Can preoperative planning using IRIS™three-dimensional anatomical virtual models predict operative findings during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy?

Objective To evaluate the predictive validity of IRIS™(Intuitive Surgical®,Sunnyvale,CA,USA)as a planning tool for robot-assisted partial nephrectomy(RAPN)by assessing the degree of overlap with intraoperative execution.Methods Thirty-one patients scheduled for RAPN by four experienced urologists were enrolled in a prospective study.Prior to surgery,urologists reviewed the IRIS™three-dimensional model on an iphone Operating System(iOS)app and completed a questionnaire outlining their surgical plan including surgical approach,and ischemia technique as well as confidence in executing this plan.Postoperatively,questionnaires assessing the procedural approach,clinical utility,efficiency,and effectiveness of IRIS™were completed.The degree of overlap between the preoperative and intraoperative questionnaires and between the planned approach and actual execution of the procedure was analyzed.Questionnaires were answered on a 5-point Likert scale and scores of 4 or greater were considered positive.Results Mean age was 65.1 years with a mean tumor size of 27.7 mm(interquartile range 17.5-44.0 mm).Hilar tumors consisted of 32.3%;48.4%of patients had R.E.N.A.L.nephrometry scores of 7-9.On preoperative questionnaires,the surgeons reported that in 67.7%cases they were confident that they can perform the procedure successfully,and on intraoperative questionnaires,the surgeons reported that in 96.8%cases IRIS™helped achieve good spatial sensation of the anatomy.There was a high degree of overlap between preoperative and intraoperative questionnaires for the surgical approach,interpreting anatomical details and clinical utility.When comparing plans for selective or off-clamp,the preoperative plan was executed in 90.0%of cases intraoperatively.Conclusion A high degree of overlap between the preoperative surgical approach and intraoperative RAPN execution was found using IRIS™.This is the first study to evaluate the predictive accuracy of IRIS™during RAPN by comparing preoperative plan and intraoperative execution.

Microstructure modeling and virtual test of asphalt mixture based on three-dimensional discrete element method

The objective of this work is to model the microstructure of asphalt mixture and build virtual test for asphalt mixture by using Particle Flow Code in three dimensions(PFC^(3D))based on three-dimensional discrete element method.A randomly generating algorithm was proposed to capture the three-dimensional irregular shape of coarse aggregate.And then,modeling algorithm and method for graded aggregates were built.Based on the combination of modeling of coarse aggregates,asphalt mastic and air voids,three-dimensional virtual sample of asphalt mixture was modeled by using PFC^(3D).Virtual tests for penetration test of aggregate and uniaxial creep test of asphalt mixture were built and conducted by using PFC^(3D).By comparison of the testing results between virtual tests and actual laboratory tests,the validity of the microstructure modeling and virtual test built in this study was verified.Additionally,compared with laboratory test,the virtual test is easier to conduct and has less variability.It is proved that microstructure modeling and virtual test based on three-dimensional discrete element method is a promising way to conduct research of asphalt mixture.

Science Letters:Dynamic concision for three-dimensional reconstruction of human organ built with virtual reality modelling language (VRML)

This research studies the process of 3D reconstruction and dynamic concision based on 2D medical digital images using virtual reality modelling language (VRML) and JavaScript language, with a focus on how to realize the dynamic concision of 3D medical model with script node and sensor node in VRML. The 3D reconstruction and concision of body internal organs can be built with such high quality that they are better than those obtained from the traditional methods. With the function of dynamic concision, the VRML browser can offer better windows for man-computer interaction in real-time environment than ever before. 3D reconstruction and dynamic concision with VRML can be used to meet the requirement for the medical observation of 3D reconstruction and have a promising prospect in the fields of medical imaging.

Three-dimensional visualization and virtual reality simulation role in hepatic surgery:Further research warranted

Artificial intelligence(AI)is the study of algorithms that enable machines to analyze and execute cognitive activities including problem solving,object and word recognition,reduce the inevitable errors to improve the diagnostic accuracy,and decision-making.Hepatobiliary procedures are technically complex and the use of AI in perioperative management can improve patient outcomes as discussed below.Three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction of images obtained via ultrasound,computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging,can help surgeons better visualize the surgical sites with added depth perception.Preoperative 3D planning is associated with lesser operative time and intraoperative complications.Also,a more accurate assessment is noted,which leads to fewer operative complications.Images can be converted into physical models with 3D printing technology,which can be of educational value to students and trainees.3D images can be combined to provide 3D visualization,which is used for preoperative navigation,allowing for more precise localization of tumors and vessels.Nevertheless,AI enables surgeons to provide better,personalized care for each patient.

Research on the Three-dimensional Modeling and Optimization of a Virtual Tower Crane Based on 3DS Max, Solidworks and EON Professional

Three-dimensional modeling of virtual hoisting machinery is the critical works to structure the system of virtual construction, and the foundation to realize intelligent and interactive virtual hoisting. Aimed at enhancing the requests of image quality and stability of the virtual construction scene, taking a tower crane for example. We studied the technology of three-dimensional modeling and optimization of a virtual tower crane, and a method named two-stage model optimization was put forward. This depended on the modeling stage using Solidworks and 3DS Max and the performance optimization stage in EON. The practice of software development indicates that the proposed methods of three-dimensional modeling and optimization could satisfy the performance request of virtual construction system and be popularized to other virtual system.

Three-dimensional suboptimal guidance law for fly-over and shoot-down smart ammunition via virtual target

An optimal burst height is required for the fly-over and shoot-down smart ammunition with an EFP warhead at the instant of explosion which brings a special requirement to the miss distance of the terminal guidance law. In this paper, a guidance law based on the virtual target scheme is proposed. First, the practical pursuit-evasion issue between the ammunition and the target with specific miss distance is transformed into a virtuai pursuit-evasion problem with zero miss distance. Secondly, a complete three-dimensional pursuit-evasion kinematics model is established without any simplifications. And then, a suboptimal guidance law is designed based on the θ-D method which has constraints of the elevation and azimuth angular velocity of the virtual line of sight （LOS）. Finally, in order to verify the performance of the proposed guidance law, three test cases are conducted. Numericai results show that under the proposed terminal guidance law, the smart ammunition not only can fly above the target with an optimal burst height but also have a smaller normal acceleration on the terminal trajectory.

Application and Analysis of Computer Virtual Simulation Technology in Three-dimensional Animation Production

With the continuous promotion of computer technology, the application system of virtual simulation technology has been further optimized and improved, and has been widely used in various fields of social development, such as urban construction, interior design, industrial simulation and tourism teaching. China's three-dimensional animation production started relatively late, but has achieved good results with the support of related advanced technology in the process of development. Computer virtual simulation technology is an important technical support in the production of three-dimensional animation. In this paper, firstly, the related content of computer virtual simulation technology was introduced. Then, the specific application of this technology in the production of three-dimensional animation was further elaborated, so as to provide some reference for the improvement of the production effect of three-dimensional animation in the future.

Research on an Integrated Modeling Method of Virtual Ship Assembly

A new method of virtual ship assembly modeling which integrates ship three-dimensional design and ship construction planning was described in this paper. A workflow model of simulation modeling based on the virtual ship assembly process was also established; furthermore, a method of information transformation between the ship three-dimensional design and ship construction plan was formulated. To meet the requirements of information sharing between different systems in the ship virtual assembly, a simulation database was created by using the software engineering design method and the relational data model. With the application of this database, the information of ship three-dimensional design, construction planning, and virtual assembly can be integrated into one system. Subsequently, this new method was applied as a tool to simulate the virtual assembly of a ship, and the results guarantee its rationality and reliability.

Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis of creep in concrete filled steel tube columns

This paper proposes a based on 3D-VLE （three-dimensional nonlinear viscoelastic theory） three-parameters viscoelastic model for studying the time-dependent behaviour of concrete filled steel tube （CFT） columns. The method of 3D-VLE was developed to analyze the effects of concrete creep behavior on CFT structures. After the evaluation of the parameters in the proposed creep model, experimental measurements of two prestressed reinforced concrete beams were used to investigate the creep phenomenon of three CFT columns under long-term axial and eccentric load was investigated. The experimentally obtained time-dependent creep behaviour accorded well with the cu~＇es obtained from the proposed method. Many factors （such as ratio of long-term load to strength, slenderness ratio, steel ratio, and eccentricity ratio） were considered to obtain the regularity of influence of concrete creep on CFT structures. The analytical results can be consulted in the engineering practice and design.

Three-Dimensional Instability of Flow Around Two Circular Cylinders in Tandem Arrangement

The spatial evolution of vortices and transition to three-dimensionality in the wake of two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement have been numerically studied. An improved virtual body method developed from the virtual boundary method is used here. A Reynolds number range between 220 and 270 has been considered, and the spacing between two cylinders is selected as L/D=3 and L/D=3.5. When L/D=3, the secondary vortices of Mode-A are seen to appear at Re=240 and persist over the range of the Reynolds number of 240～270. When L/D=3.5, the similar critical Reynolds number has been found at Re=250. No obvious discontinuity has been found in the Strouhal-Reynolds number relationship, and this is different from three-dimensional flow around a single cylinder at the critical Reynolds number. The spanwise wavelength is about four times the diameter of the cylinder, and it is the characteristic wavelength for Mode-A instability. This paper can give some foremost insight into the three-dimensional instability of flow by complicated geometrical configuration.

Application of Three-Dimensional Visualization Technology in Project Management of Offshore Platform Engineering Construction

Three-dimensional visualization technology converts engineering design drawings and data into graphics or images, realizes virtual reality perception of simulated users in future construction scene, enhances the interaction between project management and technical personnel and engineering construction achievement, and provides intuitive, flexible and strong realistic experience for project management. It can effectively improve the level of project communication, and assist the needs of project construction planning management, training, exhibition, etc. As a tool to help improve project management skills, it has good application effect and prospects.

基于数字孪生的分段建造可视化系统设计

针对船舶分段生产过程中存在的数据直观性差、关键信息共享程度低,分段位置不明确等问题,综合考虑分段工艺流向、堆场资源等情况,等比例搭建船舶分段建造产线孪生模型;构建孪生数据驱动的分段建造管理体系和数据存储管理方法,为分段建造监控提供数据基础;应用建模软件和虚拟仿真软件,提供动态数据查询与决策依据的可视化平台,为船舶产品建造和管理中各类信息的集成化应用提供支持。

VR技术在船舶分段装配实训教学中的应用

VR技术与传统教学的融合是现阶段教育教学的一个发展趋势。基于当前VR技术在实训教学中的现状,探讨VR技术在船舶分段装配仿真实训教学中的作用和意义,并具体分析了VR技术在船舶分段装配实训教学中的应用。通过调查分析证明了VR技术在船舶分段装配仿真实训教学中的应用效果,最后提出推进VR技术在船舶分段装配仿真实训教学中的具体操作建议。

船舶操纵性海试实验虚拟仿真设计与应用

操纵性试验是船舶海试的重要组成部分,可有效评估船舶投入运营后操纵性能的优劣。船舶操纵性海试准备时间长、成本高、风险大,难以开展实验教学。依托虚拟仿真软硬件设施,充分融合虚拟现实技术、3D成像投影技术与船舶操纵性能分析方法,探索新型实验教学模式,完成船舶操纵性海试虚拟仿真设计;并以集装箱船为例,开展实验教学应用研究。船舶操纵性海试实验虚拟仿真有效弥补了海试的诸多不足,为学生沉浸式体验船舶操纵性海试全过程、掌握相关实验规程与分析方法提供良好的虚拟仿真环境。

一种无需指定船舶位置的新型船舶大规模自主编队方法

[目的]针对船舶大规模编队通信量大、编队速度慢、不便于扩充等问题,提出一种新型的虚拟壁面编队方法。[方法]使用局部通信,根据自然规律,设定虚拟作用力驱使船舶向目标位置集合,并通过虚拟壁面调整队形,从而实现船舶编队的目的。[结果]结果表明,所提方法能够按照“就近原则”快速地完成编队,通信量低且不随编队规模而增加。通过对船舶编队的静态、动态、旋转、缩放和避障的仿真验证了这种算法的有效性。[结论]所提虚拟壁面法具有通信量低、编队速度快、扩充简单等优势,在船舶大规模编队中具有明显优势。

基于虚拟现实技术的船舶航行实景三维模型设计

为提升船舶驾驶人员及船员的船舶整体认知以及海况应对能力,确保船舶航行以及作业安全,设计基于虚拟现实技术的船舶航行实景三维模型。按船舶航行需遵循的物理定律以及原理,建立船舶航行运动姿态数学模型,并通过3Dmax构建船舶航行环境实体以及地形模型,利用PM海浪谱法构建海表面三维模型,而后通过Unity3D虚拟现实仿真软件驱动调整构建的三维模型,并对所构船舶三维模型采用改进混合包围盒法实施碰撞检测,把地形以及海浪等实际数据信息融入到导入的模型之中,仿真模拟船舶航行实景,实现人机交互。实验结果表明,基于虚拟现实技术实现的船舶航行实景三维模型,可较为真实模拟船舶航行实景,为确保船舶航行以及作业安全提供可靠参考与保障。

基于船舶-流场耦合作用的内河航段船舶航行虚拟辅助驾引

[目的]为进一步提高船舶航行的安全性,对船舶辅助驾驶决策相关内容开展研究。[方法]针对选取的两段内河典型航段,基于实时数字航道流场信息,考虑航行规则约束,模拟船舶-流场耦合作用下的复杂流场航段虚拟辅助驾引。模拟南京和东流航段的虚拟辅助驾引,给出相应的安全驾驶方案,在航行过程中对船舶速度、位置和航向等信息进行实时追踪。[结果]仿真结果表明,基于Fluent二次开发的船舶-流场耦合作用的算法可有效解决船舶多自由度运动耦合和船舶-流场多物理场耦合的解耦问题;遇见弯道或分汊时,操小舵角长距离航行可以在避免降速和较大横移的同时实现船舶的安全航行。[结论]该算法可以有效对接数字航道流场信息,开展复杂流场环境下内河航段船舶航行的过程模拟,结果可为内河航段船舶智能航行决策提供数据支撑。

基于虚拟现实的船舶航行复杂周围环境图像三维仿真

为提升船舶在复杂航行环境中的安全,提出基于虚拟现实的船舶航行复杂周围环境图像三维仿真方法。该方法使用虚拟现实技术中的Vega Prime虚拟现实开发工具,依据海洋、船舶相关数据与图像,使用Crertor工具建立flt静态三维模型库,从该模型库内导出船舶三维模型所需数据后,使用Vega Prime虚拟现实开发工具的LynXPrime图形界面,对船舶航行复杂周围环境的水体、海浪等进行建模并进行纹理制作后,再通过实时驱动、视景仿真驱动以及仿真交互程序运行,实现船舶航行复杂周围环境图像三维仿真模型的交互。实验结果表明,该方法可有效对船舶航行复杂周围环境的洋流流向、流速、海水温度进行三维仿真。同时也可对船舶航行环境内其他船舶进行红外视景可视化,且应用效果较佳。

三维虚拟船舶系泊操纵评估系统

为保障船舶驾驶操纵过程中的航行安全,准确评估船员的实操技能,针对目前船舶系泊操纵评估缺乏完整评价指标体系的问题,结合专家评估法和模糊综合评价法进行系泊操纵技能评估,构建每个评价指标的隶属度函数;采用层次分析法(AHP)确定每个评价指标的建议权重值和标准值,以确保评价结果准确可靠;利用三维虚拟船技术,根据各因素对系泊操纵的影响程度研发一套系泊操纵技能自动评估系统,实现对船舶系泊操作的全面评估。研究结果表明:该系统评估结果与专家评估结果相比,有较高的一致性,证明模型在评估船员系泊操纵技能方面的有效性和可靠性。

5G与VR技术融合的机舱火灾应变平台开发

为开展船舶大型CO_(2)灭火系统、机舱灭火操作的训练,以集美大学教学实习船“育德”轮(载重吨6.4万t)为仿真对象,采用B/S架构,融合5G与虚拟现实(VR)技术优势,运用3DMax建模软件仿真“育德”轮大型CO_(2)灭火系统及机舱火灾场景,开发了船舶机舱火灾应急应变虚拟仿真平台。经2年多的教学实践情况,证实了该平台的适用性和成效性。