensional(3D) positions of scattering centers from multiple synthetic aperture radar(SAR) images. Firstly, two-dimensional(2D) attribute scattering centers of targets are extracted from 2D SAR images. Secondly, similarity measure is developed based on 2D attributed scatter centers' location, type, and radargrammetry principle between multiple SAR images. By this similarity, we can associate 2D scatter centers and then obtain candidate 3D scattering centers. Thirdly, these candidate scattering centers are clustered in 3D space to reconstruct final 3D positions. Compared with presented methods, the proposed method has a capability of describing distributed scattering center, reduces false and missing 3D scattering centers, and has fewer restrictionson modeling data. Finally, results of experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Fault reconstruction observer design for continuous-time systems with measurement disturbances via descriptor system approach

This paper addresses a problem of observer-based sensor fault reconstruction for continuous-time systems subject to sensor faults and measurement disturbances via a descriptor system approach. An augmented descriptor plant is first formulated, by assembling measurement disturbances and sensor faults into an auxiliary state vector. Then a novel descriptor state observer for the augmented plant is constructed such that simultaneous reconstruction of original system states, sensor faults and measurement disturbances are obtained readily. Sufficient conditions for the existence of the proposed observer are explicitly provided, and the application scope of the observer is further discussed. In addition, an extension of the proposed linear approach to a class of nonlinear systems with Lipschitz constraints is investigated. Finally, two numerical examples are simulated to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed fault-reconstructing approaches.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of human spinal cord based on histological serial sections

BACKGROUND： It is not possible to reconstruct the inner structure of the spinal cord, such as gray matter and spinal tracts, from the Visual Human Project database or CT and MRI databases, due to low image resolution and contrast in macrosection images. OBJECTIVE： To explore a semi-automatic computerized three-dimensional （3D） reconstruction of human spinal cord based on histological serial sections, in order to solve issues such as low contrast. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： An experimental study combining serial section techniques and 3D reconstruction, performed in the laboratory of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology at the Medical School of Nantong University during January to April 2008. SETTING： Department of Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Laboratory of Image Engineering. MATERIALS： A human lumbar spinal cord segment from fresh autopsy material of an adult male. METHODS： After 4% paraformaldehyde fixation for three days, serial sections of the lumbar spinal cord were cut on a Leica cryostat and mounted on slides in sequence, with eight sections aligned separately on each slide. All sections were stained with Luxol Fast Blue to reveal myelin sheaths. After gradient dehydration and clearing, the stained slides were coverslipped. Sections were observed and images recorded under a light microscope using a digital camera. Six images were acquired at x25 magnification and automatically stitched into a complete section image. After all serial images were obtained, 96 complete serial images of the human lumbar cord segment were automatically processed with ＂Curves＂, ＂Autocontrast＂, ＂Gray scale 8 bit＂, ＂Invert＂, ＂Image resize to 50%＂ steps using Photoshop 7.0 software. All images were added in order into 3D-DOCTOR 4.0 software as a stack, where serial images were automatically realigned with neighboring images and semi-automatically segmented for white matter and gray matter. Finally, simple surface and volume reconstruction were completed on a personal computer. The reconstructed human lumbar spinal cord segment was interactively observed, cut, and measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The reconstructed human lumbar spinal cord segment. RESULTS： Compared with serial images obtained from other image modalities, such as CT, MRI, and macrosections from The Visual Human Project database, the Luxol Fast Blue stained histological serial section images exhibited higher resolution and contrast between gray and white matter. Image processing and 3D reconstruction steps were semi-automatically performed with related software. The 3D reconstructed human lumbar cord segment were observed, cut, and measured on a PC. CONCLUSION： A semi-automatically computerized method, based on histological serial sections, is an effective way to 3D-reconstruct the human spinal cord.