Novel Sum-of-Sinusoids Simulation Channel Modeling for 6G Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Vehicle-to-Everything Communications

In this paper,a statistical cluster-based simulation channel model with a finite number of sinusoids is proposed for depicting the multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)communications in vehicleto-everything(V2X)environments.In the proposed sum-of-sinusoids(SoS)channel model,the waves that emerge from the transmitter undergo line-of-sight(LoS)and non-line-of-sight(NLoS)propagation to the receiver,which makes the model suitable for describing numerous V2X wireless communication scenarios for sixth-generation(6G).We derive expressions for the real and imaginary parts of the complex channel impulse response(CIR),which characterize the physical propagation characteristics of V2X wireless channels.The statistical properties of the real and imaginary parts of the complex CIRs,i.e.,autocorrelation functions(ACFs),Doppler power spectral densities(PSDs),cross-correlation functions(CCFs),and variances of ACFs and CCFs,are derived and discussed.Simulation results are generated and match those predicted by the underlying theory,demonstrating the accuracy of our derivation and analysis.The proposed framework and underlying theory arise as an efficient tool to investigate the statistical properties of 6G MIMO V2X communication systems.

A Novel 3D Non-Stationary UAV-MIMO Channel Model and Its Statistical Properties

The wireless communication systems based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs) have found a wide range of applications recently. In this paper, we propose a new three-dimensional(3 D) non-stationary multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) channel model for the communication links between the UAV and mobile terminal(MT). The new model originates the traditional geometry-based stochastic models(GBSMs) but considers the non-stationary propagation environment due to the rapid movements of the UAV, MT, and clusters. Meanwhile, the upgrade time evolving algorithms of time-variant channel parameters, i.e., the path number based on birth-death processes of clusters, path delays, path powers, and angles of arrival and departure, are developed and optimized. In addition, the statistical properties of proposed GBSM including autocorrelation function(ACF), cross-correlation function(CCF), and Doppler power spectrum density(DPSD) are investigated and analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed model provides a good agreement on the statistical properties with the corresponding derived theoretical ones, which indicates its usefulness for the performance evaluation and validation of the UAV based communication systems.

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS IN DIVERGENT CURVED CHANNELS AND TURBULENT MODEL STUDY

In order to make the numerical calculation of viscous flows more convenient for the flows in channel with complicated profile governing equations expressed in the arbitrary curvilinear coordinates were derived by means of Favre density-weighted averaged method, and a turbulent model with effect of curvature modification was also derived. The numerical calculation of laminar and turbulent flown in divergent curved channels was carried out by means of parabolizeil computation method. The calculating results were used to analyze and investigate the aerodynamic performance of talor cascades in compressors preliminarily.

UWB channel modeling for indoor line-of-sight environment

SV/IEEE 802.15.3a model has been the standard model for Ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) indoor non-line-of-sight (NLOS) wireless propagation,but for line-of-sight (LOS) case,it is not well defined. In this paper,a new statistical distribution model exclusively used for LOS environment is proposed based on investigation of the experimental data. By reducing the number of the visible random arriving clusters,the model itself and the parameters estimating of the corresponding model are simplified in comparison with SV/IEEE 802.15.3a model. The simulation result indicates that the proposed model is more accurate in modeling small-scale LOS environment than SV/IEEE 802.15.3a model when considering cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) for the three key channel impulse response (CIR) statistics.

Iterative static modeling of channelized reservoirs using history-matched facies probability data and rejection of training image

Most inverse reservoir modeling techniques require many forward simulations, and the posterior models cannot preserve geological features of prior models. This study proposes an iterative static modeling approach that utilizes dynamic data for rejecting an unsuitable training image(TI) among a set of TI candidates and for synthesizing history-matched pseudo-soft data. The proposed method is applied to two cases of channelized reservoirs, which have uncertainty in channel geometry such as direction, amplitude, and width. Distance-based clustering is applied to the initial models in total to select the qualified models efficiently. The mean of the qualified models is employed as a history-matched facies probability map in the next iteration of static models. Also, the most plausible TI is determined among TI candidates by rejecting other TIs during the iteration. The posterior models of the proposed method outperform updated models of ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF) and ensemble smoother(ES) because they describe the true facies connectivity with bimodal distribution and predict oil and water production with a reasonable range of uncertainty. In terms of simulation time, it requires 30 times of forward simulation in history matching, while the EnKF and ES need 9000 times and 200 times, respectively.

An Improved Non-Geometrical Stochastic Model for Non-WSSUS Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channels

A novel non-geometrical stochastic model(NGSM)for non-wide sense station ary uncorrelated scattering(non-WSSUS)vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V)channels is proposed.This model is based on a conventional NGSM and employs a more accurate method to reproduce the realistic characteristics of V2V channels,which successfully extends the existing NGSM to include the line-of-sight(LoS)component.Moreover,the statistical properties of the proposed model in different scenarios,including Doppler power spectral density(PSD),power delay profile(PDP),and the tap correlation coefficient matrix are simulated and compared with those of the existing NGSM.Furthermore,the simulation results dem onstrate not only the utility of the proposed model,but also the correctness of our theoreti cal derivations.

Statistical Characteristics of Partial Discharge Caused by Typical Defects in Cable Joint under Oscillating Voltage

The oscillating voltage test is a nondestructive detection method for partial discharge of XLPE （cross linked polyethylene） cable and has been applied recently. This paper made three kinds of varying severity artificial defect models of cable joints in 10 kV XLPE cable. Oscillating voltage is applied to the model, by use of pulse current method to detect partial discharge signals. In order to study the statistical characteristics of partial discharge of cable joint under the oscillating voltage, three-dimensional statistical map has been made. The results show that for the same kind of defects, with the increases of the defect severity, the discharge interval extended, the magnitude and the number of partial discharge increase, for different kinds of defects, obvious differences exist among the maps, this may established a foundation for the further study of the partial discharge pattern recognition of XLPE cable under oscillating voltage.

基于随机几何的输电场景中无人机信道建模

为了准确描述输电环境中巡检无人机与地面基站之间无线信道,采用随机几何建模法,提出一种基于随机几何的三维信道模型。在该模型中考虑输电线路环境中塔杆,输电线的影响,采用水平圆柱体描述输电设备和周围环境的散射体分布情况,为了防止输电线路产生的电磁场影响无人机巡检作业安全,在模型中设置安全飞行区域,保证巡检安全。针对提出的信道模型,推导并分析了了空-时相关函数,多普勒功率谱密度,电平交叉率和平均衰落时间等信道统计特性。研究了散射体分布情况,无人机运动状态对信道统计特性的影响。仿真结果表明,无人机运动速度大小、飞行方向,散射体分布情况对信道影响显著。理论结果和仿真结果吻合良好,验证了所提模型的正确性和有效性,可以为输电线路场景下巡检无人机与地面基站之间的无线通信系统设计提供理论参考。

无人机通信场景中非平稳双圆柱信道统计特性分析

为了在城市、山体、森林等高空存在散射体的地区实现无线通信覆盖,帮助实现救援以及灾后公共基础设施的抢救与恢复,针对无人机空间域和时间域非平稳特性,提出一种无人机多输入多输出三维几何双圆柱随机模型;考虑到地面站的复杂情况,利用同心圆柱模拟散射体的分布,将接收到的信号进一步分为视线分量、无人机端的单反弹分量,以及地面站的单反弹射线与双反弹分量之和;引入时变的角度和时变的速度,模拟无人机对地信道的非平稳性,从而使所提出模型适用于各种无人机通信场景;利用所提出模型对比无人机的飞行方向和天线阵列方向等相关参数对信道统计特性的影响,推导并仿真所提出模型的空间互相关函数、时间自相关函数等重要的统计特性。结果表明:无人机的天线方向、飞行方向等参数对信道统计特性和非平稳性有重要影响,所提出模型可用于无人机多输入多输出通信系统的设计;与现有其他模型对比,时间自相关函数仿真值与实际测量值的拟合程度验证了所提出模型的实用性。

可重构智能表面通信系统的离散相位误差分析

针对可重构智能表面(RIS)实际部署中理想连续相位难实现,造成的性能下降问题,提出一种包含离散相位误差的RIS辅助通信系统。基于三维统计型信道模型,推导该系统遍历容量的近似值表达式。对比理想连续相位的系统后,推导不同相位量化水平的容量损失。仿真验证了遍历容量近似值与蒙特卡罗仿真值能够匹配,同时表明使用一定精度(本文是3至4比特)的相位离散化方案足以逼近连续相位系统的遍历容量。这为RIS的低硬件成本和复杂度的实际应用提供了理论支撑。

Influence of bed elevation discordance on flow patterns and head losses in an open-channel confluence

Confluences play a major role in the dynamics of networks of natural and man-made open channels, and field measurements on river confluences reveal that discordance in bed elevation is common.Studies of schematized confluences with a step at the interface between the tributary and the main channel bed reveal that bed elevation discordance is an important additional control for the confluence hydrodynamics.This study aimed to improve understanding of the influence of bed elevation discordance on the flow patterns and head losses in a right-angled confluence of an open channel with rectangular cross-sections.A large eddy simulation (LES)-based numerical model was set up and validated with experiments by others.Four configurations with different bed discordance ratios were investigated.The results confirm that, with increasing bed elevation discordance, the tributary streamlines at the confluence interface deviate less from the geometrical confluence angle, the extent of the recirculation zone (RZ) gets smaller, the ratio of the water depth upstream to that downstream of the confluence decreases, and the water level depression reduces.The bed elevation discordance also leads to the development of a large-scale structure in the lee of the step.Despite the appearance of the large-scale structure, the reduced extent of the RZ and associated changes in flow deflection/contraction reduce total head losses experienced by the main channel with an increase of the bed discordance ratio.It turns out that bed elevation discordance converts the lateral momentum from the tributary to streamwise momentum in the main channel more efficiently.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODELLING OF SUBMERGED DIKE ALIGNMENT IN CURVED ESTUARINE CHANNEL

Submerged dikes were frequently built in curved estuarine channels to improve navigational conditions. A three-dimensional numerical model of tidal motions was developed to simulate flows through the submerged dike alignment in curved estuarine reach of complex bathymetry on the basis of satisfactory calibrations. Through the analysis of the morphological characteristics of the curved channel of the Huangpu River mouth in the Yangtze River Delta, a submerged dike alignment project was examined. The effect of the navigation channel improvement project and its influence on the flow regimes, the navigational conditions, the flood control and the operating conditions of harbours within the adjacent water area were evaluated, and the technical feasibility of the navigation channel improvement scheme was demonstrated.

Deterministic and Stochastic Simulators for Non-Isotropic V2V-MIMO Wideband Channels

In this paper, we consider a novel two-dimensional(2D) geometry-based stochastic model(GBSM) for multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V) wideband fading channels. The proposed model employs the combination of a two-ring model and a multiple confocal ellipses model, where the signal is sum of the line-of-sight(Lo S) component, single-bounced(SB) rays, and double-bounced(DB) rays. Based on the reference model, we derive some expressions of channel statistical properties, including space-time correlation function(STCF), Doppler spectral power density(DPSD), envelope level crossing rate(LCR) and average fade duration(AFD). In addition, corresponding deterministic and stochastic simulation models are developed based on the reference model. Moreover, we compare the statistical properties of the reference model and the two simulation models in different scenarios and investigate the impact of different vehicular traffic densities(VTDs) on the channel statistical properties of the proposed model. Finally, the great agreement between simulation models and the reference model demonstrates not only the utility of simulation models, but also the correctness of theoretical derivations and simulations.

BDS B1I multipath channel statistical model comparison between static and dynamic scenarios in dense urban canyon environment

Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)multipath channel models are fundamental and critical for signal simulation and receiver performance evaluation.They also aid the designing of suitable multipath error mitigation algorithms when the properties of multipath channel are available.However,there is insufficient existing research on BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS)signal multipath channel models.In this study,multipath channel statistical models are established on the basis of extensive datasets of the BDS B1I signal.A multipath parameter estimation algorithm is designed to extract information of multipath rays from the intermediate frequency data.The delay,power loss,Doppler fading frequency,and lifetime distribution models for static and dynamic vehicle platforms are established and compared,and the effects of the satellite orbit type and platform speed on the models are analyzed.The results reveal the detailed distribution and variation characteristics of the multipath parameters and are valuable for the development of accurate urban navigation systems.

Hall Effects on Unsteady MHD Three Dimensional Flow through a Porous Medium in a Rotating Parallel Plate Channel with Effect of Inclined Magnetic Field

In this paper, we make an initial value investigation of the unsteady flow of incompressible viscous fluid between two rigid non-conducting rotating parallel plates bounded by a porous medium under the influence of a uniform magnetic field of strength H0 inclined at an angle of inclination α with normal to the boundaries taking hall current into account. The perturbations are created by a constant pressure gradient along the plates in addition to the non-torsional oscillations of the upper plate while the lower plate is at rest. The flow in the porous medium is governed by the Brinkman’s equations. The exact solution of the velocity in the porous medium consists of steady state and transient state. The time required for the transient state to decay is evaluated in detail and the ultimate quasi-steady state solution has been derived analytically. Its behaviour is computationally discussed with reference to the various governing parameters. The shear stresses on the boundaries are also obtained analytically and their behaviour is computationally discussed.

A three-dimensional k-ε-k_p model in curvilinear coordinates for sediment movement and bed evolution

To aim at the substitution of the magnitude and direction of water flow movement near bed for those of bed load transport in solid-liquid two-phase one-fluid model, and to simulate the effect of secondary flow on transverse bed load transport in channel bends and the effect of bed slope on bed load trans- port in a better way, a three-dimensional k-ε-kp solid-liquid two-phase two-fluid model in curvilinear coordinates is solved numerically with a finite-volume method on an adaptive grid for studying wa- ter-sediment movements and bed evolution in a 120° channel bend. Numerical results show that the trajectories of solid-phase deviate from those of liquid-phase in the channel bend, and the deviation increases with the increase of the particle diameters. The calculated bed deformation by the k-ε-kp model is in better agreement with measured bed deformation than those by one-fluid model. It is proved that the k-ε-kp model can simulate the effect of secondary flow on lateral bed load transport with the higher accuracy than the one-fluid model.

移动卫星综合信道特性分析与统计建模

在卫星信道中,电磁波的传输易受到气象和移动终端环境的影响,特别是对于高频波段,信号传输受气象条件影响加剧。通过结合星地链路的电波传播特性以及信道衰减特性,建立了基于Ka频段移动卫星综合信道统计模型。首先,将大气环境与地表环境相结合,并依据阴影的减弱程度,将地表环境分为无阴影、轻度阴影、中等阴影、严重阴影四个阶段,引入马尔可夫模型实现对移动终端环境动态切换的模拟;其次,利用正弦波叠加法建立模型,并分析了各个通道的统计特征;最后,通过对不同气象条件和不同阴影程度下的综合模型进行误码率性能模拟实验,证明了所提出的模型是合理有效的。综合信道统计模型的建立与分析工作可以作为移动卫星通信链路分析的理论基础。

Numerical Investigation of Zigzag Bending-Angle Channel Effects on Thermal Hydraulic Performance of Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger

This study investigated the effects of zigzag-flow channel bending angle in printed circuit heat exchangers(PCHEs) using a computational fluid dynamics method with ANSYS-FLUENT simulation.The three-dimensional model of PCHE with a 15° curved,zigzag channel was conducted for preliminary validation.The comparisons between the CFD simulation results and the experimental data showed good agreement with some discrepancies in the heat transfer and pressure drop results.In addition,different bending angle configurations(0°,3° to 30°) of zigzag channels were analyzed to obtain better thermal-hydraulic performance of the zigzag channel PCHE under different inlet mass flow rates.The criteria of heat transfer and frictional factor were applied to evaluate the thermal-hydraulic performance of the PCHE.The results showed that the 6° and 9°bending channel provided good thermal-hydraulic performance.New correlations were developed using the 6°and 9° bending channel angles in PCHE designs to predict the Nusselt number and friction factor.

工业物联网中基于球面波的波束域信道建模

随着天线阵列的增大,传统MIMO信道中的广义平稳(Wide-Sense Stationary, WSS)假设已失效,在大规模MIMO信道中,近场效应和非平稳性越发明显。针对波束域信道建模(Beam Domain Channel Model, BDCM)中尚未考虑到的大规模MIMO特性,将几何随机建模(Geometry-Based Stochastic Model, GBSM)中的天线域转换到波束域,提出了一个引入球面波假设的波束域信道模型。基于提出的模型,推导了时空相关函数(Spatial-Temporal Correlation Function, ST-CF),并研究了球面波假设对时空相关性的影响。通过波束扩展参数的模拟仿真表明,球面波假设下波束域信道模型具有良好的准确性。

河道砂体内部物性分布趋势的模拟

对于河道砂体而言一般具有河道中部物性好于河道边部物性的趋势,传统的建模方法难以描述这种分布趋势。介绍了两种方法实现这一目的:一是采用局部变化均值的方法,根据模拟网格位于河道内部位置的不同而设置不同的属性均值;二是利用多点地质统计学方法。传统的多点地质统计学方法主要针对离散变量的建模,如相建模,在该研究中以多点统计算法SNESIM为基础实现了对连续变量(孔隙度、渗透率等)的模拟。首先根据一系列门槛值把连续变量离散成若干类别,然后对这些离散的类进行多点统计模拟,最后再把模拟结果转换成连续的变量值。对这2种方法进行了分析对比,阐明了各自的优缺点。