Three-dimensional visualization technology for guiding one-step percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy for the treatment of complex hepatolithiasis

BACKGROUND Biliary stone disease is a highly prevalent condition and a leading cause of hospitalization worldwide.Hepatolithiasis with associated strictures has high residual and recurrence rates after traditional multisession percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy(PTCSL).AIM To study one-step PTCSL using the percutaneous transhepatic one-step biliary fistulation(PTOBF)technique guided by three-dimensional(3D)visualization.METHODS This was a retrospective,single-center study analyzing,140 patients who,between October 2016 and October 2023,underwent one-step PTCSL for hepatolithiasis.The patients were divided into two groups:The 3D-PTOBF group and the PTOBF group.Stone clearance on choledochoscopy,complications,and long-term clearance and recurrence rates were assessed.RESULTS Age,total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,Child-Pugh class,and stone location were similar between the 2 groups,but there was a significant difference in bile duct strictures,with biliary strictures more common in the 3D-PTOBF group(P=0.001).The median follow-up time was 55.0(55.0,512.0)days.The immediate stone clearance ratio(88.6%vs 27.1%,P=0.000)and stricture resolution ratio(97.1%vs 78.6%,P=0.001)in the 3D-PTOBF group were significantly greater than those in the PTOBF group.Postoperative complication(8.6%vs 41.4%,P=0.000)and stone recurrence rates(7.1%vs 38.6%,P=0.000)were significantly lower in the 3D-PTOBF group.CONCLUSION Three-dimensional visualization helps make one-step PTCSL a safe,effective,and promising treatment for patients with complicated primary hepatolithiasis.The perioperative and long-term outcomes are satisfactory for patients with complicated primary hepatolithiasis.This minimally invasive method has the potential to be used as a substitute for hepatobiliary surgery.

Evaluating the use of three-dimensional reconstruction visualization technology for precise laparoscopic resection in gastroesophageal junction cancer

BACKGROUND Laparoscopic gastrectomy for esophagogastric junction(EGJ)carcinoma enables the removal of the carcinoma at the junction between the stomach and esophagus while preserving the gastric function,thereby providing patients with better treatment outcomes and quality of life.Nonetheless,this surgical technique also presents some challenges and limitations.Therefore,three-dimensional reconstruction visualization technology(3D RVT)has been introduced into the procedure,providing doctors with more comprehensive and intuitive anatomical information that helps with surgical planning,navigation,and outcome evaluation.AIM To discuss the application and advantages of 3D RVT in precise laparoscopic resection of EGJ carcinomas.METHODS Data were obtained from the electronic or paper-based medical records at The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from January 2020 to June 2022.A total of 120 patients diagnosed with EGJ carcinoma were included in the study.Of these,68 underwent laparoscopic resection after computed tomography(CT)-enhanced scanning and were categorized into the 2D group,whereas 52 underwent laparoscopic resection after CT-enhanced scanning and 3D RVT and were categorized into the 3D group.This study had two outcome measures:the deviation between tumor-related factors(such as maximum tumor diameter and infiltration length)in 3D RVT and clinical reality,and surgical outcome indicators(such as operative time,intraoperative blood loss,number of lymph node dissections,R0 resection rate,postoperative hospital stay,postoperative gas discharge time,drainage tube removal time,and related complications)between the 2D and 3D groups.RESULTS Among patients included in the 3D group,27 had a maximum tumor diameter of less than 3 cm,whereas 25 had a diameter of 3 cm or more.In actual surgical observations,24 had a diameter of less than 3 cm,whereas 28 had a diameter of 3 cm or more.The findings were consistent between the two methods(χ^(2)=0.346,P=0.556),with a kappa consistency coefficient of 0.808.With respect to infiltration length,in the 3D group,23 patients had a length of less than 5 cm,whereas 29 had a length of 5 cm or more.In actual surgical observations,20 cases had a length of less than 5 cm,whereas 32 had a length of 5 cm or more.The findings were consistent between the two methods(χ^(2)=0.357,P=0.550),with a kappa consistency coefficient of 0.486.Pearson correlation analysis showed that the maximum tumor diameter and infiltration length measured using 3D RVT were positively correlated with clinical observations during surgery(r=0.814 and 0.490,both P<0.05).The 3D group had a shorter operative time(157.02±8.38 vs 183.16±23.87),less intraoperative blood loss(83.65±14.22 vs 110.94±22.05),and higher number of lymph node dissections(28.98±2.82 vs 23.56±2.77)and R0 resection rate(80.77%vs 61.64%)than the 2D group.Furthermore,the 3D group had shorter hospital stay[8(8,9)vs 13(14,16)],time to gas passage[3(3,4)vs 4(5,5)],and drainage tube removal time[4(4,5)vs 6(6,7)]than the 2D group.The complication rate was lower in the 3D group(11.54%)than in the 2D group(26.47%)(χ^(2)=4.106,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Using 3D RVT,doctors can gain a more comprehensive and intuitive understanding of the anatomy and related lesions of EGJ carcinomas,thus enabling more accurate surgical planning.

Visual perception alterations in COVID-19:a preliminary study

AIM:To compare the visual perception(color and chromatic-achromatic contrast vision)of a small cohort of COVID-19 patients at the time of infection and after 6mo with that of a healthy population matched for sex and age.METHODS:A total of 25 patients(9 females,16 males,mean age:54±10y)with COVID-19 hospitalized in the COVID-19 Unit of the University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid were recruited for this preliminary study.Visual perception,as determined by monocular measurement of contrast sensitivity function(CSF)and color vision was assessed in each patient using the Optopad test.The results obtained were then compared with those of a sample of 16 age-and sex-matched healthy controls(5 females,11 males,mean age:50±6y)in which the same measurement procedure was repeated.Statistically significant differences between groups were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test.Measurements were repeated after a minimum follow-up period of 6mo and statistically significant differences between the two time points in each group were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.RESULTS:Discrimination thresholds(color and chromatic-achromatic contrast vision)and their corresponding sensitivity,calculated as the inverse of the discrimination threshold,were evaluated.Analysis of the data revealed higher contrast threshold results(i.e.,worse contrast sensitivity)in the COVID-19 group than in the control group for all spatial frequencies studied in the Optopad-CSF achromatic test and most of the spatial frequencies studied in the Optopad-CSF chromatic test for the red-green and blue-yellow mechanisms.In addition,color threshold results in the COVID-19 group were also significantly higher(i.e.,worse color sensitivity)for almost all color mechanisms studied in the Optopad-Color test.At 6mo,most of the differences found between the groups were maintained despite COVID-19 recovery.CONCLUSION:The present results provide preliminary evidence that visual perception may be impaired in COVID-19,even when the infection has passed.Although further research is needed to determine the precise causes of this finding,analysis of CSF and color vision could provide valuable information on the visual impact of COVID-19.

Effect of visual perception training on binocular visual function reconstruction in patients after strabismus surgery

AIM:To explore the effect of visual perception learning software training(VPT)on binocular visual function reconstruction in children with intermittent exotropia after strabismus surgery.METHODS:Ninety children with intermittent exotropia admitted to our hospital from June 2018 to December 2018 were included,and randomly divided into VPT and control groups.Children in the control group received basic binocular vision training,while those in the VPT group received VPT after strabismus surgery.Tertiary visual function,visual perception function,Newcastle Control Score(NCS),and ocular position retraction rate were compared at 3 and 12mo after the surgery.RESULTS:At 3 and 12mo after the surgery,the proportion of simultaneous perception,binocular fusion version and binocular stereo vision in the VPT group was conspicuously higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).After the vision training,the binocular visual perception functions of children in both groups were significantly improved compared with that before training(P<0.05).Interestingly,the grating sharpness,texture perception and texture motion perception in the VPT group were dramatically better than control group(P<0.01).The NCS in the VPT group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).The ocular position retraction rate in the VPT group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 12mo(8.89%vs 26.67%,P=0.03).CONCLUSION:VPT effectively promotes binocular visual function reconstruction in intermittent exotropia children after strabismus surgery and reduces the strabismus severity and ocular position retraction rate.

Current trends in three-dimensional visualization and real-time navigation as well as robot-assisted technologies in hepatobiliary surgery

With the continuous development of digital medicine,minimally invasive precision and safety have become the primary development trends in hepatobiliary surgery.Due to the specificity and complexity of hepatobiliary surgery,traditional preoperative imaging techniques such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging cannot meet the need for identification of fine anatomical regions.Imaging-based three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction,virtual simulation of surgery and 3D printing optimize the surgical plan through preoperative assessment,improving the controllability and safety of intraoperative operations,and in difficult-to-reach areas of the posterior and superior liver,assistive robots reproduce the surgeon’s natural movements with stable cameras,reducing natural vibrations.Electromagnetic navigation in abdominal surgery solves the problem of conventional surgery still relying on direct visual observation or preoperative image assessment.We summarize and compare these recent trends in digital medical solutions for the future development and refinement of digital medicine in hepatobiliary surgery.

Photonic synapses with ultralow energy consumption for artificial visual perception and brain storage

The human visual system,dependent on retinal cells,can be regarded as a complex combination of optical system and nervous system.Artificial retinal system could mimic the sensing and processing function of human eyes.Optically stimulated synaptic devices could serve as the building blocks for artificial retinas and subsequent information transmission system to brain.Herein,photonic synaptic transistors based on polycrystalline MoS_(2),which could simulate human visual perception and brain storage,are presented.Moreover,the photodetection range from visible light to near-infrared light of MoS_(2) multilayer could extend human eyes’vision limitation to near-infrared light.Additionally,the photonic synaptic transistor shows an ultrafast speed within 5μs and ultralow power consumption under optical stimuli about 40 aJ,several orders of magnitude lower than biological synapses(50 ms and 10 fJ).Furthermore,the backgate control could act as emotional modulation of the artificial brain to enhance or suppress memory function,i.e.the intensity of photoresponse.The proposed carrier trapping/detrapping as the main working mechanism is presented for the device.In addition,synaptic functionalities including short synaptic plasticity,long synaptic plasticity and paired-pulse facilitation could be successfully simulated based on the prepared device.Furthermore,the large difference between short synaptic plasticity and long synaptic plasticity reveals the better image pre-processing function of the prepared photonic synapses.The classical Pavlovian conditioning associated with the associative learning is successfully implemented as well.Therefore,the efficient and rich functionalities demonstrate the potential of the MoS_(2) synaptic device that integrates sensing-memory-preprocessing capabilities for realizing artificial neural networks with different emotions that mimic human retina and brain.

Three-dimensional visualization of soil pore structure using computed tomography

The geometric and spatial characteristics of pore structures determine the permeability and water retention of soils, which have important effects on soil functional diversity and ecological restoration. Until recently, there have not been tools and methods to visually and quantitatively describe the characteristics of soil pores. To solve this problem, this research reconstructs the geometry and spatial distribution of soil pores by the marching cubes method, texture mapping method and the ray casting method widely used in literature. The objectives were to explore an optimal method for three-dimensional visualization of soil pore structure by comparing the robustness of the three methods on soil CT images with single pore structure and porosity ranging from low (2–5%) to high (12–18%), and to evaluate the reconstruction performance of the three methods with different geometric features. The results demonstrate that there are aliases (jagged edges) and deficiency at the boundaries of the model reconstructed by the marching cubes method and pore volumes are smaller than the ground truth, whereas the results of the texture mapping method lack the details of pore structures. For all the soil images, the ray casting method is preferable since it better preserves the pore characteristics of the ground truth. Furthermore, the ray casting method produced the best soil pore model with higher rendering speed and lower memory consumption. Therefore, the ray casting method provides a more advanced method for visualization of pore structures and provides an optional technique for the study of the transport of moisture and the exchange of air in soil.

MF-CFI:A fused evaluation index for camouflage patterns based on human visual perception

The evaluation index of camouflage patterns is important in the field of military application.It is the goal that researchers have always pursued to make the computable evaluation indicators more in line with the human visual mechanism.In order to make the evaluation method more computationally intelligent,a Multi-Feature Camouflage Fused Index(MF-CFI)is proposed based on the comparison of grayscale,color and texture features between the target and the background.In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed index,eye movement experiments are conducted to compare the proposed index with existing indexes including Universal Image Quality Index(UIQI),Camouflage Similarity Index(CSI)and Structural Similarity(SSIM).Twenty-four different simulated targets are designed in a grassland background,28 observers participate in the experiment and record the eye movement data during the observation process.The results show that the highest Pearson correlation coefficient is observed between MF-CFI and the eye movement data,both in the designed digital camouflage patterns and largespot camouflage patterns.Since MF-CFI is more in line with the detection law of camouflage targets in human visual perception,the proposed index can be used for the comparison and parameter optimization of camouflage design algorithms.

Achieving the Visual Perception and Gestalt Psychology in Sultan Hassan Mosque Building

The gestalt principles are perception and what is visually communicated by objects. These principles describe the visual language within which we work. Understanding how a designer realizes things visually will help designers communicate better. Many designers use Gestalt principles to have a structure visual stimulus, so as to create interfaces that are easy for users to understand. Because the understanding of visual perception is a critical item in any designer’s toolkit. Islamic heritage buildings also contain many architectural values, especially the Sultan Hassan Mosque in Cairo. Through this paper, we will verify the use of gestalt principles of visual perception in the building design. Because the psychological organization of the design, achieves the understanding and awareness of the current relationships between the elements, depending on the extent of regularity, accuracy, and consistency of the design elements. This makes us recognize the esthetic values of Sultan Hassan’s building and mosque. The visual delight we get from architecture begins with how we perceive it. So, in order to understand how visual delight arises, we must first understand how we perceive and interpret visual stimuli. Especially since the principles of gestalt confirm that the human brain tends to make tricks and illusions. Therefore, we found the mosque designer had exploited this fact during the design process, to exclude any possibility of the resulting misunderstanding. The designer achieved the psychological preparation of the visitor by using some principles of visual perception of the Gestalt theory, such as growth, continuity, and hierarchy.

A GENERALIZED GOODNESS CRITERION FOR UNSUPERVISED NEURAL LEARNING OF VISUAL PERCEPTION

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A PERSONALIZED IMAGE RETRIEVAL BASED ON VISUAL PERCEPTION

A new scheme named personalized image retrieval technique based on visual perception is proposed in this letter, whose motive is to narrow the semantic gap by directly perceiving user's visual information. It uses visual attention model to segment image regions and eye-tracking technique to record fixations. Visual perception is obtained by analyzing the fixations in regions to measure gaze interests. Integrating visual perception into attention model is to detect the Regions Of Interest (ROIs), whose features are extracted and analyzed, then feedback interests to optimize the results and construct user profiles.

Visual Attributes of Subliminal Priming Images Impact Conscious Perception of Facial Expressions

We investigated, in young healthy participants, how the affective content of subliminally presented priming images and their specific visual attributes impacted conscious perception of facial expressions. The priming images were broadly categorized as aggressive, pleasant, or neutral and further subcategorized by the presence of a face and by the centricity (egocentric or allocentric vantage-point) of the image content. Participants responded to the emotion portrayed in a pixelated target-face by indicating via key-press if the expression was angry or neutral. Response time to the neutral target face was significantly slower when preceded by face primes, compared to non-face primes (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). In contrast, faster RTs were observed when angry target faces were preceded by face compared to non-face primes. In addition, participants’ performance was worse when a priming image contained an egocentric face compared to when it contained either an allocentric face or an egocentric non-face. The results suggest a significant impact of the visual features of the priming image on conscious perception of face expression.

Natural Scene Classification Inspired by Visual Perception and Cognition Mechanisms

The process of human natural scene categorization consists of two correlated stages: visual perception and visual cognition of natural scenes.Inspired by this fact,we propose a biologically plausible approach for natural scene image classification.This approach consists of one visual perception model and two visual cognition models.The visual perception model,composed of two steps,is used to extract discriminative features from natural scene images.In the first step,we mimic the oriented and bandpass properties of human primary visual cortex by a special complex wavelets transform,which can decompose a natural scene image into a series of 2D spatial structure signals.In the second step,a hybrid statistical feature extraction method is used to generate gist features from those 2D spatial structure signals.Then we design a cognitive feedback model to realize adaptive optimization for the visual perception model.At last,we build a multiple semantics based cognition model to imitate human cognitive mode in rapid natural scene categorization.Experiments on natural scene datasets show that the proposed method achieves high efficiency and accuracy for natural scene classification.

Geologic body three-dimensional model generation and visualization method

The divergence three-dimensional millet-seed body model and the continuous distributing layer-imitating model were introduced, which were used to express geologic body, and the procedure of generating these two models and their merits and demerits were synthesized. Three methods of geologic body’s three-dimensional expression were separately introduced, and the merits of the continuous distributing layer imitating model were proposed as comparing with the divergence three-dimensional millet-seed body model. The three-dimensional cubes were observed from any direction and any tangle with the application of dealing methods such as peeling, hollowing out, transparent or half-transparent.

Study of Visual Perception and Working Memory in Moroccan Adolescents Attending School

Visual Perception and working memory are essential neuropsychological skills for any learning. The objective of this research is to study these skills, by analyzing numerical plots, according to gender, age, level of study and the stream by evaluating perceptive and memory deficits in Moroccan adolescents attending school. Our sample contains 146 high school students, including 78 boys and 68 girls participated in this study and we used the numerical version of The Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test (ROCF-A) to assess visual perception and working memory. The results of this study showed that, on the one hand, more than 34% of the subjects examined show signs of perceptual deficit and more 21% show signs of memory deficit and, on the other hand, that the scores of the visual perception are significantly associated with age and that working memory scores are significantly associated with age, level of education, and stream.

Vehicle Real-time Location Based on Visual Perception Model

Vehicle recognition system (VRS) plays a very important role in the field of intelligent transportation systems.A novel and intuitive method is proposed for vehicle location.The method we provide for vehicle location is based on human visual perception model technique. The perception color space HSI in this algorithm is adopted.Three color components of a color image and more potential edge patterns are integrated for solving the feature extraction problem.A fast and automatic threshold technique based on human visual perception model is also developed.The vertical edge projection and horizontal edge projection are adopted for locating left-right boundary of vehicle and top-bottom boundary of vehicle, respectively. Very promising experimental results are obtained using real-time vehicle image sequences, which have confirmed that this proposed location vehicle method is efficient and reliable, and its calculation speed meets the needs of the VRS.

Application of Three-Dimensional Visualization Technology in Project Management of Offshore Platform Engineering Construction

Three-dimensional visualization technology converts engineering design drawings and data into graphics or images, realizes virtual reality perception of simulated users in future construction scene, enhances the interaction between project management and technical personnel and engineering construction achievement, and provides intuitive, flexible and strong realistic experience for project management. It can effectively improve the level of project communication, and assist the needs of project construction planning management, training, exhibition, etc. As a tool to help improve project management skills, it has good application effect and prospects.

In-situ three-dimensional visualization of dynamic tension deformation in ferrite stainless steels

An improved three-dimensional （3-D） experimental visualization methodology is presented tor evaluating the fracture mechanisms of ferritic stainless steels by in-situ tensile testing with an environmental scanning electron microscope （ESEM）. The samples were machined with a radial notched shape and a sloped surface. Both planar surface deformation and sloping surface deformation-induced microvoids were observed during dynamic tension experiments, where a greater amount of information could be obtained from the sloping surface. The results showed that microvoids formed at the grain boundaries of highly elongated large grains. The microvoids nucleated in the severely deformed regions grew nearly parallel to the tensile axis, predominantly along the grain boundaries. The microvoids nucleated at the interface of particles and the matrix did not propagate due to the high plasticity of the matrix. The large microvoids propagated and showed a zigzag shape along the grain boundaries,seemingly a consequence of the fracture of the slip bands caused by dislocation pile-ups. The final failure took place due to the reduction of the load-beating area.

Research on the Perception of Green Visual Exposure Space Based on SD Method:Taking Saishang Old Street Cultural Area in Hohhot as an Example

With the rapid development and improvement of urban construction,the influence of green environmental exposure on mental health has attracted increasing attention,but the relationship between the psychological perception and the object index has been less explored.From the perspective of the individual and environmental perception,space optimization of cultural blocks was discussed to provide a reference for the development of other old streets.

VISUALIZATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL DATA FIELD AND ITS APPLICATION IN MACHINE TESTING

In order to realize visualization of three-dimensional data field （TDDF） in instrument, two methods of visualization of TDDF and the usual manner of quick graphic and image processing are analyzed. And how to use OpenGL technique and the characteristic of analyzed data to construct a TDDF, the ways of reality processing and interactive processing are described. Then the medium geometric element and a related realistic model are constructed by means of the first algorithm. Models obtained for attaching the third dimension in three-dimensional data field are presented. An example for TDDF realization of machine measuring is provided. The analysis of resultant graphic indicates that the three-dimensional graphics built by the method developed is featured by good reality, fast processing and strong interaction