Dynamic performance and parameter optimization of a half-vehicle system coupled with an inerter-based X-structure nonlinear energy sink

Inspired by the demand of improving the riding comfort and meeting the lightweight design of the vehicle, an inerter-based X-structure nonlinear energy sink(IXNES) is proposed and applied in the half-vehicle system to enhance the dynamic performance. The X-structure is used as a mechanism to realize the nonlinear stiffness characteristic of the NES, which can realize the flexibility, adjustability, high efficiency, and easy operation of nonlinear stiffness, and is convenient to apply in the vehicle suspension, and the inerter is applied to replacing the mass of the NES based on the mass amplification characteristic. The dynamic model of the half-vehicle system coupled with the IX-NES is established with the Lagrange theory, and the harmonic balance method(HBM) and the pseudo-arc-length method(PALM) are used to obtain the dynamic response under road harmonic excitation. The corresponding dynamic performance under road harmonic and random excitation is evaluated by six performance indices, and compared with that of the original half-vehicle system to show the benefits of the IX-NES. Furthermore, the structural parameters of the IX-NES are optimized with the genetic algorithm. The results show that for road harmonic and random excitation, using the IX-NES can greatly reduce the resonance peaks and root mean square(RMS) values of the front and rear suspension deflections and the front and rear dynamic tire loads, while the resonance peaks and RMS values of the vehicle body vertical and pitching accelerations are slightly larger.When the structural parameters of the IX-NES are optimized, the vehicle body vertical and pitching accelerations of the half-vehicle system could reduce by 2.41% and 1.16%,respectively, and the other dynamic performance indices are within the reasonable ranges.Thus, the IX-NES combines the advantages of the inerter, X-structure, and NES, which improves the dynamic performance of the half-vehicle system and provides an effective option for vibration attenuation in the vehicle engineering.

Parameters Optimization and Performance Evaluation of the Tuned Inerter Damper for the Seismic Protection of Adjacent Building Structures

In order to improve the seismic performance of adjacent buildings,two types of tuned inerter damper(TID)damping systems for adjacent buildings are proposed,which are composed of springs,inerter devices and dampers in serial or in parallel.The dynamic equations of TID adjacent building damping systems were derived,and the H2 norm criterion was used to optimize and adjust them,so that the system had the optimum damping performance under white noise random excitation.Taking TID frequency ratio and damping ratio as optimization parameters,the optimum analytical solutions of the displacement frequency response of the undamped structure under white noise excitation were obtained.The results showed that compared with the classic TMD,TID could obtain a better damping effect in the adjacent buildings.Comparing the TIDs composed of serial or parallel,it was found that the parallel TIDs had more significant advantages in controlling the peak displacement frequency response,while the H2 norm of the displacement frequency response of the damping system under the coupling of serial TID was smaller.Taking the adjacent building composed of two ten-story frame structures as an example,the displacement and energy collection time history analysis of the adjacent building coupled with the optimum design parameter TIDs were carried out.It was found that TID had a better damping effect in the full-time range compared with the classic TMD.This paper also studied the potential power of TID in adjacent buildings,which can be converted into available power resources during earthquakes.

Geometrically nonlinear inerter for vibration suppression

A two-degree-of-freedom(2DOF)vibration isolation structure with an integrated geometric nonlinear inerter(NI)device is proposed.The device is integrated into an inertial nonlinear energy sink(INES),and its vibration suppression performance is examined by the Runge-Kutta(RK)method and verified by the harmonic balance method(HBM).The new isolator is compared with a traditional vibration isolator.The results show a significant improvement in the vibration suppression performance.To investigate the effects of the excitation amplitude and initial condition on the dynamics of the system,a series of transmissibility-frequency response analyses are performed based on the displacement transmissibility.The energy flow of the system is analyzed,and numerous calculations reveal a series of ideal values for the energy sink in the NI-INES system.This study provides new insights for the design of vibration isolators.

Optimal design and effectiveness evaluation for inerter-based devices on mitigating seismic responses of base isolated structures

The optimal design and effectiveness of three control systems,tuned viscous mass damper(TVMD),tuned inerter damper(TID)and tuned mass damper(TMD),on mitigating the seismic responses of base isolated structures,were systematically studied.First,the seismic responses of the base isolated structure with each control system under white noise excitation were obtained.Then,the structural parameter optimizations of the TVMD,TID and TMD were conducted by using three different objectives.The results show that the three control systems were all effective in minimizing the root mean square value of seismic responses,including the base shear of the BIS,the absolute acceleration of structural SDOF,and the relative displacement between the base isolation floor and the foundation.Finally,considering the superstructure as a structural MDOF,a series of time history analyses were performed to investigate the effectiveness and activation sensitivity of the three control systems under far field and near fault seismic excitations.The results show that the effectiveness of TID and TMD with optimized parameters on mitigating the seismic responses of base isolated structures increased as the mass ratio increases,and the effectiveness of TID was always better than TMD with the same mass ratio.The TVMD with a lower mass ratio was more efficient in reducing the seismic response than the TID and TMD.Furthermore,the TVMD,when compared with TMD and TID,had better activation sensitivity and a smaller stroke.

Optimal design of inerter systems for the force-transmission suppression of oscillating structures

When dealing with the oscillations of fixed-base structures or machines induced by external forces,suppressing the vibrational impact on the adjacent structures and the environment helps to maintain the structural durability and ensure the users′comfort level.This study proposed an inerter-based optimal solution to suppress the vibrational forces and energy transmitted to the supporting ground by utilizing the great potential of the inerter.For the external force,which contains various frequency bands,the stochastic response and an energy balance analysis are conducted to evaluate the force transmissibility,structural displacement,and vibration power flow.Given the benefits of the inerter,a transmitted-force-based optimal design framework is proposed for inerter systems,of which the effectiveness is validated by numerical examples.The obtained results show that inerter systems are capable of providing significant reductions in the structural displacement and the force transmitted to the supporting ground.Particularly,the closed-form power equation indicated that a grounded inerter can suppress the force transmission and vibrational energy,thus leading to a less negative impact on the ground and environment.Revealing the working mechanism and optimal design strategy of the inerter can help solve the force-transmission control problem experienced by some practical structures.

Enhancing suspension vibration reduction by diagonal inerter

The diagonal inerter is integrated into a suspension vibration reduction system(SVRS).The dynamic model of the SVRS with diagonal inerter and damping is established.The dynamic model is of strong geometric nonlinearity.The retaining nonlinearity up to cubic terms is validated under impact excitation.The conditions omitting the static deformation are determined.The effects of the diagonal inerter on the vibration reduction performance of the SVRS are explored under impact and random excitations.The vibration reduction performance of the proposed SVRS with both diagonal inerter and damping is better than that of either the SVRS without them or the SVRS with the diagonal damping only.

Vertical seismic absorber utilizing inertance and negative stiffness implemented with gas springs

A novel implementation of negative stiffness elements(NSEs)is proposed,utilizing industrial grade nitrogen gas springs as pre-stressed stiffness elements in a configuration with lever arms.This NSE is combined with an inerter to form a stiff dynamic absorber(SDA)for vertical seismic protection of structures with base isolation.The SDA is optimized to minimize vertical accelerations while ensuring static structural integrity,excellent damping performance and containment of relative displacements.The introduction of gas springs in place of conventional linear springs addresses important practical limitations through features of non-linearity and industrial grade manufacturing.The proposed implementation is dimensioned for a 50-ton structure and evaluated numerically for 25 actual earthquake records,in comparison with a linear SDA model and an equivalent conventional damper(CD).Individual and averaged results of acceleration and displacement time histories demonstrate vastly superior response compared to CD regarding induced accelerations for similar displacements.Performance equivalency with the linear SDA model indicates the stability of the gas spring implementation while guaranteeing predictability,tested endurance,proper tolerances,and off-axis motion resistance without requiring additional guiding components,as opposed to conventional springs.These features render the proposed implementation a promising solution for the realization of NSEs in seismic protection.

空气驱油可燃气体爆炸安全风险分析

目的目前,安全问题仍然是限制空气驱大规模应用的主要原因,为此进行了针对其爆炸极限计算方法的研究。方法通过对6种可燃气体的单组分计算方法、单组分文献值与2种多组分计算方法进行组合,得到了14种计算组合,将其与国内某油田3口井的爆炸实测值进行比较,以判断哪种组合适应性最好。结果含碳原子单组分燃气计算法与多组分燃气计算中查图-理·查特里修正法组合得到的计算结果整体误差相对较小,更符合爆炸极限实测值。结论可为C_(1)~C_(3)轻烃体积分数达90%以上的井流物的爆炸极限理论计算方法的选择提供参考。

附加不同形式调谐质量惯容系统的高耸烟囱轻量化减震控制

附加调谐质量阻尼器是烟囱结构的一种传统减震控制方法,然而其通常需要较大的附加质量及额外的安装空间,这为施工安装带来不便。本文提出附加调谐质量惯容系统(TMIS)控制高耸烟囱的地震响应,以利用惯容元件的表观质量效果实现轻量化减震目标。同时,考虑烟囱高阶模态对其地震响应不容忽视的影响,提出沿烟囱高度布置的分布式TMIS以实现多模态控制效果。建立了基于两种不同惯容子系统的TMIS力学模型及相应的附加分布式TMIS烟囱运动方程。以金井清谱为随机地震激励输入,并基于改进的定点理论提出了分布式TMIS的部分设计参数简化假设,提出了基于需求的分布式TMIS烟囱结构多模态优化设计方法。通过实例验证了所建议设计方法的有效性,并对比检验了分布式TMIS的轻量化及多模态控制效果,通过参数分析检验了所采用的改进定点理论简化的合理性。结果表明:所建议的设计方法可以按照预定目标发挥两种分布式TMIS的减震性能,两种分布式TMIS均显示了明显的轻量化减震效果。

惰气熔融-红外吸收光谱法测定镧铈稀土钢中氧含量

高品质稀土钢要求进行精确低氧含量控制,而依据现有GB/T 11261—2006标准进行氧含量测定,检测结果具有较大的不准确性。以具有不同镧、铈稀土元素含量的稀土钢为对象,以其氧含量精确测定为目标,基于惰气熔融-红外吸收光谱法,开展了分析功率、助熔剂和称样量对镧铈稀土钢中氧含量分析结果的影响研究。结果表明:对于不同镧、铈元素含量的稀土钢,需要采用不同的分析方法,当稀土钢中的镧、铈含量较低时,通过降低分析功率即可较为精确地测定稀土钢中的氧含量;对于镧、铈含量较高的稀土钢,在调控分析功率(4000~4500 W)的基础上,需同时采用锡作为助熔剂,并将助熔剂与样品比例设定为1∶1(称样量为0.3~0.6 g),即可实现氧含量的精确测定。精密度验证实验结果显示:采用所建立的方法测定氧含量的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于8.0%;采用钢标准样品进行加标回收实验,回收率在97.0%~108%,而加标回收率略有升高的原因在于助熔剂Sn降低了合金熔点,使少量难熔氧化物中的氧得到更充分释放。方法可用来准确测定不同镧、铈元素含量稀土钢中的氧含量。

混联Ⅱ型惯容非线性能量阱的动力学特性研究

分别使用非线性恢复力、非线性阻尼替代惯容减振系统中的线性恢复力、线性阻尼,并考虑摩擦力的影响,提出了混联Ⅱ型惯容非线性能量阱.建立了主系统的动力学方程,利用谐波平衡法求解系统在简谐激励下的幅频响应曲线.采用弧长算法和数值法相结合的方法研究了系统的惯质比、非线性阻尼、非线性刚度和摩擦力单个参数对其减振性能的影响.发现非线性刚度和非线性阻尼数值的增大会使峰值先减小后增大,不同的是,前者幅频响应曲线逐渐向右上方向弯曲,后者产生峰值的位置向低频段转移.分析了惯质比、非线性阻尼、非线性刚度3种参数两两组合下对系统减振效果的影响.研究表明,在激励幅值为0.005 m时,惯质比和阻尼同时变化减振效果最好:当ε=0.1时,系统主结构位移峰值的最小值约为0.01 m;而在参数ε=0.001时,整体取值范围内其最大值约为0.061 m;当惯质比取得最佳值0.1时,非线性阻尼和非线性刚度κ_(21)的取值范围变大.在摩擦力的作用下,系统的最大幅值都有不同程度的增加.上述研究可为振动系统减振的研究提供参考.

惰气熔融-红外吸收/热导法同时测定无烟煤中氮和氢

首次使用惰气熔融-红外吸收/热导法实现无烟煤中氮、氢元素的同时、快速、准确测定.探究分析条件,发现当称样量为0.0300 g,分析功率为5500 W,氮元素的积分延迟时间为15 s,集成时间为55 s,氢元素的积分延迟时间为5 s,集成时间为85 s,且使用石墨套埚时,氮氢元素的释放最完全、合理.方法中氮、氢校准曲线的相关系数分别为0.9949、0.9940,检出限分别为0.321%、0.189%,定量限分别为0.326%、0.194%,精密度分别为3.60%、0.63%,满足线性关系及方法要求.惰气熔融-红外吸收/热导法重复性好、高效便捷、操作和维护简单,可用于无烟煤中氮、氢元素的定量检测.

考虑SSI效应的升降作业平台惯容减振优化设计

升降作业平台在野外工地、河滩等环境中高空作业时,其支腿底盘的明置基础与软土地基会发生动力相互作用,从而改变作业平台系统的动力特性。提出了考虑土与结构相互作用效应下的含3种不同惯容减振系统(SIS,SPIS-1,SPIS-2)的升降作业平台动力学模型,推导了作业平台在简谐激励下的振幅放大因子以及在随机激励下的响应均方值的解析表达式。利用遗传算法分别求解了位于中硬土、中软土以及软弱土3种地基表面的作业平台在H_(∞)和H_(2)优化准则下,惯容减振系统的最优设计刚度比和阻尼比。对最优状态下的各减振系统进行减振效果分析,结果表明:SPIS-2减振系统效果最佳,不仅最大程度地抑制了升降作业平台的共振效应,而且更有效地拓宽频带范围;SSI效应可以降低简谐激励下作业平台的位移振幅放大因子和随机激励下作业平台绝对位移的均方值;SSI效应对简谐激励和随机激励下惯容减振系统的最优设计参数影响很小,因此针对3种惯容减振系统位于不同地基表面下的最优设计参数拟合出经验公式,为升降作业平台的研发和减振设计奠定了理论基础。

两种直升机多舱油箱惰化系统代偿损失比较

针对某型直升机多舱油箱,设计了冷却空气控温和燃油热沉控温的2种多舱油箱惰化系统。基于AMESim平台搭建了这2种系统模型,研究了这2种系统的控温效果和各舱油箱参数变化规律,并且引入代偿损失指标对这2种系统性能进行评估。仿真结果表明:2种惰化系统均能控制膜前温度维持在90℃;燃油热沉控温的多舱油箱惰化系统在整个飞行过程中,各舱油箱中最高燃油温度小于32℃,没有超过许用限制;对于直升机而言,由于油箱相比大型客机而言体积较小,通过计算可得,冷却空气控温的多舱油箱惰化系统的燃油代偿损失小于燃油热沉控温的多舱油箱惰化系统的燃油代偿损失。仿真结果为多舱油箱惰化系统的设计和优化提供了参考依据。

基于油轮惰性气体灭火的研究

传统油轮烟气灭火系统存在灭火效果不理想,烟气处理不彻底等问题,本文将传统烟气和燃烧两种惰气生产模式进行融合,形成多功能惰气系统的油轮惰性气体灭火系统(IGS)的设计方案,该方案具有灭火高效率且安全等特点,指明了该系统日后的发展方向主要为优化惰气风机的结构。该系统对于油轮安全和环境保护等方面均有重要意义。

惰性气体在LIBS中的辅助测量研究

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)是一种发射光谱分析技术,因其实时、多元素、无损、远程等优势,在分析高危环境和重要文物等方面具有极大潜力。目前,LIBS测量技术仍受实验设备,测量环境等因素影响,其中,气氛环境对LIBS测量的影响尤为显著。惰性气体因其优秀的物理性质(比热容,导电率,稳定的化学性质,较大的相对分子质量等)有利于辅助LIBS测量,增强光谱信号,提高检测下限,在激光诱导击穿光谱测量中的应用愈发频繁。因此,在详细调研了惰性气体于LIBS测量过程中的应用基础上,解析了其对光谱信号的影响因素,如很低的化学活性有效降低了空气中其他气体(氧气,氮气等)对光谱信号的吸收湮灭、较大的原子体积限制了等离子体向外扩张,使得单位体积内的温度大幅度上升、丰富的核外电子使产生的等离子体中自由电子大幅度上升,提高了电子密度、亚稳态的存在促使惰性气体对待测样品的延迟激发,辅助激发某些较轻元素并大幅度增加等离子体寿命、能量传递更能特定增强某些特殊能级的发射谱线,获得更高的增强因子、还分析了氡气通过衰变对发射谱线的影响,惰性气体的发射谱线也可用于计算样品的等离子体温度和电子密度等,对LIBS的辅助测量有重要影响。列举了亚稳态在LIBS测量中的应用和惰性气体在不同测量对象中对谱线信号的增强因子。分析比较了不同惰性气体在信号增强,烧蚀质量,时间演化方面的差异,结果表明,氦气相比其他惰性气体较为特殊,归结于其特殊的物理性质和核外结构,而其他气体随着周期数的增加,信号增强因子逐渐增加而烧蚀质量却逐渐减小,等离子的时间演化也逐渐变长,为LIBS测量中选择合适的惰性气体提供理论支持和参考。

一种曲柄连杆式惯容器的力学性能与隔震性能研究

基于惯容器(inerter)的耗能装置近年来受到结构减隔振(震)领域学者的极大关注。该文研究了一种新型惯容器——曲柄连杆式惯容器(CTI)。CTI由曲柄、连杆、齿轮箱和飞轮组成,具有表观质量可调和位移兼容性强等优点。提出了CTI装置与隔震支座在桥梁抗震中的联合布置形式。推导得到了CTI的表观质量解析表达式,及其线性近似条件。对CTI样机开展了不同表观质量及不同工作姿态下的力学性能试验。以一座典型的三跨变截面连续梁桥为例,采用数值方法研究了CTI在桥梁抗震中的参数设计方法并验证了其可靠性。研究结果表明:CTI可简化为线性惯容器的条件为最大变形应小于曲柄长度的0.312倍,连杆长度应大于曲柄长度的1.803倍。力学性能试验得到的表观质量与理论结果基本一致,通过改变曲柄长度可实现表观质量的精确调节,在线性工作范围内连杆工作姿态对表观质量影响不大。将CTI与隔震支座组合使用可在保证不发生落梁的情况下适度放大主墩顶处隔震支座的变形,提高其耗能效果,从而降低桥梁下部结构的地震响应。

调谐负刚度-惯容质量阻尼器参数优化与地震响应控制

提出一种调谐负刚度-惯容质量阻尼器(TNIMD),用于地震作用下的结构减震控制。通过拉格朗日方程得到结构TNIMD耦合系统运动方程,采用定点理论进行TNIMD参数优化设计,讨论最优负刚度系数的取值,开展参数分析和减震效果验证。参数分析研究表明:TNIMD对主结构位移响应的控制优于无负刚度元件下的调谐惯容质量阻尼器(VTMDI),且质量比及惯容比越小,TNIMD相对优势越大。减震分析结果表明:在远场、近场脉冲及近场无脉冲地震作用下,TNIMD对主结构位移及绝对加速度响应的控制效果均优于VTMDI,验证了TNIMD减震的优越性,为TNIMD研究提供参考。

不同土地利用方式对土壤惰性碳的影响

【目的】研究不同土地利用方式对草地土壤惰性碳的影响,对于客观认识草地在减少大气CO_(2)排放中的作用,制定草地碳增汇策略,合理利用草地资源具有重要意义。【方法】在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统研究站3种不同利用方式土地(冬季自由放牧—冬牧、围封禁牧—禁牧、开垦播种燕麦—燕麦),采用梅花形5点采样法采集野外样品,结合室内酸水解等分析方法,对0~30 cm土层的土壤总有机碳和惰性碳进行分层研究。【结果】1)0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量以冬牧最高(95.15 g/kg),禁牧次之(70.56 g/kg),开垦播种燕麦最小(54.44 g/kg)。冬牧土壤惰性碳含量比禁牧高27.77%,冬牧比燕麦高32.54%。2)与冬牧相比,禁牧16年土壤0~10 cm土层有机碳下降了25.84%,开垦30年0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳下降了42.79%。禁牧16年土壤0~30 cm土层有机碳下降了10.89%,开垦30年0~30 cm土层土壤有机碳下降了9.48%。0~30 cm土层惰性碳平均含量冬牧比禁牧高22.67%,冬牧比燕麦高3.60%;与开垦相比,禁牧使惰性碳降低了19.78%。3)不同土地利用方式土壤理化性质与土壤碳库组成存在显著相关,土壤理化性质的改变是引起不同草地类型土壤碳库组成变化的重要原因。【结论】禁牧后土壤惰性碳含量降低的幅度大于开垦,冬牧有利于土壤惰性碳的积累;健康草地禁牧之后降低了土壤惰性碳的含量,减弱了土壤有机碳的稳定性。不同土地利用方式主要通过影响土壤理化性质及养分含量影响土壤有机碳和惰性碳含量。因此,通过改善放牧管理,可以维持或进一步增加有机碳存储以及土壤有机碳的稳定性,健康草地禁牧不利于土壤有机碳的积累。

惰性浆性能优化及固结时变规律试验研究

针对富水粉细砂地层中由于惰性浆凝结时间长,早期强度低等引起的地层沉降及管片上浮控制难题,开展水泥改性惰性浆配制及固结试验研究,结果表明:随水泥掺量从0增加到40 kg/m^(3),浆体凝结时间从24 h缩短到14 h,3 d强度从35 kPa提高到180 kPa,显著缩短浆体凝结时间,提高早期强度,但同时降低了浆体流动性。另外,在不掺加水泥时,聚羧酸减水剂对惰性浆性能影响不大,而在掺加水泥后,聚羧酸减水剂能提高浆体流动性能,延缓凝结时间,提高强度。水泥掺量从0增加到30 kg/m^(3),浆体渗透系数降低,进而降低固结排水速率,延长孔隙水压力消散时间,减小固结排水量,使固结轴向应变减小。在同一水泥掺量下,增大固结压力提升了固结排水量,使浆体水胶比降低,无侧限抗压强度提高。