A Three-layered Contrasting Analysis of the Theme in Once more to the lake

Once more to the lake is a representative work of the American Writer, Elwyn Brooks White, and has been acclaimed by people in the world. The paper offers a three-layered contrasting analysis of the essay. By detailed analysis of the contrasts running through the whole essay, the author finds that those contrasts are symbol of White's internal struggle and reflection for life.On the foundation of the three-layered contrasts, the paper presents the theme analysis and clarifies the content of the essay.

Two-and Three-Layered Dissolving Microneedles for Transcutaneous Delivery of Model Vaccine Antigen in Rats

Purpose: Comparison of transcutaneous immunization of ovalbumin (OA) between two-and three-layered dissolving microneedles (MN) in rats. Methods: We prepared 500 μm long two-layered and three-layered dissolving microneedle (2-MN and 3-MN, respectively) arrays from chondroitin sulfate as the base, and OA as the model antigen. The 2-MN containing OA at the acral portion and 3-MN with OA at the second portion were administered to rat skin transcutaneously. As a positive control, OA solution was injected subcutaneously (sc). The OA delivery and diffusion in the rat skin were studied using confocal microscopy with fluorescein-conjugated OA (FL-OA). Results: The formulated positions of OA were 0-155 ± 5 μm for 2-MN and 175 ± 4 – 225 ± 5 μm for 3-MN. The administered doses of OA were 2.2 ± 0.1 μg, 12.0 ± 0.2 μg and 22.0 ± 0.2 μg for 2-MN, 1.8 ± 0.2 μg, 12.6 ± 0.7 μg, and 20.4 ± 0.3 μg for 3-MN, 10 μg, 100 μg and 1000 μg for sc injection. At 4 weeks after the first administration, 3-MN showed about 2.5-7.0 fold and 5.4 fold higher total Ig (G + A + M) antibody than 2-MN and sc injection of the OA solution. Conclusions: The 3-MN, which delivered OA to the epidermis, is a useful drug delivery system for transcutaneous antigen delivery.

Vibration of Three-Layered FGM Cylindrical Shells with Middle Layer of Isotropic Material for Various Boundary Conditions

In the present study, vibration analysis of a three-layered cylindrical shell is performed whose inner and outer layers are composed of functionally graded materials whereas the middle one is assumed to be of isotropic material. This formation of a cylindrical shell influences stiffness modulii and the resultant material properties. The shell problem is formulated from the constitutive relations of stresses and strains with the displacement deformations and they are taken from Love’s thin shell theory. This problem is transformed into the integral form by evaluating the expressions for the strain and kinetic energies of the shell. Rayleigh-Ritz method is employed to solve the shell dynamic equations. Vibration characteristics of these cylindrical shells are investigated for a number of physical parameters and configurations of the fabrication of shells. The axial modal dependence is approximated by the characteristic beam functions that satisfy the boundary conditions. Results evaluated, show good agreement with the open literature.

Analytical analysis of inclined three-layered composite channel with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and Hall current in Darcy medium

The present study explores the influence of electromagnetic effects on the flow of a nanofluid in a saturated permeable medium,confined between a clear viscous fluid in an inclined channel.The nanofluid consists of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol.The governing equations are derived considering Darcy's law for the permeable medium and Tiwari's model for fluids containing nano-sized particles.Additionally,radiation and dissipation effects are incorporated into the energy equation.The equations are transformed into dimensionless form and solved analytically using the perturbation technique.The results are analyzed through graphs and tables for different material parameters.The findings reveal that higher electric and magnetic strengths have a significant impact on the fluid velocity at the interface of the two fluids,resulting in reduced shear both at the clear fluid surface and the interface between them.This highlights the crucial role played by electric and magnetic strengths in modifying flow phenomena.Consequently,combining electric and magnetic strengths with nanofluids can be utilized to achieve desired qualities in multi-fluid flow and enhance heat transfer characteristics.

Composition and structure design of three-layered composite phosphors for high color rendering chip-on-board light-emitting diode devices

A three-layered phosphor structure was designed and prepared by the spin coating of BaSi_(2)N_(2)O_(2):Eu(cyan-emitting)and(Sr,Ca)AlSiN_(3):Eu(red-emitting)phosphor films on the yellowemitting Y_(3)Al_(5)O_(12):Ce(YAG:Ce)phosphor ceramic synthesized by the solid-state reaction under vacuum sintering.In order to achieve high color rendering lighting,the influence of the composition and structure of the three-layered phosphors on the optical,thermal,and electrical properties of the chip-on-board(COB)packaged white-light-emitting diodes(WLEDs)was studied systematically.The WLED with the structure of“red+cyan+yellow”(R+C+Y)three-layered phosphor generated neutral white light and had a luminous efficacy of 75 lm/W,the fidelity index(R_(f))of 93,the gamut index(R_(g))of 97,and the correlated color temperature(CCT)of 3852 K.Under the excitation of laser diode(LD),the layer-structured phosphor yielded the white light with a luminous efficacy of 120 lm/W,color rendering index(CRI)of 90,and CCT of 5988 K.The result indicates that the three-layered phosphor structure is a promising candidate to achieve high color rendering and high luminous efficacy lighting.

One-step hydrothermal synthesis of 2,5-PDCA-containing MgAl-LDHs three-layer composite coating with high corrosion resistance on AZ31

The addition of 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid(2,5-PDCA)to the Mg-Al LDH coating,which was prepared by one-step hydrothermal synthesis,had extremely enhanced the corrosion protection of AZ31 Mg alloy,although the 2,5-PDCA could not be intercalated into the interlayer spacing.The corrosion current density of 0.05 mol L^(−1)2,5-PDCA LDH containing LDH coating is 3.18 nA cm^(−2),reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to the LDH coating without inhibitor,and the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the coating is 98.05%.The coating formed on the surface of AZ31 was peeled off from the substrate by using a mechanical method and SEM observation of the cross-section showed that the coating consisted of three different layers.The innermost layer is a thick layer that consists of Mg(OH)_(2)and the intermediate layer is LDH,which is vertical to the substrate and the outmost layer is a thin but very dense deposit layer of LDH agglomerates with complexes of 2,5-PDCA and Mg.This kind of sediment/LDH/Mg(OH)_(2)three-layer composite structure was accountable for the increase in the corrosion resistance of AZ31 Mg alloy.

A Short-Term Traffic Flow Forecasting Method Based on a Three-Layer K-Nearest Neighbor Non-Parametric Regression Algorithm

Short-term traffic flow is one of the core technologies to realize traffic flow guidance. In this article, in view of the characteristics that the traffic flow changes repeatedly, a short-term traffic flow forecasting method based on a three-layer K-nearest neighbor non-parametric regression algorithm is proposed. Specifically, two screening layers based on shape similarity were introduced in K-nearest neighbor non-parametric regression method, and the forecasting results were output using the weighted averaging on the reciprocal values of the shape similarity distances and the most-similar-point distance adjustment method. According to the experimental results, the proposed algorithm has improved the predictive ability of the traditional K-nearest neighbor non-parametric regression method, and greatly enhanced the accuracy and real-time performance of short-term traffic flow forecasting.

Characteristics Analysis of Chemical Concentration Sensor Based on Three-layer FBG

The three-layer structure model of the fiber Bragg grating is proposed in this paper. And through experimental study and reasoning calculation to verify the three layer structure of the optical waveguide model, so the sensitivity characteristic of the Bragg wavelength to the refractive index of chemical solution is obtained. And the relationships between the concentration and the shift of Bragg wavelength of sucrose, ethanol, and Nacl solution are achieved. Finally the shifts of the Bragg wavelength with the external concentration are obtained by experiments. A kind of simple structure, small size, good stability, high sensitivity chemical concentration sensor is obtained.

Trapped Modes in a Three-Layer Fluid

In this work,trapped mode frequencies are computed for a submerged horizontal circular cylinder with the hydrodynamic set-up involving an infinite depth three-layer incompressible fluid with layer-wise different densities.The impermeable cylinder is fully immersed in either the bottom layer or the upper layer.The effect of surface tension at the surface of separation is neglected.In this set-up,there exist three wave numbers:the lowest one on the free surface and the other two on the internal interfaces.For each wave number,there exist two modes for which trapped waves exist.The existence of these trapped modes is shown by numerical evidence.We investigate the variation of these trapped modes subject to change in the depth of the middle layer as well as the submergence depth.We show numerically that two-layer and single-layer results cannot be recovered in the double and single limiting cases of the density ratios tending to unity.The existence of trapped modes shows that in general,a radiation condition for the waves at infinity is insufficient for the uniqueness of the solution of the scattering problem.

Effects of anisotropy on quantum fluctuation of a three-layer system with mutisublattice

The quantum fluctuations of a three-layer Heisenberg model with six sublattices are studied by the retarded Green＇s function method and the spin-wave theory. The effects of anisotropy on the quantum fluctuations at zero temperature are discussed. The results show that the interlayer anisotropy plays an important role in balancing the quantum competitions.

The three-layer model of the thermohaline structure in the shallow seas

A three-layer model of the thermohaline structure is developed on the basis of the two -layer model of thermocline. The model is able to simulate the depth,thickness and intensity of both thermocline and halocline, and the temperature and salinity of both upper layer and lower layer in the shallow seas.Camparison of simulation with data is favorable.Detailed analysis is made on a variety of factors affecting the intensity of the thermocline.

Third-order Stokes wave solutions for interfacial internal waves in a three-layer density-stratified fluid

Interracial internal waves in a three-layer density-stratified fluid are investigated using a singular perturbation method, and third-order asymptotic solutions of the velocity potentials and third-order Stokes wave solutions of the associated elevations of the interfacial waves are presented based on the small amplitude wave theory. As expected, the third-order solutions describe the third-order nonlinear modification and the third-order nonlinear interactions between the interracial waves. The wave velocity depends on not only the wave number and the depth of each layer but also on the wave amplitude.

Structure Design and Properties of Three-Layer Particleboard Based on High Voltage Electrostatic Field(HVEF)

In this study,the effects of three different particle sizes of wood wastes(A=–8+12 mesh;B=–12+20 mesh;C=–20+30 mesh)and factory shavings(D)on the properties of particleboard were investigated.According to the test results,three-layer particleboard was designed.Particleboard face layers made with mixture of A,B,and C.The core layer made with D.The ratio of core layer to face layers is 50:50.Three-layer particleboard were fabricated with 12%urea-formaldehyde(UF)resins and three different high voltage electrostatic field intensities(0 kv,30 kv,60 kv).The internal bond(IB)strength,modulus of rupture(MOR),modulus of elasticity(MOE),thickness swelling(TS),and water absorption(WA)of particleboard were evaluated.The density distribution of the three-layer particleboard were examined by vertical density profiles(VDP),and the bonding mechanism and functional groups changes in the particles were analyzed by FTIR analysis.The results showed that HVEF treatment intensity play a remarkable role in properties of particleboard.The particleboard with higher electrostatic field intensities treatment has higher MOE,MOR,IB,and TS.Under HVEF treatment(60 kv),the MOR,modulus of MOE,and IB of three-layer particleboard were 23.61 N/mm^(2),2787.09 N/mm^(2),and 0.86 N/mm^(2),respectively.FTIR indicated that the surface activity of wood particles was increased electric field treatment.

A three-layer model for the thermal structure in the Huanghai Sea

A one-dimentional three-layer model for the thermal structure in the Huanghai Sea is presented in this study, me model consists of the upper mixed layer caused by heating and wind mixing, the lower mixed layer driven by tidal mixing, and the thermocline with certain thickness. The entrainment velocities of the upper and lower layers are obtained respectively. The results show that the model is capable of describing the development and decline processes of the seasonal thermocline in the Huanghai Sea, simulating successfully the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass, the nearshore front and surface cold water off North Jiangsu and explaining reasonably their formation mechanisms as well as the strong thermocline off Qingdao. It is suggested that the tidal mixing plays key role in the formation of the nearshore front off North Jiangsu and the strong thermocline off Qingdao. The wind mixing and the tidal mixing make the lower layer water with high nutrients go up to the upper layer. This physical process may be significant for biological plant production.

Three-dimensional acoustic radiation force of a eukaryotic cell arbitrarily positioned in a Gaussian beam

Expressions are derived for calculating the three-dimensional acoustic radiation force(ARF)on a multilayer microsphere positioned arbitrarily in a Gaussian beam.A theoretical model of a three-layer microsphere with a cell membrane,cytoplasm,and nucleus is established to study how particle geometry and position affect the three-dimensional ARF,and its results agree well with finite-element numerical results.The microsphere can be moved relative to the beam axis by changing its structure and position in the beam,and the axial ARF increases with increasing outer-shell thickness and core size.This study offers a theoretical foundation for selecting suitable parameters for manipulating a three-layer microsphere in a Gaussian beam.

引入强分层近似对含密度跃层情况下的大幅内孤立波计算误差研究

At present,studies on large-amplitude internal solitary waves mostly adopt strong stratification models,such as the twoand three-layer Miyata–Choi–Camassa(MCC)internal wave models,which omit the pycnocline or treat it as another fluid layer with a constant density.Because the pycnocline exists in real oceans and cannot be omitted sometimes,the computational error of a large-amplitude internal solitary wave within the pycnocline introduced by the strong stratification approximation is unclear.In this study,the two-and three-layer MCC internal wave models are used to calculate the wave profile and wave speed of large-amplitude internal solitary waves.By comparing these results with the results provided by the Dubreil–Jacotin–Long(DJL)equation,which accurately describes large-amplitude internal solitary waves in a continuous density stratification,the computational errors of large-amplitude internal solitary waves at different pycnocline depths introduced by the strong stratification approximation are assessed.Although the pycnocline thicknesses are relatively large(accounting for 8%–10%of the total water depth),the error is much smaller under the three-layer approximation than under the two-layer approximation.

Group-Consensus of Hierarchical Containment Control for Linear Multi-Agent Systems

The existing containment control has been widely developed for several years, but ignores the case for large-scale cooperation. The strong coupling of large-scale networks will increase the costs of system detection and maintenance. Therefore, this paper is concerned with an extensional containment control issue, hierarchical containment control. It aims to enable a multitude of followers achieving a novel cooperation in the convex hull shaped by multiple leaders. Firstly, by constructing the three-layer topology, large-scale networks are decoupled. Then,under the condition of directed spanning group-tree, a class of dynamic hierarchical containment control protocol is designed such that the novel group-consensus behavior in the convex hull can be realized. Moreover, the definitions of coupling strength coefficients and the group-consensus parameter in the proposed dynamic hierarchical control protocol enhance the adjustability of systems. Compared with the existing containment control strategy, the proposed hierarchical containment control strategy improves dynamic control performance. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical control protocol.

The westward intrusion of south Pacific water at the western tip of the New Guinea Island

From the eastern Indonesian cruise from November 14 to 23, 2007, CTD （conductivity, temperature, depth profiler）/ADCP （acoustic Doppler current profiler）casting and seawater sampling were done at 25 stations around Waigeo Island near New Guinea Island. It was found overall westward intrusion of the south Pacific waters into the Seram Sea and southward spreading of the north and south Pacific waters into the Seram Sea. There is westward residual flow along the channel between Waigeo and New Guinea within upper 200 m with the maximum speed up to 50 cm/s, and much weaker eastward flow in the lower layer （〈 10 cm/s） due to blocking by the shallow sill at the west of the Dampier Strait. The abrupt change of bottom topography induces active horizontal and vertical mixing which results in a three-layered current system with a major through-flow of-0.99 Sv （Sv = 106 ma/s） into the Seram Sea; the transports in the upper and the lower layers are -1.14 Sv and -0.24 Sv （westward）, respectively, and in the middle there is a return flow with the transoort of ＋0.39 Sv （eastward）.

An electrochemical method for evaluating the resistance to cathodic disbondment of anti-corrosion coatings on buried pipelines

Methods for evaluating the resistance to cathodic disbondment （RCD） of anti-corrosion coatings on buried pipelines were reviewed. It is obvious that these traditional cathodic disbondment tests （CDT） have some disadvantages and the evaluated results are only simple figures and always rely on the subjective experience of the operator. A new electrochemical method for evaluating the RCD of coatings, that is, the potentiostatic evaluation method （PEM）, was developed and studied. During potentiostatic anodic polarization testing, the changes of stable polarization current of specimens before and after cathodic disbonding （CD） were measured, and the degree of cathodic disbondment of the coating was quantitatively evaluated, among which the equivalent cathodic disbonded distance AD was suggested as a parameter for evaluating the RCD. A series of testing parameters of the PEM were determined in these experiments.

三层流体中被淹没球体的波浪散射研究

Using linear water wave theory,three-dimensional problems concerning the interaction of waves with spherical structures in a fluid which contains a three-layer fluid consisting of a layer of finite depth bounded above by freshwater of finite depth with free surface and below by an infinite layer of water of greater density are considered.In such a situation timeharmonic waves with a given frequency can propagate with three wavenumbers.The sphere is submerged in either of the three layers.Each problem is reduced to an infinite system of linear equations by employing the method of multipoles and the system of equations is solved numerically by standard technique.The hydrodynamic forces(vertical and horizontal forces)are obtained and depicted graphically against the wavenumber.When the density ratio of the upper and middle layer is made to approximately one,curves for vertical and horizontal forces almost coincide with the corresponding curves for the case of a two-layer fluid with a free surface.This means that in the limit,the density ratio of the upper and middle layer goes to approximately one,the solution agrees with the solution for the case of a two-layer fluid with a free surface.