Discontinuity development patterns and the challenges for 3D discrete fracture network modeling on complicated exposed rock surfaces

Natural slopes usually display complicated exposed rock surfaces that are characterized by complex and substantial terrain undulation and ubiquitous undesirable phenomena such as vegetation cover and rockfalls.This study presents a systematic outcrop research of fracture pattern variations in a complicated rock slope,and the qualitative and quantitative study of the complex phenomena impact on threedimensional(3D)discrete fracture network(DFN)modeling.As the studies of the outcrop fracture pattern have been so far focused on local variations,thus,we put forward a statistical analysis of global variations.The entire outcrop is partitioned into several subzones,and the subzone-scale variability of fracture geometric properties is analyzed(including the orientation,the density,and the trace length).The results reveal significant variations in fracture characteristics(such as the concentrative degree,the average orientation,the density,and the trace length)among different subzones.Moreover,the density of fracture sets,which is approximately parallel to the slope surface,exhibits a notably higher value compared to other fracture sets across all subzones.To improve the accuracy of the DFN modeling,the effects of three common phenomena resulting from vegetation and rockfalls are qualitatively analyzed and the corresponding quantitative data processing solutions are proposed.Subsequently,the 3D fracture geometric parameters are determined for different areas of the high-steep rock slope in terms of the subzone dimensions.The results show significant variations in the same set of 3D fracture parameters across different regions with density differing by up to tenfold and mean trace length exhibiting differences of 3e4 times.The study results present precise geological structural information,improve modeling accuracy,and provide practical solutions for addressing complex outcrop issues.

Three-Dimensional Cooperative Localization via Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks

The space-air-ground integrated network(SAGIN)combines the superiority of the satellite,aerial,and ground communications,which is envisioned to provide high-precision positioning ability as well as seamless connectivity in the 5G and Beyond 5G(B5G)systems.In this paper,we propose a three-dimensional SAGIN localization scheme for ground agents utilizing multi-source information from satellites,base stations and unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).Based on the designed scheme,we derive the positioning performance bound and establish a distributed maximum likelihood algorithm to jointly estimate the positions and clock offsets of ground agents.Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the SAGIN localization scheme and reveal the effects of the number of satellites,the number of base stations,the number of UAVs and clock noise on positioning performance.

Polynomials of Degree-Based Indices for Three-Dimensional Mesh Network

In order to study the behavior and interconnection of network devices,graphs structures are used to formulate the properties in terms of mathematical models.Mesh network(meshnet)is a LAN topology in which devices are connected either directly or through some intermediate devices.These terminating and intermediate devices are considered as vertices of graph whereas wired or wireless connections among these devices are shown as edges of graph.Topological indices are used to reflect structural property of graphs in form of one real number.This structural invariant has revolutionized the field of chemistry to identify molecular descriptors of chemical compounds.These indices are extensively used for establishing relationships between the structure of nanotubes and their physico-chemical properties.In this paper a representation of sodium chloride(NaCl)is studied,because structure of NaCl is same as the Cartesian product of three paths of length exactly like a mesh network.In this way the general formula obtained in this paper can be used in chemistry as well as for any degree-based topological polynomials of three-dimensional mesh networks.

A Novel Hydrogen-bonded Three-dimensional Network Complex Containing Nickel

A novel complex, (H 3O) 2[Ni(2,6-pydc) 2]·2H 2O was synthesized in an aqueous solution and characterized by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses and IR spectra. The X-ray structural analysis revealed that the novel compound forms three-dimensional(3D) networks by both π-π stacking and hydrogen-bonding interactions. The crystal data for the complex are a=13.853(3) nm, b=9.6892(19) nm, c=13.732(3) nm, α=90.00°, β=115.52(3)°, γ=90.00°, Z=3, R 1=0.0786, wR 2=0.1522.

A Three-dimensional Supramolecular Complex {[Co(H_2btec)(2,2'-bipy)(H_2O)_3]·H_2O}_n Assembled via Hydrogen Bonding and π-π Stacking Interactions

A new cobalt compound,{[Co（H2btec）（2,2＇-bipy）（H2O）3]·H2O}n （1,H4btec=1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid,2,2＇-bipy=2,2＇-bipyridine）,has been synthesized and charac-terized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,elemental analysis,IR and X-ray powder diffraction.The crystal belongs to the triclinic system,space group P1,with a=7.230（3）,b=11.626（5）,c=14.001（6）,α=108.12（0）°,β=95.85（0）°,V=1095.33（157）3,C20H20CoN2O12,Mr=539.31,Z= 2,Dc=1.635 g/cm3,μ=0.855 mm-1,F（000）=554,R=0.0427 and wR=0.1042 for 3883 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））.The title compound features a discrete molecular structure,which is connected with each other through extensive O-H…O hydrogen bonds into an intricate 3D supramolecular network.Additionally,two different patterns of π-π stacking interactions further consolidate the framework.

A New Three-dimensional Network Constructed by Heptamolybdate, Sodium Ions and Hexamethylene Tetramine Cations via Hydrogen Bonds

The crystal structure of the title compound [Na2(OH2)5]2+[C6H12N4H2]2-2+ [Mo7O24]6 ?4H2O, prepared from an aqueous solution of Na2MoO4 ?2H2O in the presence of MoCl3 and hexamethylene tetramine, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is of orthorhombic, space group Pnma with a = 14.6113(2), b = 18.6833(1), c = 15.3712(2), V = 4196.14(8)3, Z = 4, Mr = 1548.13, F(000) = 3016, = 2.157 mm-1 and Dc = 2.451 g/cm3. The final R factor is 0.0526 for 3818 unique observed reflections (I > 2(I)). The structural analysis reveals that heptamolybdate anions in the title compound consist of seven edge-sharing MoO6 octahedra, and are linked into a three-dimensional framework by sodium ions and hydrogen bonds.

A New Eight-connected Three-dimensional Network Based on a Tetranuclear Zinc Cluster Building Block

One interesting coordination polymer, [Zn2（1,2,4-BTC）（OH）（H2O）2]2·2H2O 1, has been synthesized from 1,2,4-BTC （1,2,4-BTC = 1,2,4-bentricarboxylate） under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, TG and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex I crystallizes in triclinic, space group P^-1, with a = 6.5200（13）, b = 9,0600（18）, c = 10.968（2） A^°, α = 111.55（3）, β = 92.07（3）,γ= 95.03（3）°, C9H10O10Zn2, Mr = 408.91, V= 598.7（2） A^°^3, Dc = 2.268 g/cm^3, F（000） = 408 and Z = 2. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that complex 1 is a three-dimensional network built from tetranuclear Zn（Ⅱ） building unit. In this complex, the Zn4 unit is an eight-connected knot, while 1,2,4-BTC a four-connected knot. This results in a CaF2 topology. To the best of our knowledge, such Zn4 unit is the first 8-connected building block built from asymmetry ligand.

A Three-dimensional IP-based Telecom Metropolitan Area Network Model

The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) has faced serious problems after years of rapid development. The model of three-dimensional IP-based MAN, proposed by ZTE, is a next-generation MAN solution, which not only solves the existing problems but also brings new ideas for the development of next-generation MAN.

Prediction of Salinity Variations in a Tidal Estuary Using Artificial Neural Network and Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Models

The simulation of salinity at different locations of a tidal river using physically-based hydrodynamic models is quite cumbersome because it requires many types of data, such as hydrological and hydraulic time series at boundaries, river geometry, and adjusted coefficients. Therefore, an artificial neural network (ANN) technique using a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is adopted as an effective alternative in salinity simulation studies. The present study focuses on comparing the performance of BPNN, RBFNN, and three-dimensional hydrodynamic models as applied to a tidal estuarine system. The observed salinity data sets collected from 18 to 22 May, 16 to 22 October, and 26 to 30 October 2002 (totaling 4320 data points) were used for BPNN and RBFNN model training and for hydrodynamic model calibration. The data sets collected from 30 May to 2 June and 11 to 15 November 2002 (totaling 2592 data points) were adopted for BPNN and RBFNN model verification and for hydrodynamic model verification. The results revealed that the ANN (BPNN and RBFNN) models were capable of predicting the nonlinear time series behavior of salinity to the multiple forcing signals of water stages at different stations and freshwater input at upstream boundaries. The salinity predicted by the ANN models was better than that predicted by the physically based hydrodynamic model. This study suggests that BPNN and RBFNN models are easy-to-use modeling tools for simulating the salinity variation in a tidal estuarine system.

One-pot synthesis of network supported catalyst using supramolecular gel as template

A simple and general strategy is described for preparing network supported catalyst through a one-pot synthetic procedure using supramolecular gel as template.This procedure directly attaches ligand to support during fabricating the support.Using this strategy,supported CuBr/di-（2-picolyl） amine catalyst with U-shaped fibrillar network was prepared and used in atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate.XPS and SEM characterization of the catalyst revealed homogeneous distribution of ligand,sufficient reactive sites,adequate mechanical strength and macroporosity.The polymerization results demonstrated high activity and reusability of such catalyst.This strategy might be extended to other supported catalysts used in column reactors.

Three-dimensionally interconnected Co9S8/MWCNTs composite cathode host for lithium–sulfur batteries

Several challenging issues,such as the poor conductivity of sulfur,shuttle effects,large volume change of cathode,and the dendritic lithium in anode,have led to the low utilization of sulfur and hampered the commercialization of lithium–sulfur batteries.In this study,a novel three-dimensionally interconnected network structure comprising Co9 S8 and multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)was synthesized by a solvothermal route and used as the sulfur host.The assembled batteries delivered a specific capacity of1154 m Ah g-1 at 0.1 C,and the retention was 64%after 400 cycles at 0.5 C.The polar and catalytic Co9 S8 nanoparticles have a strong adsorbent effect for polysulfide,which can effectively reduce the shuttling effect.Meanwhile,the three-dimensionally interconnected CNT networks improve the overall conductivity and increase the contact with the electrolyte,thus enhancing the transport of electrons and Li ions.Polysulfide adsorption is greatly increased with the synergistic effect of polar Co9 S8 and MWCNTs in the three-dimensionally interconnected composites,which contributes to their promising performance for the lithium–sulfur batteries.

Supramolecular Network Obtained from the Interaction of Dihydrophosphate Anions and Thiourea-based Receptors

Two crystals of receptor 1, C（42）H（52）N（10）O4S2（anthracene-9,10-dicarbaldehyde bis-（phenyl-semithiocarbazone）） and-1-H2PO4, C（68）H（114）N（10）O（10）P2S2 were obtained at room temperature successfully, and their structures were characterized by X-ray crystallography diffraction. X-ray diffraction reveals that, receptor 1 crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 9.487（3）,b = 20.674（6）, c = 11.821（4）A, β = 113.416（8）o, Mr = 825.06, V = 2127.5（12） A^3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.288g/cm^3, μ = 0.18 mm^-1, F（000） = 876, MoK α radiation（λ = 0.71073 A）, the final R = 0.0472 and wR = 0.0930. A total of 3758 unique reflections were collected, of which 3313 with I 〉 2σ（I） were observed. Compound 1-H2PO4^-crystallizes in triclinic, space group P21/n, with a = 8.767（1）, b =13.6190（15）, c = 16.615（2） ？, α = 98.727（14）, β = 103.061（14）, γ = 91.382（16）°, Mr = 1357.75, V =1906.6（4） A^3, Z = 1, Dc = 1.183 g/cm^3, μ = 0.17 mm-（-1）, F（000） = 734, MoK α radiation（λ = 0.71073？）, the final R = 0.0769 and wR = 0.1884. A total of 6699 unique reflections were collected, of which 2989 with I 〉 2σ（I） were observed. As it was observed in the crystal structure of 1-H2PO4^-, 1bound H2PO4^-at a 1：2 ratio by intermolecular interaction of N-H···O hydrogen bond obviously.Another interesting feature was that H2PO4--groups assembled chains themselves via intramolecular hydrogen bond O-H···O and connected the 1 molecules together through the interaction of H-bonds,which improved the planarity of 1 and increased the stability of the entire structure.

New Supramolecular Networks Based on Paratungstate with N-Donor Bridging Ligands

Three new suprarnolecular networks based on paratungstate and N-donor bridging ligands, [H2bpmp]2,5H[H2W12O40]·2H20（1）, [H2（bpp）]2[H（py-CH3）]0.25 [H（py-C2Hs）]0.25H1.5[H2W12O40]·4H2O（2） and [H2pip]3[H2W12O40]（3）[bpmp=N,N＇-bis（4-pyridylmethyl）piperazine; bpp=l,3-bis（4-pyridyl）propane; py=pyridine; pip=piperazine] were prepared by the hydrothermal synthesis and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared（IR）, thermogravimetric（TG） analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction（XRD）. All the compounds show high-dimen- sional suprarnolecular networks based on [H2W12O40]^6- and the protonated N-donor ligands via the N-H.…O-W hydrogen bonds and/or π…πstacking interactions. Their luminescent properties were investigated.

A Novel 3D Supramolecular Network Constructed from [Cu(4,4'-bipyridine)(O_2CMe)_2]_2 Molecular Ladders by Hydrogen Bonding

The title complex, {[Cu2（4,4＇-bipyridine）2（μ-O2CMe）2（O2CMe）2],H2O}n 1, was synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. It crystallizes in monoclinic, space group C2/c with a = 13.4474（5）, b = 11.7566（2）, c = 19.5380（6）A, β = 92.930（2）°, V = 3084.84（16） A^3, Z = 4, Cu2C28N409H30, Mr = 693.64, Dc = 1.494 g/cm^3, F（000） = 1424 and μ（MoKα） = 1.436 mm^-1. With the use of 2062 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））, the structure was refined to R = 0.0769 and wR = 0.2154. In complex 1, the dimeric copper acetate units are linked through 4,4’-bipyridine to yield ID molecular ladders. These ladders are connected via O-H…O hydrogen bonds to generate 2D layers, which are further linked through C-H…O hydrogen bonds to give a 3D supramolecular network.

A New 3D Supramolecular Network Formed by [Zn_3(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylate)_3Cl_4]^(4-)and 4-Carboxypyridinium

A new compound [Zn3（C7NO4H3）3Cl4]·[C6NO2H6]4·4H2O （I） has been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography.It crystallizes in monoclinic,space group C2/c with a=16.9018（14）,b=12.6902（10）,c=25.1170（2）,β=90.54°,V=5387.0（8）3,Z=4,Zn3C45H41Cl4N7O24,Mr=1401.76,Dc=1.728 g/cm3,F（000）=2840,μ（MoKa）=1.615 mm-1,the R= 0.0758 and wR=0.2060 for 3468 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））.Analysis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data shows that compound I displays an interesting example of 3D supramolecular networks with perfect neutral and ionic hydrogen bonding array.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Three-dimensional (3D) Complex Mn(H_2O)_2(HNic)_2 (HNic=2-Hydroxynicotinic Acid)

The title complex Mn（H2O）2（HNic）2 （C22H12MnN2O8, Mr = 367.18） crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 7.5735（8）, b = 12.5295（13）, c = 7.6466（8）A.β = 101.2790（10）°, Z = 2, V= 711.59（13） A^3, D, = 1.714 g/cm^3,μ（MoKa） = 0.974 mm^-1, F（000） = 374, R1 （1255 observed reflections （Ⅰ 〉 2σ（Ⅰ）） = 0.0250） and wR2 = 0.0662 （all data）. In this paper, we report the complexation of Mn（Ⅱ） by the bidentate ligand 2-hydroxynicotinic acid （HNic）. In the crystal the Mn（Ⅱ） ion exhibits a deformed octahedron structure. The title complex Mn（H2O）2（HNic）2 has a three-dimensional （3D） network structure extended by hydrogen bonds, which are formed by two typical eight-membered hydrogen-bonded rings.

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Three-dimensional Compound {Mn(H_2O)_4(VO)_2(PO_4)_2}_n

The title compound, {Mn(H2O)4(VO)2(PO4)2}n 1, was synthesized by the hydro- thermal reaction of Mn(OAc)2, Na2VO3 and H3PO4 in aqueous solution and its crystal structure was determined by X-ray single-crystal analysis. Crystallographic data for 1: H4MnO14P2V2, tetragonal system, space group I4/mmm, a = 6.251(3), c = 13.410(9) ?, Mr = 446.79, V = 524.0(5) ?3, Z = 2, F(000) = 434, μ = 3.320 mm-1, Dc = 2.832 g/cm3, the final R = 0.0577 for 163 observed reflections (I > 2σ(I)). X-ray crystal structure analysis shows that the vanadium phosphorous oxide layers are further connected by MnII(H2O)4 cations to form a three-dimensional network.

Three-dimensional histology:new visual approaches to morphological changes during neural regeneration

Three-dimensional（3D） histology utilizes tissue clearing techniques to turn intact tissues transparent,allowing rapid interrogation of tissue architecture in three dimensions.In this article,we summarized the available tissue clearing methods and classified them according to their physicochemical principles of operation,which provided a framework for one to choose the best techniques for various research settings.Recent attempts in addressing various questions regarding the degenerating and regenerating nervous system have been promising with the use of 3D histological techniques.

Constructal design of a rectangular parallel phase change microchannel in a three-dimensional electronic device

Based on constructal theory,a rectangular parallel phase change microchannel model in a three-dimensional electronic device(TDED)is established with R134a as the cooling fluid.Based on the minimization of a complex function(CF)composed of linear weighting sum of maximum temperature difference and pumping power consumption,constructal design of the TDED is conducted first;and then,maximum temperature difference and pumping power consumption are minimized by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II methods.The results reveal that there exist an optimal mass flow rate(0.0012 kg/s)and a quadratic optimal aspect ratio(AR)(0.39)of the microchannel which lead to quadratic minimum CF(0.817).Compared with the original value,the CF after optimization is reduced by 18.34%.Reducing the inlet temperature of cooling fluid and microchannel number appropriately can help to enhance the overall performance of TDED.By using the artificial neural network and genetic algorithms in the toolboxes of Matlab software,the optimal AR gained in the Pareto solution set is located between 0.2–0.45.The smallest deviation index among three discussed strategies is 0.346,and the corresponding optimal AR is 0.413,which is selected as the optimal design strategy of the microchannel in the TDED under multiple requirements.The findings in this study can serve as theoretical guides for thermal designs of electronic devices.

全氟磺酸树脂和三乙烯基二胺盐的两性离子共混膜的制备及性能研究

离子交换膜作为全钒液流电池(VRB)的核心组成,起到传输离子和阻隔钒离子渗透的作用。将全氟磺酸树脂(PFSA)和三乙烯基二胺(DABCO)盐离子化合物共混,对全氟磺酸树脂进行改性制备了两性离子共混膜。以DABCO-PFSA共混膜为研究基础,采用阴阳离子非共价相互作用的超分子交联方法制备的共混膜可以有效提高膜的综合性能。通过优化共混膜的二组分结构差异合成了聚阳离子PDABCO,并与PFSA共混,聚合物链间超分子交联赋予膜良好的机械性能和稳定性,降低了钒离子渗透,其中PDABCO-PFSA-7.5%膜的钒离子渗透率达到0.25×10^(-6)cm^(2)/min。在VRB测试中,当电流密度为160 mA/cm^(2)时,PDABCO-PFSA-7.5%膜的库伦效率(CE)达到88.43%。