Optimal design and workspace analysis of tooth-arrangement three-fingered dexterous hand

Based on analysis of human hand grasp, the finger number and the kinematic pair pattern are decided. Aiming at the parameters of each finger, a multi-objective function for optimizing the structure of multi-fingered hand was proposed. Considering the peculiarity of tooth-arrangement and dexterous hand grasp, the constraints were established, and a satisfactory result was gained. Furthermore, the optimal results were analyzed, and a law of parameter optimal design was given. It is proved that this optimization method is effective to optimize the relation of each parameter and make it integrated optimum under each standard. At last, the practical workspace of this hand was analysed and simulated. And a new effective simulation method of workspace was proposed.

DESIGN OF A NOVEL DEXTEROUS ROBOT HAND

In the robotic community more and more hands are developed. Based on theexperience of HIT Hand and DLR Hand II, a smaller and easier manufactured dexterous robot hand withmultisen-sory function and high integration is jointly developed. The prototype of the hand issuccessfully built. It has 4 fingers in total 13-DOFs (degree of freedom). Each finger has 3-DOFsand 4 joints, the last 2 joints are mechanically coupled by means of four-bar linkage mechanism. Italso has an additional DOF to realize motion of the thumb relative to the palm. The fingertip forcecan reach up to 10 N. Full integration of mechanical body, actuation system, multisensory system andelectronics is a significant feature. DSP based control system is implemented in PCI busarchitecture and the serial communication between the hand and DSP needs only 2 lines.

Cartesian impedance control of dexterous robot hand

Presents a novel compliant motion control for a robot hand using the Cartesian impedance approach based on fingertip force measurements. The fingertip can accurately track desired motion in free space and appear as mechanical impedance in constrained space. In the position based impedance control strategy, any switching mode in contact transition phase is not needed. The impedance parameters can be adjusted in a certain range according to various tasks. In this paper, the analysis of the finger’s kinematics and dynamics is given. Experimental results have shown the effectiveness of this control strategy.

Design and modeling for a kind of humanoid dexterous hand with elastic palm

With dexterous hands, robots can improve the work scope and work ability significantly. As palms of the existing multi-hand robots are made of steel plates that have small contact area, the robots cannot grab firmly. In this study, a new five-fingered dexterous robot hand is developed. Having flexible palm with 17 degree of freedoms （ DOFs）, the hand can grasp more stably and firm- ly. First, the forward kinematics and inverse kinematics of the fingers and the hand are calculated. Then, the connection between the force exerting on the end effectors and the torque exerting on the joint is set up, laying the foundation for the following control. Finally, through the analysis and sim- ulation of the position, velocity and acceleration, the trajectory planning has a better performance.

MANIPULATION KINEMATICS ON DEXTEROUS HANDS CONSIDERING PURE ROLLING CONTACTS AS PASSIVE JOINTS

The manipulation and constraint equations are established by considering the pure rolling motion in a dexterous hand as two passive joints. According to mapping relation among the motion of the system, the differential kinematics and mobility are studied. The minimal structure for realizing the task motion of the object is obtained, and the conditions for dexterous manipulation are presented. Finally, some rolling manipulations are used as examples to demonstrate the applicability of approach proposed.

Design and control of integrated pneumatic dexterous robot finger

Based on flexible pneumatic actuator(FPA),bending joint and side-sway joint,a new kind of pneumatic dexterous robot finger was developed.The finger is equipped with one five-component force sensor and four contactless magnetic rotary encoders.Mechanical parts and FPAs are integrated,which reduces the overall size of the finger.Driven by FPA directly,the joint output torque is more accurate and the friction and vibration can be effectively reduced.An improved adaptive genetic algorithm(IAGA) was adopted to solve the inverse kinematics problem of the redundant finger.The statics of the finger was analyzed and the relation between fingertip force and joint torque was built.Finally,the finger force/position control principle was introduced.Tracking experiments of fingertip force/position were carried out.The experimental results show that the fingertip position tracking error is within ±1 mm and the fingertip force tracking error is within ±0.4 N.It is also concluded from the theoretical and experimental results that the finger can be controlled and it has a good application prospect.

HIT／DLR HandⅡ类人形五指灵巧手机构的研究

为了使灵巧手的外观和结构功能更加类人化,研制了新一代类人形机器人五指灵巧手——HIT/DLR HandⅡ.该灵巧手由一个独立的手掌和5个完全相同的具有4个关节3个自由度的模块化手指构成.机电集成的设计思想保证了所有驱动器,传动系统和电路系统都集成在手指和手掌的内部.钢丝耦合机构的采用,保证了手指末端关节在整个运动范围内都能够保证精确定1:1传动比.包装件同结构功能件融合的设计思想不但进一步缩减的灵巧手的外形尺寸,而且使灵巧手外形更加类人化.所有的创新型设计使灵巧手的手指外形尺寸仅是上一代手指的1/3.此外,为了提高灵巧手的多感知能力,重新设计的力/力拒传感器,位置传感器及温度传感器通巧妙的集成在手指的内部.试验表明,所设计的灵巧手不但达到了设计目标,也表现出了很强的抓握能力.

五指仿人机器人灵巧手DLR/HIT Hand Ⅱ

基于机电一体化设计思想和最新的驱动技术,研制DLR/HIT Ⅱ仿人灵巧手。该灵巧手由5个相同结构的模块化手指和1个独立的手掌构成,每个手指有4个关节、3自由度,所有的驱动器和电路板均集成在手指或手掌内。采用新型的体积小输出力矩大的盘式无刷直流驱动电动机、质量轻的谐波减速器、齿形皮带等的驱动传动方案,使手指的体积和质量得到显著减小;采用钢丝耦合传动方案,实现手指末端两个关节的1:1耦合运动;手指具有位置、力/力矩、温度等多种感知功能。层次化的灵巧手硬件结构由手指电气系统、手掌电气系统和PCI总线控制卡等组成,灵巧手具有点对点串行通信、CAN以及网络等多种通信接口。在灵巧手的外观设计中,将外观设计与灵巧手的本体设计融为一体,实现灵巧手与人手相近的体积和外观。5指灵巧手的质量为1.5kg,手指的指尖输出力10N。

An Adaptive Hand Exoskeleton for Teleoperation System

Teleoperation can assist people to complete various complex tasks in inaccessible or high-risk environments,in which a wearable hand exoskeleton is one of the key devices.Adequate adaptability would be available to enable the master hand exoskeleton to capture the motion of human fingers and reproduce the contact force between the slave hand and its object.This paper presents a novel finger exoskeleton based on the cascading four-link closed-loop kinematic chain.Each finger has an independent closed-loop kinematic chain,and the angle sensors are used to obtain the finger motion including the flexion/extension and the adduction/abduction.The cable tension is changed by the servo motor to transmit the contact force to the fingers in real time.Based on the finger exoskeleton,an adaptive hand exoskeleton is consequently developed.In addition,the hand exoskeleton is tested in a master-slave system.The experiment results show that the adaptive hand exoskeleton can be worn without any mechanical constraints,and the slave hand can follow the motions of each human finger.The accuracy and the real-time capability of the force reproduction are validated.The proposed adaptive hand exoskeleton can be employed as the master hand to remotely control the humanoid five-fingered dexterous slave hand,thus,enabling the teleoperation system to complete complex dexterous manipulation tasks.

机器人灵巧手研究综述

机器人灵巧手可以模仿人类动作,完成复杂场景下的多种任务。机器人灵巧手的研究是开发智能人形机器人的关键技术之一。以机器人灵巧手的研究历程为核心,阐述了多指灵巧手的研究现状,分析了灵巧手的演化过程和研究进展。从自由度数目、驱动方式、机械传动方式和传感技术等方面探讨了灵巧手分类和特征,展望了灵巧手未来的发展趋势。

基于PSO算法优化模糊PID控制器的灵巧手抓取控制研究

随着仿生学的进展,机器人领域中五指灵巧手作为主要执行机构的重要性不断增强。然而,在抓取过程中,五指灵巧手常常面临内部作用复杂、速度缓慢和效率低等问题。为了应对这些挑战,该文提出了一种基于角度闭环模糊自适应控制算法。该算法采用模糊策略来推断灵巧手关节角度偏差与控制器参数之间的关系,并制定相应的模糊规则。通过实时调整控制器参数,该算法能够提高系统的稳定性和抓取效率。此外,通过建立ADAMS模型和相应的闭环控制系统,以提高实验过程的可视化程度。实验结果表明,通过采用粒子群算法(Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm)优化模糊自适应PID算法并改进系统参数,相较于传统的PID算法,可以显著减少灵巧手在抓取过程中的关节抖动,并展现出更好的手指指尖接触力控制性能。

三指机器人手爪设计与抓取研究

传统的多指仿人灵巧手虽然已实现较高的灵巧性与仿人性,但存在设计制作繁琐或价格昂贵以及手指末端抓力偏弱的弊端。而三指机械手作为一种简化形式一般又存在灵巧性不高的问题。针对以上弊端设计了一款基于滑块-摇杆机构的三指机器人手爪。将该结构直接类比人手所设计的手指关节能够实现中节指骨与远节指骨的耦合运动,且指尖力会随手指弯曲程度的增加而增大,有利于对细小目标物进行指尖捏取;采取与传统偏航-俯仰型不同的翻滚-俯仰型掌指结构,在增加了沿掌根关节的旋转自由度的同时尽可能地丰富了手爪的抓取姿态,使其能够适应更多的目标物,增加了灵巧性。在MATLAB中建立手指运动学模型并求得手指末端工作空间。经由实验验证得出该手爪具备较大的抓取力与丰富的抓取姿态。

欠驱动灵巧手的优化设计及仿真分析

传统欠驱动机械手的运动空间相对固定、操作功能单一,对抓取物没有较强的自适应性,为此设计一种新的连杆式欠驱动灵巧手机构,并进行设计优化和仿真抓取实验。阐述了该灵巧手的整体机构设计及工作原理,其可实现包络和指尖两种抓取模式。根据手指的几何尺寸采用协同耦合方式设计手掌尺寸,利用可变手掌协同手指抓取,提高了灵巧手在抓取形状复杂和不同尺寸物体时的自适应性。基于虚功原理建立灵巧手单指各关节的接触力模型,针对抓取过程中存在的抓取力不足及抓取不稳等问题,使用NSGA-II优化算法对单指机构的杆长进行尺度综合。利用建立的虚拟样机进行仿真抓取实验,结果表明,该灵巧手具有较强的自适应性,能够稳定抓取多种形状和尺寸的物体。

Anthropomorphic Control of a Dexterous Artificial Hand via Task Dependent Temporally Synchronized Synergies

Despite the recent influx of increasingly dexterous prostheses, there remains a lack of sufficiently intuitive control methods to fully utilize this dexterity. As a solution to this problem, a control framework is proposed which allows the control of an arbitrary number of Degrees of Freedom （DOF） through a single electromyogram （EMG） control input. Initially, the joint motions of nine test subjects were recorded while grasping and catching a cylinder. Inherent differences emerged depending upon whether the cylinder was grasped or caught. These data were used to form a distinct synergy for each task, described as the families of parametric functions of time that share a mutual time vector. These two Temporally Synchronized Synergies （TSS） were derived to reflect the task dependent control strategies adopted by the initial participants. These synergies were then mapped to a dexterous artificial hand that was subsequently controlled by two subjects with transradial amputations. The EMG signals from these subjects were used to replace the time vector shared by the synergies, enabling the subjects to perform both tasks with a dexterous artificial hand using only a single EMG input. After a ten minute training period, the subjects learned to use the dexterous artificial hand to grasp and catch the cylinder with 100.0% and 65.0% average success rates, respectively.

可侧摆腱驱五指灵巧手的设计与仿真

为了实现五指灵巧手对多种物体稳定抓取的目的,针对灵巧手结构复杂、成本高等问题,提出了一种基于蜗轮蜗杆驱动的手指侧摆方案,设计了一种以腱绳作为传动方案的仿人型五指灵巧手,具有驱动简单、质量轻、成本低等优点;利用D-H法建立了灵巧手指的运动学模型;且利用MATLAB的机器人工具箱,分析了手指的工作空间;利用ADAMS软件创建五指灵巧手的虚拟模型,分析了此单腱欠驱动灵巧手设计的有效性和抓取可行性。

基于ADAMS的机器人灵巧手建模与仿真

为由于传统的末端夹持工具无法满足复杂应用场景,通过SolidWorks软件设计了一款仿人手的机械夹持末端,将机械手的三维模型导入到ADAMS软件中进行基础的仿真测试,通过简单的捏取动作捕捉其基本特性。仿真测试结果表明,在实验条件下机械手能够正常完成预定动作,为仿人手的五指灵巧手应用于实际生活提供参考。

Human-machine shared control:New avenue to dexterous prosthetic hand manipulation

At present,albeit the dexterous hand prostheses of multiple degrees of freedom(DOFs)have become prosperous on the market,the user’s demand on intuitively operating these devices have not been well addressed so that their acceptance rate is relatively low.The unintuitive control method and inadequate sensory feedback are frequently cited as the two barriers to the successful application of these dexterous products.Recently,driven by the wave of artificial intelligence(AI),a series of shared control methods have emerged,in which"bodily function"(myoelectric control)and"artificial intelligence"(local autonomy,computer vision,etc.)are tightly integrated,and provided a new conceptual solution for the intuitive operation of dexterous prostheses.In this paper,the background and development trends of this type of methods are described in detail,and the potential development directions and the key technologies that need breakthroughs are indicated.In practice,we instantiate this shared control strategy by proposing a new method combining simultaneous myoelectric control,multi-finger grasp autonomy,and augmented reality(AR)feedback together.This method"divides"the human sophisticated reach-and-grasp task into several subtasks,and then"conquers"them by using different strategies from either human or machine perspective.It is highly expected that the shared control methods with hybrid human-machine intelligence could address the control problem of dexterous prostheses.

The Development of a Two-finger Dexterous Bionic Hand with Three Grasping Patterns-NWAFU Hand

Bionic inspiration from human thumb and index finger was the drive to design a high-performance two-finger dexterous hand.The size of each phalanx and the motion range of each joint in the human thumb and index finger were summarized,and the features of three grasping patterns were described in detail.Subsequently,a two-finger dexterous bionic hand with 6 Degrees of Freedom(DoFs)was developed.Both the mechanical thumb and index finger were made up of three rigid phalanx links and three mechanical rotation joints.Some grasp-release tests validated that the bionic hand can perform three grasping patterns:power grasp,precision pinch and lateral pinch.The grasping success rates were high under the following cases:(1)when power grasping was used to grasp a ring with external diameter 20 mm-140 mm,a cylinder with mass<500 g,or objects with cylinder,sphere or ellipsoid shape;(2)when the precision pinch was used to grasp thin or small objects;(3)when the lateral pinch was used to grasp low length-to-width ratio of objects.The work provided a method for developing two-fimger bionic hand with three grasping patterns,and further revealed the linkage between the difference in fimger structure and size and the hand manipulation dexterity.

拆装机器人灵巧手控制系统研究

为了提高拆装机器人在控制工件时的控制能力与灵活性,综合设计制作了一种能够在狭窄空间内精准控制工件进行给进、退出及翻转动作的灵巧手。根据工件参数确定了灵巧手尺寸,采用SolidWorks软件构建了灵巧手的整体模型,设计了灵巧手的指部结构。针对机器人的运动需求,设计了一套控制系统,并制作样机进行机器人控件实验。实验结果表明,所设计的机器人结构可以稳定执行给进、退出及反转等控制动作,且灵巧手系统表现出高度的安全性和可靠性。实验结果与仿真控制效果一致,验证了拆装机器人灵巧手设计方案的可行性与有效性。

Design and fabrication of a gecko-inspired surface for improving the grasping ability of a humanoid dexterous hand

Many studies have examined the design,fabrication and characteristics of gecko-inspired adhesives,but applied research on gecko-inspired surfaces in humanoid dexterous hands is relatively scarce.Here,a wedged slanted structure with a curved substrate suitable for humanoid dexterous fingers was designed and manufactured via ultraprecision machining and replica molding.The adhesion and friction properties of the wedged slanted structure show obvious anisotropic characteristics in the gripping and releasing directions,and the influence of structural parameters and motion parameters on the adhesion and friction was systematically studied.The humanoid dexterous fingers with gecko-inspired surfaces greatly increased the grasping force limit(increase to 4.02 times)based on the grasping of measuring cups with different volumes of water and improved the grasping stability based on the picking up of smooth steel balls of different diameters.This study shows that this process,based on ultraprecision machining and replica molding,is a green,high-efficiency,and low-cost method to fabricate large-area biomimetic surfaces that has potential applications in dexterous humanoid hands to improve grasping ability,stability and adaptability.