On the basis of the description of the rare-earth countercurrent extraction process, the on-line detecting method and equipments of rare-earth elements and the application in the process of the rare-earth countercurre...On the basis of the description of the rare-earth countercurrent extraction process, the on-line detecting method and equipments of rare-earth elements and the application in the process of the rare-earth countercurrent extraction are summarized. The procedure simulation of the computer, the automation control method and its current application are also mentioned in the process of rare-earth countercurrent extraction. The method of soft sensor is proposed. Optimal control method based on object-oriented rare-earth countercurrent extraction process and integrated automation system composed of process management system and process control system are presented, which are the developing direction of the automation of rare-earth countercurrent extraction process.展开更多
In this article, the recent progress made by Peking University is briefly introduced. Based on Theory of Countercurrent Extraction established by Prof. Guangxian Xu, the static equilibrium and dynamic process for two-...In this article, the recent progress made by Peking University is briefly introduced. Based on Theory of Countercurrent Extraction established by Prof. Guangxian Xu, the static equilibrium and dynamic process for two- and three-outlet countercurrent extractions, and designed the optimized parameters for the real cascades to separate different rare earth minerals, which can be scaled-up to the industrial process without any further experimental verification were systematically investigated. In order to stabilize the quality of products and improve the capability of automation for extraction process, we have also established an (()^(241)Am) stimulated X-ray fluorescent energy dispersive method to detect the elemental composition in both organic and aqueous phases, which can be used as an on-line analysis method in practice. Furthermore, the expert system and the control software with open- and close-loop models have been set up. Combined with the detected data from on-line analysis, the flow-rates of extracting, feeding, scrubbing and stripping solutions can be (controlled) in an optimum status for the industrial cascades. In addition, we have developed a new multi-input and multi-output countercurrent extraction process for separating multi-component rare earth mixture with lower chemical cost and pollution.展开更多
The rotating packed bed(RPB), mainly including the countercurrent-flow RPB(Counter-RPB) and the crosscurrentflow RPB(Cross-RPB) that are classified from the perspective of gas-liquid contact style, is a novel process ...The rotating packed bed(RPB), mainly including the countercurrent-flow RPB(Counter-RPB) and the crosscurrentflow RPB(Cross-RPB) that are classified from the perspective of gas-liquid contact style, is a novel process intensification device. A significant measurement standard for evaluating the performance of RPB is the mass transfer effect. In order to compare the mass transfer characteristics of Counter-RPB and Cross-RPB with the same size, the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient(k_La_e) and effective interfacial area(a_e) were measured under identical operating conditions. Meanwhile, the comparison of comprehensive mass transfer performance was conducted using the ratio of ΔP(pressure drop) to kLae as the standard. Experimental results indicated that kLae and ae increased with the increase in liquid spray density q, gas velocity u, and high gravity factor β. Furthermore, compared with the Cross-RPB, the Counter-RPB has higher liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient and slightly larger effective interfacial area. The experimental results of comprehensive mass transfer performance showed that the Counter-RPB had higher ΔP/k_La_e than the Cross-RPB with changes in liquid spray density and high gravity factor, and there exists a turning point at 0.71 m/s accompanied by a variation with gas velocity. Moreover, the relative error of experimental value to calculated value, which was computed by the correlative expressions of kLae, was less than 5 %. In conclusion, the mass transfer characteristics of RPB are deeply impacted by the manner in which the flows are established and the Cross-RPB would have a great potential for industrial scale-up applications.展开更多
P507 （HEH [EHP]） is an important extractant for the separation of rare earth and is widely used in industry. Since the complexes of heavy rare earth ions with saponified P507 are so stable that the rare earth ions a...P507 （HEH [EHP]） is an important extractant for the separation of rare earth and is widely used in industry. Since the complexes of heavy rare earth ions with saponified P507 are so stable that the rare earth ions are difficult to be exchanged and stripped by H^＋ ions. Thus, the cycled extractant loads certain amount of heavy rare earth ion after stripped by acid. This amount of rare earth ions loaded in blank organic phase is named as the ＂cycling loaded rare earth ions （CLREs）＂. In the separation process of Tm^3＋, Yb^3 ＋, and Lu^3 ＋ , the amount of CLREs carl be more than 10% of the normal capacity of saponifiedorganic phase. In fact, CLREs affect the separation efficiency and decrease the purity of the products. Based on the extracting-stripping equilibrium and mass balance, the influence of different process parameters on the amount of CLREs was studied by computer simulation. The results indicate that higher acid consumption and more stripping stages are required to eliminate CLREs. For an industrial practice, however, the acid consumption and the number of stripping stage can be designed by choosing an economic process and controlling CLREs at a reasonable level.展开更多
For an AB/BC countercurrent extraction separation using organic feed, the conditions to have minimum amount of ex- tracting solvent （Smin） and minimum amount of scrubbing agent solution （Wmin） were discussed, and ...For an AB/BC countercurrent extraction separation using organic feed, the conditions to have minimum amount of ex- tracting solvent （Smin） and minimum amount of scrubbing agent solution （Wmin） were discussed, and the formulae of both Sroin and Wmin were deduced. It was shown that only when the ratio of flowrate of central component B leaving aqueous outlet to that leaving organic outlet took a certain optimal value, the AB/BC separation could have Smin as well as Wmin, and this optimal ratio was decided by the separation factors between the three components but independent of feed composition. Smin was only relative to the separation factor of A/C pair but regardless of the separation factors of other pairs as well as feed composition, whereas Wmin was determined by the separation factors between the components together with feed composition. Meanwhile it was also found that the organic stream out of feed stage was same composition as the initial organic feed when the separation system was given by the two minimum amounts and its steady state was achieved. Finally the results above were used to design a LuYb/YbTm separation case and the stage-wise compositions of each component in both the organic and the aqueous phase at steady state were given by computer simulation.展开更多
文摘On the basis of the description of the rare-earth countercurrent extraction process, the on-line detecting method and equipments of rare-earth elements and the application in the process of the rare-earth countercurrent extraction are summarized. The procedure simulation of the computer, the automation control method and its current application are also mentioned in the process of rare-earth countercurrent extraction. The method of soft sensor is proposed. Optimal control method based on object-oriented rare-earth countercurrent extraction process and integrated automation system composed of process management system and process control system are presented, which are the developing direction of the automation of rare-earth countercurrent extraction process.
文摘In this article, the recent progress made by Peking University is briefly introduced. Based on Theory of Countercurrent Extraction established by Prof. Guangxian Xu, the static equilibrium and dynamic process for two- and three-outlet countercurrent extractions, and designed the optimized parameters for the real cascades to separate different rare earth minerals, which can be scaled-up to the industrial process without any further experimental verification were systematically investigated. In order to stabilize the quality of products and improve the capability of automation for extraction process, we have also established an (()^(241)Am) stimulated X-ray fluorescent energy dispersive method to detect the elemental composition in both organic and aqueous phases, which can be used as an on-line analysis method in practice. Furthermore, the expert system and the control software with open- and close-loop models have been set up. Combined with the detected data from on-line analysis, the flow-rates of extracting, feeding, scrubbing and stripping solutions can be (controlled) in an optimum status for the industrial cascades. In addition, we have developed a new multi-input and multi-output countercurrent extraction process for separating multi-component rare earth mixture with lower chemical cost and pollution.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China:The ultra-low emission control technology for coal-fired industrial boilers(2016YFC0204103)the Provincial Key R&D Program of Shanxi:R&D of the coal-fired industrial boiler smoke ultra-low emission technology and equipment(201703D111018)
文摘The rotating packed bed(RPB), mainly including the countercurrent-flow RPB(Counter-RPB) and the crosscurrentflow RPB(Cross-RPB) that are classified from the perspective of gas-liquid contact style, is a novel process intensification device. A significant measurement standard for evaluating the performance of RPB is the mass transfer effect. In order to compare the mass transfer characteristics of Counter-RPB and Cross-RPB with the same size, the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient(k_La_e) and effective interfacial area(a_e) were measured under identical operating conditions. Meanwhile, the comparison of comprehensive mass transfer performance was conducted using the ratio of ΔP(pressure drop) to kLae as the standard. Experimental results indicated that kLae and ae increased with the increase in liquid spray density q, gas velocity u, and high gravity factor β. Furthermore, compared with the Cross-RPB, the Counter-RPB has higher liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient and slightly larger effective interfacial area. The experimental results of comprehensive mass transfer performance showed that the Counter-RPB had higher ΔP/k_La_e than the Cross-RPB with changes in liquid spray density and high gravity factor, and there exists a turning point at 0.71 m/s accompanied by a variation with gas velocity. Moreover, the relative error of experimental value to calculated value, which was computed by the correlative expressions of kLae, was less than 5 %. In conclusion, the mass transfer characteristics of RPB are deeply impacted by the manner in which the flows are established and the Cross-RPB would have a great potential for industrial scale-up applications.
文摘P507 （HEH [EHP]） is an important extractant for the separation of rare earth and is widely used in industry. Since the complexes of heavy rare earth ions with saponified P507 are so stable that the rare earth ions are difficult to be exchanged and stripped by H^＋ ions. Thus, the cycled extractant loads certain amount of heavy rare earth ion after stripped by acid. This amount of rare earth ions loaded in blank organic phase is named as the ＂cycling loaded rare earth ions （CLREs）＂. In the separation process of Tm^3＋, Yb^3 ＋, and Lu^3 ＋ , the amount of CLREs carl be more than 10% of the normal capacity of saponifiedorganic phase. In fact, CLREs affect the separation efficiency and decrease the purity of the products. Based on the extracting-stripping equilibrium and mass balance, the influence of different process parameters on the amount of CLREs was studied by computer simulation. The results indicate that higher acid consumption and more stripping stages are required to eliminate CLREs. For an industrial practice, however, the acid consumption and the number of stripping stage can be designed by choosing an economic process and controlling CLREs at a reasonable level.
基金Project supported by the 973 Program-Major Project of Chinese National Programs for Fundamental Research and Development(2012CBA01200)
文摘For an AB/BC countercurrent extraction separation using organic feed, the conditions to have minimum amount of ex- tracting solvent （Smin） and minimum amount of scrubbing agent solution （Wmin） were discussed, and the formulae of both Sroin and Wmin were deduced. It was shown that only when the ratio of flowrate of central component B leaving aqueous outlet to that leaving organic outlet took a certain optimal value, the AB/BC separation could have Smin as well as Wmin, and this optimal ratio was decided by the separation factors between the three components but independent of feed composition. Smin was only relative to the separation factor of A/C pair but regardless of the separation factors of other pairs as well as feed composition, whereas Wmin was determined by the separation factors between the components together with feed composition. Meanwhile it was also found that the organic stream out of feed stage was same composition as the initial organic feed when the separation system was given by the two minimum amounts and its steady state was achieved. Finally the results above were used to design a LuYb/YbTm separation case and the stage-wise compositions of each component in both the organic and the aqueous phase at steady state were given by computer simulation.
