Three-dimensional computed topography analysis of a patient with an unusual anatomy of the maxillary second and third molars

We present a case of a patient with rare anatomy of a maxillary second molar with three mesiobuccal root canals and a maxillary third molar with four separate roots, identified using multi-slice computed topography （CT） and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques. The described case enriched/might enrich our knowledge about possible anatomical aberrations of maxillary molars. In addition, we demonstrate the role of multi-slice CT as an objective tool for confirmatory diagnosis and successful endodontic management.

Three-dimensional coupled-mode model and characteristics of low-frequency sound propagation in ocean waveguide with seamount topography

Large-scale topography, such as a seamount, substantially impacts low-frequency sound propagation in an ocean waveguide, limiting the application of low-frequency acoustic detecting techniques. A three-dimensional(3D) coupledmode model is developed to calculate the acoustic field in an ocean waveguide with seamount topography and analyze the3D effect. In this model, a correction is introduced in the bottom boundary, theoretically making the acoustic field satisfy the energy conservation. Furthermore, a large azimuth angle calculation range is obtained by using the operator theory and higher-order Pade approximation. Additionally, the model has advantages related to the coupling mode and parabolic equation theory. The couplings corresponding to the effects of range-dependent environment are fully considered, and the numerical implementation is kept feasible. After verifying the accuracy and reliability of the model, low-frequency sound propagation characteristics in the seamount environment are analyzed. The results indicate lateral variability in bathymetry can lead to out-of-plane effects such as the horizontal refraction phenomenon, while the coupling effect tends to restore the abnormal sound field and produces acoustic field diffraction behind the seamount. This model effectively considers the effects of the horizontal refraction and coupling, which are proportional to the scale of the seamount.

Integration system research and development for three-dimensional laser scanning information visualization in goaf

An integration processing system of three-dimensional laser scanning information visualization in goaf was developed. It is provided with multiple functions, such as laser scanning information management for goaf, cloud data de-noising optimization, construction, display and operation of three-dimensional model, model editing, profile generation, calculation of goaf volume and roof area, Boolean calculation among models and interaction with the third party soft ware. Concerning this system with a concise interface, plentiful data input/output interfaces, it is featured with high integration, simple and convenient operations of applications. According to practice, in addition to being well-adapted, this system is favorably reliable and stable.

Three-dimensional numerical modeling of gravity anomalies based on Poisson equation in spacewavenumber mixed domain

In gravity-anomaly-based prospecting, the computational and memory requirements for practical numerical modeling are potentially enormous. Achieving an efficient and precise inversion for gravity anomaly imaging over large-scale and complex terrain requires additional methods. To this end, we have proposed a new topography-capable By performing a two-dimensional Fourier transform in the horizontal directions, threedimensional partial differential equations in the spatial domain were transformed into a group of independent, one-dimensional differential equations engaged with different wave numbers. These independent differential equations are highly parallel across different wave numbers. differential equations with different wave numbers, and the efficiency of solving fixedbandwidth linear equations was further improved by a chasing method. In a synthetic test, a prism model was used to verify the accuracy and reliability of the proposed algorithm by comparing the numerical solution with the analytical solution. We studied the computational precision and efficiency with and without topography using different Fourier transform methods. The results showed that the Guass-FFT method has higher numerical precision, while the standard FFT method is superior, in terms of computation time, for inversion and quantitative interpretation under complicated terrain.

A rapid micro-magnetic resonance imaging scanning for three-dimensional reconstruction of peripheral nerve fascicles

The most common methods for three-dimensional reconstruction of peripheral nerve fascicles include histological and radiology techniques. Histological techniques have many drawbacks including an enormous manual workload and poor image registration. Micro-magnetic resonance imaging（Micro-MRI）, an emerging radiology technique, has been used to report results in the brain, liver and tumor tissues. However, micro-MRI usage for obtaining intraneural structures has not been reported. The aim of this study was to present a new imaging method for three-dimensional reconstruction of peripheral nerve fascicles by ~1T micro-MRI. Freshly harvested sciatic nerve samples from an amputated limb were divided into four groups. Two different scanning conditions（Mannerist Solution/GD-DTPA contrast agent, distilled water） were selected, and both T1 and T2 phases programmed for each scanning condition. Three clinical surgeons evaluated the quality of the images via a standardized scale. Moreover, to analyze deformation of the two-dimensional image, the nerve diameter and total area of the micro-MRI images were compared after hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results show that rapid micro-MRI imaging method can be used for three-dimensional reconstruction of the fascicle structure. Nerve sample immersed in contrast agent（Mannerist Solution/GD-DTPA） and scanned in the T1 phase was the best. Moreover, the nerve sample was scanned freshly and can be recycled for other procedures. MRI images show better stability and smaller deformation compared with histological images. In conclusion, micro-MRI provides a feasible and rapid method for three-dimensional reconstruction of peripheral nerve fascicles, which can clearly show the internal structure of the peripheral nerve.

Research on Testing System for Three-dimensional Distribution of Luminous Intensity of LED

In terms of asymmetrical three-dimensional distribution(ID) of luminous intensity(LI) of light-emitting-diode(LED),a testing system was conducted in this study. Design and principle of the testing system were introduced. 31 photometers were placed on a concentric circle,and all of them were used to gather LI data of LED at the same time. The data acquisition card(DAC) was used to gather multichannel data and controlled motor. Experimental results indicated that the testing system had achieved the goal of testing three-dimensional distribution of LI. And each parameter could meet the requirements of industrial production and measurement.

Topographic effects on long offset transient electromagnetic response

The forward modeling procedure used in this article is formulated with the volume integral equation based on the tensor Green＇s function. The electromagnetic components responses are first calculated in the frequency domain and then transformed to the time domain by digital filtering. The valley and hill topography with a layered earth is stimulated by a horizontal electric dipole （HED） transmitter, which is common in field surveys, and the TEM responses are calculated at the transmitter and receivers. The topography effects on the long offset electromagnetic transient （LOTEM） responses are discussed in detail. The results show that both valley and hill topography has significant effect on the LOTEM measurement. If the HED is located in the bottom of a valley, the distortion of the observed anomalous field at distance is severe. A valley at the receiver locations show a strong effect but are localized in space and time. In general, hill-shaped topography shows smaller effects no matter where its located. When the topography is located between source and receivers, the influence is negligible. We conclude that the location of the source is much more important than the receivers and it is critical to put the transmitter in an open flat area in the field survey.

An unmanned ground vehicle phenotyping-based method to generate three-dimensional multispectral point clouds for deciphering spatial heterogeneity in plant traits

Fusing three-dimensional(3D)and multispectral(MS)imaging data holds promise for high-throughput and comprehensive plant phenotyping to decipher genome-to-phenome knowledge.Acquiring high-quality 3D MS point clouds(3DMPCs)of plants remains challenging because of poor 3D data quality and limited radiometric calibration methods for plants with a complex canopy structure.Here,we present a novel 3D spatial–spectral data fusion approach to collect high-quality 3DMPCs of plants by integrating the next-best-view planning for adaptive data acquisition and neural reference field(NeREF)for radiometric calibration.This approach was used to acquire 3DMPCs of perilla,tomato,and rapeseed plants with diverse plant architecture and leaf morphological features evaluated by the accuracy of chlorophyll content and equivalent water thickness(EWT)estimation.The results showed that the completeness of plant point clouds collected by this approach was improved by an average of 23.6%compared with the fixed viewpoints alone.The NeREF-based radiometric calibration with the hemispherical reference outperformed the conventional calibration method by reducing the root mean square error(RMSE)of 58.93%for extracted reflectance spectra.The RMSE for chlorophyll content and EWT predictions decreased by 21.25%and 14.13%using partial least squares regression with the generated 3DMPCs.Collectively,our study provides an effective and efficient way to collect high-quality 3DMPCs of plants under natural light conditions,which improves the accuracy and comprehensiveness of phenotyping plant morphological and physiological traits,and thus will facilitate plant biology and genetic studies as well as crop breeding.

The energy budget under the influence of topography in the Zhujiang River Estuary in China

The Zhujiang River （Pearl River） Estuary （ZRE） is a very complicated and large-scale estuarine system in China. It consists of two parts： the river networks and the estuarine bays. Not only is the network system one of the most complicated in the world, but also each estuarine bay has a very special morphodynamic feature due to the geological settings. Morphological boundary conditions have direct effects on the energy dissipa- tion and balance. On the basis of a three-dimensional （3-D） barotropic model whose domain includes the river networks and the estuarine bays, the energy budget is discussed under the influence of topography in the ZRE. The elevation and discharge of this model are validated by the observations collected in July 1999 and February 2001. The results show that （1） the source of energy in the ZRE is mainly generated by tides and river runoffs, which have an obvious seasonal change, and （2） there are some typical hotspots where the energy dissipation is 1-2 orders higher than those in the immediate upstream and downstream sections in the ZRE. These hotspots are linked with the small-scale dynamic structures （SSDS） and morphological units. On the basis of the characteristics of the morphology and the energy dissipation, the hotspots can be catego- rized into three types： the outlet of the ZRE, the meandering river, the branch and junction.

多波束测深数据出现失真的因果分析

分析了多波束测深系统在外业数据采集和内业数据后处理过程中出现失真的多种因素,列举了几种多波束测量数据失真的图例,并提出避免多波束测量出现失真的建议。

河工模型水下地形激光自动测量系统的开发

河工模型试验中水下地形测量精度是非常重要的,介绍了一种新型高精度水下地形测量系统。系统依靠平面定位机构的精准定位,利用激光测距传感器良好的准直性、高精度和对目标无干扰的特点进行水下地形测量,借助基于LabVIEW开发的信号采集程序实现自动连续测量。实践证明,系统操作简单、运行可靠、精度高。该系统水平定位精度0.01 mm,测量精度±1 mm。

基于蚁群相位抖动优化的高质量三维形貌测量

离焦抖动技术有效避免了商用投影仪引入的非线性效应,能够实现高速动态测量,但是离焦后的二值抖动条纹和标准正弦条纹并不完全贴近,测量过程中会有一定的偏差。针对这个测量误差问题,本文提出一种基于改进二进制蚁群算法的优化方法,从相位域对二值离焦抖动技术进行优化改进,较好地提高测量精度。通过对小尺寸二值块的优化替代整个优化过程,提高优化效率。仿真和实验结果证明:本方法在不同离焦情况下都能实现有效的三维测量。

基于激光位移传感器的物体表面形貌测量系统

为了对物体表面形貌进行精准的无损测量,设计了一种基于激光位移传感器的物体表面形貌测量系统,该系统由硬件部分和软件部分组成,硬件部分包括激光位移传感器、光栅位移平台、PCL833三轴正交编码计数器卡,软件部分包括数据采集软件和MATLAB数据处理程序。被测物体在光栅位移平台上按一定的轨迹移动,数据采集软件将X、Y、Z方向的离散点坐标数据进行存储,最后采用高斯滤波,由MATLAB程序对数据进行处理,并绘制被测物体的三维形貌图。

Three-dimensional imaging lidar system based on high speed pseudorandom modulation and photon counting

High speed pseudorandom modulation and photon counting techniques are applied to a three-dimensional imaging lidar system.The specific structure and working principle of the lidar system is described.The actual detector efficiency of a single-photon detector in an imaging system is discussed,and the result shows that a variety of reasons lead to the decrease in detection efficiency.A series of ranging and imaging experiments are conducted,and a series of high-resolution three-dimensional images and a distance value of 1200 m of noncooperative targets are acquired.

耕作土壤地表三维形貌测量装置设计与试验研究

耕作土壤地表不平度对拖拉机悬挂机组作业质量与作业效率有着重要的影响。为实现准确、高效的测量耕作土壤地表不平度,利用激光位移传感器设计了一套非接触式耕作土壤地表三维形貌测量装置,可获得区域内耕作地表的三维形貌图,并计算出地表不平度。该测量装置主要包括运动测试台、控制箱和基于Lab VIEW软件的数据采集系统,测量范围为1m×1m,空间分辨率为0. 001mm,距离分辨率为1mm。实验表明:测量装置的均方根误差为0. 017mm,表明该测量装置能够准确、高效地测量耕作土壤地表三维形貌,为后续耕作土壤地表三维形貌的理论分析与耕作土壤地表不平度评价提供了有效的支持。

无人机航测在矿山地形数据采集中的应用效果研究

在我国全新的信息技术推动下,无人机航测技术已经取得了非常快速的发展,并且掀起了一波全新的革命浪潮,不仅从根本上提高了我国无人机行业的检测水平,并且在众多领域中都发挥出了非常重要的作用。尤其是在矿山地形图测绘当中,无人机航测作为主要的测绘方法,不仅可以应用立体成像技术描绘出矿山地形的大体特征,而且在整个地形图测绘过程中,也可以对一些较小细节处的数据进行有效测量。本文细致地讲述了无人机航测在矿山地形图测绘中的应用。

浅谈大比例尺海岛礁测量外业质量控制要点

随着海洋战略地位的提升,精准、有效、及时获取海岛礁外业测量数据尤为重要,但海岛礁测量外业工作条件恶劣,登岛困难、补给有限,受气候条件影响大。基于此,就当前大比例尺海岛礁外业测量特点,结合海岛礁测量工程实践,从陆海基准构建、水深地形数据获取两方面进行分析,提出了海岸线以上、以下区域及采用不用数据获取模式时需要注意的外业质量控制要点,避免重复登岛,提高效率,为海岛礁测量外业工作提供了参考。

无人机低空摄影测量技术在矿山地形测量数据采集中的应用

由于传统矿山地形测量数据采集方法在实践中,采集时间耗时较长,为此提出无人机低空摄影测量技术在矿山地形测量数据采集中的应用。采用棋盘格式标定法对无人机低空摄影测量参数进行标定,利用无人机低空摄影测量技术对矿山地形原始数据获取,引用GBKV603.2软件对原始地形数据处理,测绘出矿山地形。经实验证明,矿山地形测量数据采集耗时低于传统方法。

EXTENDED MILD-SLOPE EQUATION

The Hamiltonian formalism for surface waves and the mild-slope approximation were empolyed in handling the case of slowly varying three-dimensional currents and an uneven bottom, thus leading to an extended mild-slope equation. The bottom topography consists of two components: the slowly varying component whose horizontal length scale is longer than the surface wave length, and the fast varying component with the amplitude being smaller than that of the surface wave. ne frequency of the fast varying depth component is, however, comparable to that of the surface waves. The extended mild-slope equation is more widely applicable and contains as special cases famous mild-slope equations below: the classical mild-slope equation of Berkhoff, Kirby's mild-slope equation with current, and Dingemans's mild-slope equation for rippled bed. The extended shallow water equations for ambient currents and rapidly varying topography are also obtained.

基于角膜地形图仪系统的数据获取研究与实现

目的 应用Orbscan Ⅱ角膜地形图仪系统,设计开发角膜数据分析软件来自动获取角膜数据,为角膜的临床诊断提供自动分析功能.方法 实验研究.在现有的角膜地形图仪系统的基础上,角膜数据分析软件通过API Hook挂接到Orbscan进程,在检查测量角膜过程中,由程序即时获取数据,并通过共享内存文件的方式,将数据读取到角膜数据分析软件的程序进程当中,实现角膜数据的采集、获取及分析.结果 对获取的数据进行偏微分分析和拟合回归处理,计算产生360条半子午线的Q值.在vC＋＋6.0开发环境下,利用OpenGL绘图技术,形象地展示了个体化角膜表面的非球面性质及形态图形.结论 角膜数据分析软件能自动获取Orbscan Ⅱ角膜地形图仪系统中的角膜数据,达到软件开发上的无缝链接,提供实际三维角膜形态与Q值分布图,更好地扩展了角膜地形图仪系统的功能,为角膜的进一步研究提供数据基础和自动分析功能.