Problems on the application of geographic information systems to urban environmental management

Geographic information systems (GIS) are a widely used tool in urban planning and management. More and more cities and decision-makers require its attributes of promptness, precision and visualization. But the application of GIS in urban environmental management is still a new field and relevant researches are getting on tardily. As a subsystem of GIS, an urban environmental management geographic information system (UEMGIS) should be a complex multi-discipline and multi-objective tool to perform quantitative multi-dimension analysis and to transfer the results into an expression legible to an ordinary user. It should be a dynamic system of prompt functions based on upgradable databases, and be composed of many subsystems respectively specialized in items about water, air, waste and noise as well as relative standards and regulations. However, existing UEMGISs mostly rely on the basic GIS too much to design the actual requirements of applications and managements in themselves, and the unavailability of sufficient fundamental data has retarded their improvement. In the design of a UEMGIS, the standardization of data classification should be taken into consideration to make the data exchangeable and shareable among its subsystems and within every subsystem, and the applicable error limits for input data should be defined in accordance with the user抯 required precision of data out. Data acquisition can be easy and quick if remote sensing, global positioning system (GPS) and other technologies are combined with GIS. Rapidly progressing information technologies have been giving a bright prospect for the melioration of UEMGIS that will have great potential and wide application in environmental conservation.

Exploration of the spatial pattern of urban residential land use with geographically weighted regression technique: a case study of Nanjing,China

As the traditional methods and technical means cannot meet the quantitative research needs of the urban land use patterns, quantitative research methods for the urban land use pattern are established via the GIS （geographic information system ） technique combined with the related theories and models. Taking the city of Nanjing as an example, a spatial database of urban land use and other environmental and socio-economic data is constructed. A multiple linear regression model is developed to determine the statistically significant factors affecting the residential land use distributions. To explain the spatial variations of urban land use patterns, the geographically weighted regression （GWR） is employed to establish spatial associations between these significant factors and the distribution of urban residential land use. The results demonstrate that the GWR can provide an effective approach to the exploration of the urban land use spatial patterns and also provide useful spatial information for planning residential development and other types of urban land use.

ENERGY ASSESSMENT OF URBAN BUILDINGS BASED ON GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Urban building energy analysis has attracted more attention as the population living in cities increases as does the associated energy consumption in urban environments.This paper proposes a systematic bottom-up method to conduct energy analysis and assess energy saving potentials by combining dynamic engineering-based energy models,machine learning models,and global sensitivity analysis within the GIS(Geographic Information System)environment for large-scale urban buildings.This method includes five steps:database construction of building parameters,automation of creating building models at the GIS environment,construction of machine learning models for building energy assessment,sensitivity analysis for choosing energy saving measures,and GIS visual evaluation of energy saving schemes.Campus buildings in Tianjin(China)are used as a case study to demonstrate the application of the method proposed in this research.The results indicate that the method proposed here can provide reliable and fast analysis to evaluate the energy performance of urban buildings and determine effective energy saving measures to reduce energy consumption of urban buildings.Moreover,the GIS-based analysis is very useful to both create energy models of buildings and display energy analysis results for urban buildings.

Two-and Three-Dimensional Urban Core Determinants of the Urban Heat Island： A Statistical Approach

There is no doubt that the UHI （urban heat island） is a mounting problem in built-up environments, due to the energy retention by surface dense building materials, leading to increased temperatures, air pollution, and energy consumption. Much of the earlier research on the UHI has used two-dimensional （2-D） information, such as land uses and the distribution of vegetation. In the case of homogeneous land uses, it is possible to predict surface temperatures with reasonable accuracy with 2-D information. However, three-dimensional （3-D） information is necessary to analyze more complex sites, including dense building clusters. In this research, 3-D building geometry information is combined with 2-D urban surface information to examine the relationship between urban characteristics and temperature. The research includes the following stages： （1） estimating urban temperature; （2） developing a 3-D city model; （3） generating geometric parameters; and （4） conducting statistical analyses using both linear and non-linear regression models. The implications of the results are discussed, providing guidelines for policies aiming to reduce the UHI.

URBAN INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT INFORMATION SYTEM FOR CHINA′S COASTAL PORT CITIES

The Paper mainly applies multi-disciplinary theory, methods and geographic information system (GIS) technology to study the investment environment for coastal port cities. The methods of studying urban investment environment using GIS prompted. In this peper, it is mentioned that the study of investment environment with GIS can be divided into 3 layers of macro scope, medium scope and micro scope in the paper. A powerful user-friendly UIEIS (Urban Investment Environment Information System) has been designed to study the urban investment environment. A series of application analysis models (including investment environment assessment models,investment site selection models, documental data management models, statistical data.graph display model, economic analysis and prediction models, network analysis models) are developed for investment environment studies in coastal port cities. Ningbo, a very important coastal port city, is chosen as a pilot study city.

GIS Application in Urban Flood Risk Analysis: Midar as a Case Study

The significance of this study lies in its exploration of the advanced applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in assessing urban flood risks, with a specific focus on Midar, Morocco. This research is pivotal as it showcases that GIS technology is not just a tool for mapping, but a critical component in urban planning and emergency management strategies. By meticulously identifying and mapping flood-prone areas in Midar, the study provides invaluable insights into the potential vulnerabilities of urban landscapes to flooding. Moreover, this research demonstrates the practical utility of GIS in mitigating material losses, a significant concern in flood-prone urban areas. The proactive approach proposed in this study, centered around the use of GIS, aims to safeguard Midar’s population and infrastructure from the devastating impacts of floods. This approach serves as a model for other urban areas facing similar challenges, highlighting the indispensable role of GIS in disaster preparedness and response. Overall, the study underscores the transformative potential of GIS in enhancing urban resilience, making it a crucial tool in the fight against natural disasters like floods.

Urban flood risk assessment under rapid urbanization in Zhengzhou City,China

With accelerated urbanization and climate change,urban flooding is becoming more and more serious.Flood risk assessment is an important task for flood management,so it is crucial to map the spatial and temporal distribution of flood risk.This paper proposed an urban flood risk assessment method that takes into account the influences of hazard,vulnerability,and exposure,by constructing a multi-index urban flood risk assessment framework based on Geographic Information System(GIS).To determine the weight values of urban flood risk index factors,we used the analytic hierarchy process(AHP).Also,we plotted the temporal and spatial distribution maps of flood risk in Zhengzhou City in 2000,2005,2010,2015,and 2020.The analysis results showed that,the proportion of very high and high flood risk zone in Zhengzhou City was 1.362%,5.270%,4.936%,12.151%,and 24.236%in 2000,2005,2010,2015,and 2020,respectively.It is observed that the area of high flood risk zones in Zhengzhou City showed a trend of increasing and expanding,of which Dengfeng City,Xinzheng City,Xinmi City,and Zhongmu County had the fastest growth rate and the most obvious increase.The flood risk of Zhengzhou City has been expanding with the development of urbanization.The method is adapted to Zhengzhou City and will have good adaptability in other research areas,and its risk assessment results can provide a scientific reference for urban flood management personnel.In the future,the accuracy of flood risk assessment can be further improved by promoting the accuracy of basic data and reasonably determining the weight values of index factors.The risk zoning map can better reflect the risk distribution and provide a scientific basis for early warning of flood prevention and drainage.

Three-dimensional critical slip surface locating and slope stability assessment for lava lobe of Unzen volcano

Even Unzen volcano has been declared to be in a state of relative dormancy,the latest formed lava lobe No.11 now represents a potential slope failure mass based on the latest research.This paper concentrates on the stability of the lava lobe No.11 and its possible critical sliding mass.It proposes geographic information systems (GIS) based three-dimensional (3D) slope stability analysis models.It uses a 3D locating approach to identify the 3D critical slip surface and to analyze the 3D stability of the lava lobe No.11.At the same time,the new 3D approach shows the effectiveness in selecting the range of the Monte Carlo random variables and locating the critical slip surface in different parts of the lava lobe No.11.The results are very valuable for judging the stability of the lava lobe and assigning the monitoring equipments.

Digitizing the Undigitized: Converting Traditional Archaeological Records into Computerized, Three-Dimensional Site Reconstruction

Archaeological excavation involves disintegration, removal, and reassembly of the archaeological record;as such it is considered by many to be an unrepeatable, destructive activity. This perception has contributed to an advancement in archaeological practice, namely, the development of computerized recording systems that digitally record archaeological excavations spatially and volumetrically during fieldwork. This paper is concerned with those archaeological sites where digital field recording has not been done. These sites, recorded by traditional methods, should not be excluded from attempts to restructure the spatial, volumetric, and stratigraphic archaeological data. A thorough methodology for the conversion of traditional records into digitized data is presented, including the detailed procedures required for three-dimensional plotting of recorded data—both the excavated material and the drawn site maps and cross-sections. Finally, the use of these methods is demonstrated on a complex Early to Middle Pleistocene site, illustrating the benefits of digitization and three-dimensional reconstruction in resolving stratigraphic and spatial questions.

A spatiotemporal intelligent framework and experimental platform for urban digital twins

Backgrounds This work emphasizes the current research status of the urban Digital Twins to establish an intelligent spatiotemporal framework.A Geospatial Artificial Intelligent(GeoAI)system is developed based on the Geographic Information System and Artificial Intelligence.It integrates multi-video technology and Virtual City in urban Digital Twins.Methods Besides,an improved small object detection model is proposed:YOLOv5-Pyramid,and Siamese network video tracking models,namely MPSiam and FSSiamese,are established.Finally,an experimental platform is built to verify the georeferencing correction scheme of video images.Result The MultiplyAccumulate value of MPSiam is 0.5B,and that of ResNet50-Siam is 4.5B.Besides,the model is compressed by 4.8times.The inference speed has increased by 3.3 times,reaching 83 Frames Per Second.3%of the Average Expectation Overlap is lost.Therefore,the urban Digital Twins-oriented GeoAI framework established here has excellent performance for video georeferencing and target detection problems.

基于GIS的青岛市绿地景观生态格局与网络构建

定量化研究绿地景观生态格局和网络构建能够为城市绿地系统和国土空间的科学规划提供理论依据与方法支撑。研究基于无线电高空测候(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,运用总体景观生态格局分析和梯度分析方法,选取12个景观指数,对沿海城市——青岛市的绿地景观生态格局从斑块类型水平和景观水平两方面进行了定量研究。结果表明:斑块类型水平上,区域绿地以大型斑块为主且占优势地位,防护绿地以大中型斑块为主,二者虽空间分布不均匀,但生态效益较好;附属绿地以中小型斑块为主,缺乏大面积绿地建设,景观破碎度高但符合公众游憩需求;公园绿地以小型斑块为主且数量较少,在城区集中分布。景观水平上,城市绿地景观类型较齐全,但整体破碎度高,中部地区景观破碎度高,南部与中北部地区绿地类型多样,景观破碎度高且景观形状较复杂。在此基础上,进而分析了青岛城市绿地景观生态格局存在的问题,提出了“一轴、三核、廊汇成网、节点密布”的城市绿地生态网络优化与构建方案,以提高各类城市绿地连接度水平,发挥绿地生态系统的整体效益。

公众认知下的成都城市荒野景观价值

【目的】不同于以往单纯的理论研究,通过构建多元化的评估体系并进行实地调研,了解公众对城市荒野的认知状况,提出符合实际的解决策略,为成都市荒野化公园的后续发展及公园城市生态景观建设提供参考。【方法】通过文献研究法和专家咨询法建立评估体系,采用公众参与地理信息系统(public participation geographic information system,PPGIS)法对500名公众进行实地访谈并获取人口统计学特征、价值认知及空间定位数据,之后对数据进行信度与效度检验、相关性分析以及核密度、空间占比分析。【结果】1)公众对城市荒野(景观)概念的了解程度及总体认知偏低,与人口统计学特征具有相关性;2)价值因子之间呈现出不同的空间特征,分布较为分散;3)公众认为中等质量荒野的景观价值最高,高等质量荒野的景观价值最低,与荒野质量等级存在关联性。【结论】后续应着重提升公众对荒野景观的了解程度,平衡荒野公园自然要素与人工要素的占比,保留或营造不同质量的荒野景观,并根据受众的差异制定不同的改造策略,以更好地指导成都市荒野化公园的转型和更新。

城市地名文化地图表达设计

针对当前城市地名文化地图设计与研究的不足,本文以地图与地名文化的创新性融合表达为研究目标,以《寻迹汉阳地名之美——汉阳区划地名文化手绘图》的设计与实现为案例,将确定文化主题、提炼城市地名文化、文化信息图形化等融入传统制图的技术框架,构建了手绘地图与传统地图编制相结合的文化地图编绘工艺,从确定主题内容、地图表达设计、地图装帧三个方面详细阐述城市地名文化地图编绘的具体步骤,以期为城市地名文化地图的设计提供参考。

基于公众认知的上海城市荒野景观偏好研究

【目的】分析上海城市居民对城市荒野的认知与景观偏好情况,探究荒野景观构成的积极因素与消极因素,为上海荒野景观的保护与发展提供参考和建议。【方法】结合公众参与式地理信息系统(public participation geographic information system,PPGIS)和问卷调研,获取受访者人口统计学特征与景观偏好、价值认知、空间定位等数据信息,利用相关性分析和核密度分析等方法对采集到的数据进行分析比较。【结果】1)公众对城市荒野概念的了解程度较低,但接受程度较高,并对城市中实际的荒野分布有大概的认知。2)公众对城市荒野景观感知偏中立态度,不同自然与人工要素会对公众偏好产生影响。3)公众居住与活动范围可能会对城市荒野接受度产生影响。【结论】应优先对公众认知程度较高和交通便利的荒野区域进行转型更新,综合考量场地内自然与人工要素,分析不同人群的活动需求,保障场地可达性、可视性,使城市荒野景观成为城市生态景观的一部分,为城市荒野景观建设提供参考。

城市测绘单位质量体系优化与思考

城市测绘地理信息工程大多体量小、总价低、数量多,且项目管理单位通常不会组织项目验收。为保障城市测绘单位产品质量的优良率,从城市测绘单位发展现状和工作内容出发,论述了质量体系优化的重要性。针对城市测绘单位质量体系面临的难题,以城市勘测院为例,提出了工程项目组制的生产组织形式和3级检查制度的质量检审方式;并详细论述了3级检查制度的工作流程、检审内容、时间节点安排,以期能对其他城市测绘单位质量体系建设和城市测绘事业高质量发展起到积极作用。

时空感知:基于历史地理信息的北京西北郊聚落空间解析

城郊聚落处于城乡环境长时段的互动影响中,积存形成多元历史文化要素,促进城市建成区的蔓延或更新,并支持与历史建成环境的融合,其空间演变是探索聚落当代发展的重要支撑点。利用历史地理信息(HGI)的方法,在梳理历史、识别资源、明确价值的前提下,对北京西北郊聚落发展作历史演变规律探索,总结出北京西北郊聚落具有城乡统筹、中心吸引、多元共生的发展特征,并在多尺度层级中呈现耦合向关联转向、地缘向业缘适配、廊道对要素牵引等演变倾向。综上,时空感知下的聚落空间解析为探索地域聚落的在地性发展路径提供有效指导。

基于参与式地理信息系统的城市绿地生态系统文化服务评价——以北京市核心区为例

【目的】目前中国的城市建设发展模式已逐渐转变为注重提升城市文化软实力和城市精神的新模式。北京市核心区作为全国文化中心建设的核心承载区,评价其生态系统文化服务(cultural ecosystem services,CES)有助于促进城市绿地文化功能建设及体系完善,提升居民福祉。【方法】引入参与式地理信息系统(participatory geographic information system,PGIS),对被调查者感知到的文化功能、服务价值进行参与式互动制图,实现北京市核心区生态空间中CES感知点的空间落位,并进行空间分析。【结果】揭示了不同人群对CES的差异化感知、CES感知点的空间分布特征及各类CES之间的空间自相关性。【结论】为北京市核心区及其他区域城市绿地的更新优化提供参考意见,探索以文化为根基的城市创新发展之路。

GIS在城镇燃气管网中的关键技术及应用

燃气是人们生产和生活中不可或缺的要素,而燃气输配运行过程中燃气管网在燃气系统的设计、建设和维护中扮演着至关重要的角色。城镇燃气的高速发展,对燃气管网的运行管理提出了更高的要求,对精细化、科学化、规范化管理需求也不断提升。为满足这些需求,地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)在城镇燃气地下管网中得到了广泛应用。运用空间数据转换处理系统FME(Feature Manipulate Engine)进行数据建库和数据转换,ArcMAP用于燃气管道设施空间数据处理,GeoPandas结合Sklearn程序包实现巡检网格制作及动态分析可实现地下燃气管道的精细化巡检,进一步提升输配管道设施的运行管理水平,降低事故发生,提高管网运行效率和安全性。

基于GIS的城市扩张监测与驱动力分析

准确的城市建设用地信息,能够反映城市扩张的动态变化,对于提供决策指导城市化建设和规划具有非常重要的意义。本文以南昌市作为研究区域,选取2000年、2010年、2020年三期30m全球地表覆盖数据(GlobeLand30)影像数据作为主要数据源,利用土地利用转移矩阵模型对城市用地变化情况的变化量和动态度进行定量分析,利用扩张指数模型等研究了南昌市20年间的扩张面积、速度、强度、紧凑度、分形维数、重心转移距离和扩张方位等,对城市扩张的驱动力进行了定性分析,并利用灰色关联分析法进行了定量分析。结果表明,南昌市经济和人口因素与城市扩张显著相关,研究内容在土地管理与合理利用土地、城市发展和规划以及城市的健康发展方面为管理部门提供了支持。

天津市城市内涝风险的空间分布特征

近年来,由于全球气候变化以及城市化的发展,我国城市内涝灾害发生频率不断升高,天津市作为我国较为发达的城市之一,近几年多次出现暴雨内涝灾害,严重影响了居民正常的生产生活。本文从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性和承灾体易损性三个角度建立天津市的内涝灾害风险评估指标体系,构建了内涝风险评估模型,运用层次分析法来评估天津市的内涝风险。综合来看,天津市内涝灾害高风险区域主要为市内六区和滨海新区,除蓟州区北部为较低风险区域之外,其他区域整体上呈现中风险。通过此次研究,针对暴雨灾害高风险区域实施韧性升级改造从而提升城市的适应能力,不仅对城市暴雨灾害的应急管理有一定的指导作用,而且对提高城市防洪能力具有一定的借鉴作用。