Three-Dimensional Simulations of RESET Operation in Phase-Change Random Access Memory with Blade-Type Like Phase Change Layer by Finite Element Modeling

An optimized device structure for reducing the RESET current of phase-change random access memory （PCRAM） with blade-type like （BTL） phase change layer is proposed. The electrical thermal analysis of the BTL cell and the blade heater contactor structure by three-dimensional finite element modeling are compared with each other during RESET operation. The simulation results show that the programming region of the phase change layer in the BTL cell is much smaller, and thermal electrical distributions of the BTL cell are more concentrated on the TiN/GST interface. The results indicate that the BTL cell has the superiorities of increasing the heating efficiency, decreasing the power consumption and reducing the RESET current from 0.67mA to 0.32mA. Therefore, the BTL cell will be appropriate for high performance PCRAM device with lower power consumption and lower RESET current.

Autologous nerve graft repair of different degrees of sciatic nerve defect:stress and displacement at the anastomosis in a three-dimensional finite element simulation model

In the repair of peripheral nerve injury using autologous or synthetic nerve grafting, the mag- nitude of tensile forces at the anastomosis affects its response to physiological stress and the ultimate success of the treatment. One-dimensional stretching is commonly used to measure changes in tensile stress and strain; however, the accuracy of this simple method is limited. There- fore, in the present study, we established three-dimensional finite element models of sciatic nerve defects repaired by autologous nerve grafts. Using PRO E 5.0 finite element simulation software, we calculated the maximum stress and displacement of an anastomosis under a 5 N load in 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-mm long autologous nerve grafts. We found that maximum displacement increased with graft length, consistent with specimen force. These findings indicate that three-dimensional finite element simulation is a feasible method for analyzing stress and displacement at the anas- tomosis after autologous nerve grafting.

Evaluation value of three-dimensional finite element model analysis for bone mineral density and bone metabolism activity in patients with osteoporosis

Objective: To study the evaluation value of three-dimensional finite element model analysis for bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism activity in patients with osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 218 patients who were diagnosed with osteoporosis in the hospital between February 2014 and January 2017 were collected as observation group, and 100 healthy volunteers who received physical examination in the hospital during the same period were selected as normal control group. The femoral head of the two groups was analyzed by three-dimensional finite element model, and the femoral head BMD levels and serum bone metabolism index contents were measured. Pearson test was used to evaluate the evaluation value of femoral head three-dimensional finite element model for osteoporosis. Results: The cancellous bone and cortical bone Von Mises stress value of observation group were lower than those of normal control group, and femoral neck BMD value of observation group was lower than that of normal control group;serum bone metabolism index BGP content was lower than that of normal control group while NBAP, TRACP-5b and CTX-1 contents were higher than those of normal control group. Pearson test showed that the cancellous bone and cortical bone Von Mises stress value of patients with osteoporosis were directly correlated with BMD value and bone metabolism index contents. Conclusion: The three-dimensional finite element model analysis resultsof patients with osteoporosis can objectively reflect the femoral headBMD value and bone metabolism activity, and is a reliable way to evaluate the risk of long-term fractures.

Predicting the Dynamic Behavior of Asphalt Concrete Using Three-dimensional Discrete Element Method

A user-defined three-dimensional （3D） discrete element model was presented to predict the dynamic modulus and phase angle of asphalt concrete （AC）. The 3D discrete element method （DEM） model of AC was constructed employing a user-defined computer program developed using the ＂Fish＂ language in PFC3D. Important microstructural features of AC were modeled, including aggregate gradation, air voids and mastic. The irregular shape of aggregate particle was modeled using a clump of spheres. The developed model was validated through comparing with experimental measurements and then used to simulate the cyclic uniaxial compression test, based on which the dynamic modulus and phase angle were calculated from the output stress- strain relationship. The effects of air void content, aggregate stiffness and volumetric fraction on AC modulus were further investigated. The experimental results show that the 3D DEM model is able to accurately predict both dynamic modulus and phase angle of AC across a range of temperature and loading frequencies. The user- defined 3D model also demonstrated significant improvement over the general existing two-dimensional models.

Conversion between solid and beam element solutions of finite element method based on meta-modeling theory:development and application to a ramp tunnel structure

In this study, a new method for conversion of solid finite element solution to beam finite element solution is developed based on the meta-modeling theory which constructs a model consistent with continuum mechanics. The proposed method is rigorous and efficient compared to a typical conversion method which merely computes surface integration of solid element nodal stresses to obtain cross-sectional forces. The meta-modeling theory ensures the rigorousness of proposed method by defining a proper distance between beam element and solid element solutions in a function space of continuum mechanics. Results of numerical verification test that is conducted with a simple cantilever beam are used to find the proper distance function for this conversion. Time history analysis of the main tunnel structure of a real ramp tunnel is considered as a numerical example for the proposed conversion method. It is shown that cross-sectional forces are readily computed for solid element solution of the main tunnel structure when it is converted to a beam element solution using the proposed method. Further, envelopes of resultant forces which are of primary importance for the purpose of design, are developed for a given ground motion at the end.

Simulation-Based Construction of Three-Dimensional Process Model for Punching Cartridge Cases

A method of constructing three-dimensional process model for the punching cartridge cases is presented based on DEFORM simulation analysis. Using DEFORM software,the finite element simulation models for the punching and forming process of cartridge cases are established,and the corresponding simulation result model of each intermediate procedure is obtained by continuously performing the forming process simulation. The simulation model cannot annotate size and process information due to poor interface between DEFORM software and CAD software. Thus,a 3D annotation module is developed with secondary development technology of UG NX software. Consequently,the final process model with dimension and process information is obtained. Then,with the current 3D process management system,the 3D punching and forming process design of cartridge cases can be completed further. An example is also provided to illustrate that the relative error between the simulation process model and the physical model is less than 2%,which proves the validity and reliability of the proposed method in this study.

Implementation of a particle-in-cell method for the energy solver in 3D spherical geodynamic modeling

The thermal evolution of the Earth’s interior and its dynamic effects are the focus of Earth sciences.However,the commonly adopted grid-based temperature solver is usually prone to numerical oscillations,especially in the presence of sharp thermal gradients,such as when modeling subducting slabs and rising plumes.This phenomenon prohibits the correct representation of thermal evolution and may cause incorrect implications of geodynamic processes.After examining several approaches for removing these numerical oscillations,we show that the Lagrangian method provides an ideal way to solve this problem.In this study,we propose a particle-in-cell method as a strategy for improving the solution to the energy equation and demonstrate its effectiveness in both one-dimensional and three-dimensional thermal problems,as well as in a global spherical simulation with data assimilation.We have implemented this method in the open-source finite-element code CitcomS,which features a spherical coordinate system,distributed memory parallel computing,and data assimilation algorithms.

Modeling the dynamic process of tsunami earthquake by liquid-solid coupling model

Tsunami induced by earthquake is an interaction problem between liquid and solid.Shallow-water wave equation is often used to modeling the tsunami,and the boundary or initial condition of the problem is determined by the displacement or velocity field from the earthquake under sea floor,usually no interaction between them is consid-ered in pure liquid model.In this study,the potential flow theory and the finite element method with the interaction between liquid and solid are employed to model the dynamic processes of the earthquake and tsunami.For model-ing the earthquake,firstly the initial stress field to generate the earthquake is set up,and then the occurrence of the earthquake is simulated by suddenly reducing the elastic material parameters inside the earthquake fault.It is dif-ferent from seismic dislocation theory in which the relative slip on the fault is specified in advance.The modeling results reveal that P,SP and the surface wave can be found at the sea surface besides the tsunami wave.The surface wave arrives at the distance of 600 km from the epicenter earlier than the tsunami 48 minutes,and its maximum amplitude is 0.55 m,which is 2 times as large as that of the sea floor.Tsunami warning information can be taken from the surface wave on the sea surface,which is much earlier than that obtained from the seismograph stations on land.The tsunami speed on the open sea with 3 km depth is 175.8 m/s,which is a little greater than that pre-dicted by long wave theory,(gh)1/2=171.5 m,and its wavelength and amplitude in average are 32 km and 2 m,respectively.After the tsunami propagates to the continental shelf,its speed and wavelength is reduced,but its amplitude become greater,especially,it can elevate up to 10 m and run 55 m forward in vertical and horizontal directions at sea shore,respectively.The maximum vertical accelerations at the epicenter on the sea surface and on the earthquake fault are 5.9 m/s2 and 16.5 m/s2,respectively,the later is 2.8 times the former,and therefore,sea water is a good shock absorber.The acceleration at the sea shore is about 1/10 as large as at the epicenter.The maximum vertical velocity at the epicenter is 1.4 times that on the fault.The maximum vertical displacement at the fault is less than that at the epicenter.The difference between them is the amplitude of the tsunami at the epicenter.The time of the maximum displacement to occur on the fault is not at the beginning of the fault slipping but retards 23 s.

Microstructure-based three-dimensional characterization of chip formation and surface generation in the machining of particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites

Particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites(PRMMCs)are difficult to machine due to the inclusion of hard,brittle reinforcing particles.Existing experimental investigations rarely reveal the complex material removal mechanisms(MRMs)involved in the machining of PRMMCs.This paper develops a three-dimensional(3D)microstructure-based model for investigating the MRM and surface integrity of machined PRMMCs.To accurately mimic the actual microstructure of a PRMMC,polyhedrons were randomly distributed inside the matrix to represent irregular SiC particles.Particle fracture and matrix deformation and failure were taken into account.For the model’s capability comparison,a two-dimensional(2D)analysis was also conducted.Relevant cutting experiments showed that the established 3D model accurately predicted the material removal,chip morphology,machined surface finish,and cutting forces.It was found that the matrix-particle-tool interactions led to particle fractures,mainly in the primary shear and secondary deformation zones along the cutting path and beneath the machined surface.Particle fracture and dilodegment greatly influences the quality of a machined surface.It was also found that although a 2D model can reflect certain material removal features,its ability to predict microstructural variation is limited.

Two-dimensional simulation on the rolling process of semi-solid 60Si2Mn by finite element method

The effect of various process variables on the law of metal flow for semi-solid rolling 60Si2Mn was studied by finite element method. Semi-solid 60Si2Mn can be described as compressible rigid visco-plastic porous material saturated with liquid. In terms of ther-mo-mechanical coupling condition, the distributions of stress, velocity and temperature were studied using software MARC. The simulation results show that the rigid visco-plastic model can accurately describe the semi-solid 60Si2Mn rolling process. The great deformation can achieve completely in view of low flow stress of semi-solid slurry.

Beam与Solid两种点焊模拟方法对比研究

在汽车整车有限元仿真分析中,点焊的建模对仿真精度影响较大。仿真中,针对焊点在网格中的位置及焊接母材壳单元积分方式的不同,分析了采用Beam单元和Solid单元模拟焊点时Lap-shear模型所表现出的力学性能的稳定性,并将得出的结论应用到100%整车正面碰撞中进行验证。结果表明,采用Solid单元模拟焊点时,Lap-shear模型所表现出的力学性能的稳定性相对较高;在考虑点焊失效的情况下,采用Solid点焊单元来模拟焊点比较准确。

滚动接触状态下固体润滑薄膜界面损伤失效行为分析

以内聚力模型(CZM)为基础建立薄膜-基体承载系统的有限元分析模型,采用双线性本构关系描述薄膜-基体结合界面的承载及损伤失效行为,通过分析法向和切向载荷作用下界面的承载状态,研究了摩擦因数、薄膜弹性模量、膜厚对薄膜-基体承载系统的界面应力、分离位移、能量释放率的影响,结果表明:摩擦因数增大会导致接触前沿界面承载状态恶化,从而增加界面损伤和脱附失效的风险;薄膜弹性模量增大可以减小接触前沿界面损伤区域和损伤程度,当薄膜弹性模量小于基体弹性模量时界面承载性能急剧恶化;随膜厚增大,界面切向损伤区域和损伤程度先减小后增大,膜厚为0.2倍接触半宽时有利于提升薄膜-基体结合界面的承载性能。

基于计算流体力学-离散单元法的U形管冲蚀磨损数值模拟研究

采用计算流体力学-离散单元法(CFD-DEM)和切向撞击能模型(SIEM)来研究气固两相流中高速煤粉颗粒冲击导致的U形弯管冲蚀磨损问题。分析了颗粒粒径、气体流速、固体颗粒形状对其冲蚀磨损特性的影响,并验证粗粒化模型应用于此磨损过程的准确性。结果表明,U形弯头的冲蚀磨损位置主要有3处;磨损率随粒径的增大呈现整体减小的趋势;U形管拱背磨损率随气速的增加而增大,且前2处磨损率峰值位置随气速的增加向入口方向偏移;长椭球对U形管造成的磨损最严重,扁椭球次之,球形最轻;粗粒化CFD-DEM能够基本准确预测U形管冲蚀磨损,且显著降低计算时间。

基于SolidWorks的圆锥破碎机三维建模设计及有限元分析

介绍了PY G B-1821型液压圆锥破碎机的工作原理、结构特点。并运用Solid W orks软件对PY G B-1821型破碎机各零件进行三维建模设计、虚拟装配和有限元分析,既改善了二维设计不直观的状况,又便于参数化修改和调整设计模型,大大提高了设计水平和设计效率,为圆锥破碎机的优化设计提供了有效参考。

基于Shell-Solid单元混合建模技术的焊接数值模拟方法

针对焊接数值模拟的体单元模型计算效率低和壳单元模型计算精度低的问题,本文提出了一种焊接过程数值模拟的Shell-Solid单元混合建模方法。以平板对接焊为例,分别采用Shell单元、Solid单元和Shell-Solid单元混合建模,开展了焊接温度场和结构热力耦合响应的数值模拟,对比分析了温度场、应力场及计算效率。结果表明:混合模型既保证了焊接温度场和结构响应的计算精度,又保证了计算效率,是一种值得深入研究的焊接模拟建模方法。

固体发动机跌落导致异物侵彻过程数值仿真研究

含能材料在撞击、摩擦等刺激下易发生点火甚至爆炸等危险现象,而固体火箭发动机内部含有大量推进剂装药,在导弹发射失败、吊装过程跌落、生产运输过程中的翻覆与碰撞等实际场景中存在安全事故风险,此时发动机受到剧烈撞击,引起装药内部压力变化,甚至造成燃烧爆炸,将会对周围环境和人员造成严重的威胁。针对固体发动机安全性问题,使用数值模拟方法进行研究,特别开展了跌落至凸起地面和跌落伴随金属杆件侵彻等更贴近实际情景的仿真计算,得出了在不同工况条件下固体发动机装药的压力、应力、反应度等结果,经安全性评估认为,本研究中计算的所有工况均不会发生爆炸。

长期立贮固体发动机药柱变形预估方法研究

目的研究老化与颠振影响下长期立式贮存固体发动机药柱的蠕变特性,基于广义Kelvin模型,构建一种考虑老化和损伤因素的蠕变本构模型。方法通过开展温度与应力加速蠕变试验、高温加速老化试验以及往复拉伸损伤试验,获得老化与损伤对蠕变的影响规律,建立蠕变预测模型,获取模型参数,并将其嵌入有限元软件。结果利用所得蠕变本构模型计算了某型发动机立式贮存15a后药柱蠕变的应力应变,结果表明,考虑老化因素后,发动机药柱的最大等效应力增大了96.84%,最大等效应变减小了4.07%,在同时考虑老化与损伤因素后,最大等效应力增加了82.77%,最大等效应变减小了3.62%。结论对比不同条件下的仿真结果,老化和损伤对发动机蠕变状态的影响较大。使用该模型能够较好地体现出固体发动机药柱的老化硬化和损伤软化。

承台撑杆-系杆计算研究

桥梁承台是连接桥墩和桩基的重要构件,通过大量工程实例分析,发现承台控制性设计因素往往是承台底“系杆”。按照《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范》(JTG 3362—2018)给出的承台“撑杆-系杆”公式进行计算,并且通过Midas FEA进行实体仿真分析,探讨桩基承台的传力机理,验证规范相关公式的可靠性,为之后的类似工程设计提供一些依据。

基于SolidWorks地表种植土剥离刀的有限元分析

设计了一种地表土剥离机构,在三维软件SolidWorks环境下完成了地表土剥离机的整机三维实体建模,并且完成了样机的研制。在设计过程中利用SolidWorks simulation对刀板的受力进行有限元分析,给出了运算过程与方法。同时,通过实际测量的结果与之比较,旨在为非线性有限元分析对刀板及其类似工具受力分析与设计提供依据。

THE APPLICATION OF DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD IN SOLVING THREE-DIMENTIONAL IMPACT DYNAMICS PROBLEMS

A three-dimensional discrete element model of the connective type is presented. Moreover,a three-dimensional numerical analysis code,which can carry out the transitional pro- cess from connective model(for continuum)to contact model(for non-continuum),is developed for simulating the mechanical process from continuum to non-continuum.The wave propagation process in a concrete block(as continuum)made of cement grout under impact loading is numer- ically simulated with this code.By comparing its numerical results with those by LS-DYNA,the calculation accuracy of the model and algorithm is proved.Furthermore,the failure process of the concrete block under quasi-static loading is demonstrated,showing the basic dynamic tran- sitional process from continuum to non-continuum.The results of calculation can be displayed by animation.The damage modes are similar to the experimental results.The two numerical examples above prove that our model and its code are powerful and efficient in simulating the dynamic failure problems accompanying the transition from continuum to non-continuum.It also shows that the discrete element method(DEM)will have broad prospects for development and application.