Literature Review on Network Design Problems in Closed Loop and Reverse Supply Chains

The productivity of an organization is very much affected by non-value adding activity like logistics, which moves the resources from suppliers to factory, raw materials/semi-finished items within the factory and finished goods from factory to customers via a designated distribution channel called as forward logistics. In some cases, parts of the products such as automobiles, computers, cameras, mobile phones, washing machines, refrigerators, garments, footwear and empty glass bottles of beverages, etc. will be brought back to the factories as a product recovery strategy through reverse logistics network which is integrated in a sustainable closed loop supply chain network. So, it is highly essential to optimize the movement of the items in the reverse logistics network. This paper gives a comprehensive review of literature of the design of networks for the reverse logistics as well as for the reverse logistics coupled with forward logistics. The contributions of the researchers are classified into nine categories based on the methods used to design the logistics network.

A Review on Strategic, Tactical and Operational Decision Planning in Reverse Logistics of Green Supply Chain Network Design

The environmental impact has been a critical issue in supply chain network research. Handling it efficiently will help the firm reduce pollution and save cost. In order to improve the environmental effect on this supply chain network, recovery activity becomes a significant part in the reverse logistics network, due to complexity and heterogeneity. In a reverse logistics network, there are many decision problems to be taken into consideration such as facility location, capacity allocation, production planning and vehicle routing. Each of these problems can be categorized into three types of decision planning: strategic, tactical or operational, based on the time planning horizon. In this paper, we review the literature of supply chain network in an effort to achieve green through implementing reverse logistic practices, and classify the defined problems by the group of decision planning. In general, most of the literatures are focused on the strategic and tactical decision planning, only a few are operational-based. The objective of this paper is to analyze the decision planning being done in this area of research and provide future insights on how to design the reverse logistics network with different decision planning which will reflect the real life scenario.

Remanufacturing closed-loop supply chain network design based on genetic particle swarm optimization algorithm

As the huge computation and easily trapped local optimum in remanufacturing closed-loop supply chain network (RCSCN) design considered, a genetic particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed. The total cost of closed-loop supply chain was selected as fitness function, and a unique and tidy coding mode was adopted in the proposed algorithm. Then, some mutation and crossover operators were introduced to achieve discrete optimization of RCSCN structure. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can gain global optimal solution with good convergent performance and rapidity. The computing speed is only 22.16 s, which is shorter than those of the other optimization algorithms.

EP-based Optimization of Strategic Safety Stocks in Reverse Logistics Systems

A new heuristic strategic safety stock optimization is proposed based on evolutionary programming(EP) algorithm for reverse logistics supply chain systems. The supply chain is described with a network and the modeling complexity of external as well as internal product returns and reuses of supply chains is considered with. It is assumed that customer demands for final products are uncertain. Products are randomly returned from external customers to stock points. The optimization model is established and three different cases with different structures are used to show the strength of the algorithm.

Designing a Reverse Logistics Network Model for Waste Batteries

The logistics industry plays an important role in circular economy.Therefore,not only economic benefits,but also environmental protection factors have to be considered in reverse logistics.This paper uses the multi-objective 0-1 mixed integer programming to establish a reverse logistics network optimization model for waste batteries.The objective function is to minimize both,logistics costs and carbon dioxide emissions.The model considers the basic settings of reverse logistics(including recycling nodes,manufacturing,and processing nodes)and the material flow between different settings.In solving the model,Lingo 14.0 is used in this paper.An actual case of a waste battery reverse logistics enterprise verifies the effectiveness of the model in this paper.The results show that the application of this model can effectively improve the operating efficiency of waste battery reverse logistics enterprises.

资金约束下双渠道逆向供应链零售商的定价与融资决策

针对由制造商和资金约束零售商组成的双渠道逆向供应链,研究银行贷款和股权融资下零售商的定价与融资决策。首先,构建两种融资决策下的Stackelberg模型,求解并分析制造商和零售商的最优决策和利润;然后,分析不同情形下零售商的定价与融资决策。研究发现:银行贷款利率和持股比例分别对零售商回收价格具有非线性负向和正向的影响,对零售商回收数量的影响则相反。在两种融资情形下,零售商回收价格和融资决策应综合考虑银行贷款和持股比例。

碳中和视角下奖惩机制对逆向供应链碳减排与回收价格的影响

近年来,促进废弃电器电子产品回收行业健康发展,减少碳排放助力实现碳中和目标受到各界的重点关注。本文针对制造商、电商平台、第三方回收商等多个主体构成的逆向回收供应链,探讨碳限额政策与政府补贴奖惩机制并行下对逆向供应链废弃电器电子产品的回收量、回收价格、碳排放量、碳减排努力的影响,构建四种不同回收模式利润模型,得到不同回收模式下的最优回收价格和减排率,分析碳限额、消费者回收渠道偏好、拆解成本、碳交易价格、产品再制造比率对回收价格和碳排放量的影响。结果表明:消费者渠道偏好会影响回收价格和制造商碳减排率;针对污染型产品,政府应采取高的碳价格对制造商进行惩罚;此外政府政策是把双刃剑,政府补贴既可以提高企业碳减排率,同时也增加了逆向供应链总的碳排放量,且政府补贴对双渠道回收模式有更明显的减排作用。

数字经济背景下商贸流通企业的新零售转型路径研究

为了解决商贸流通企业在数字经济时代的发展困境并探析有效的新零售转型路径,从新零售的商业本质与技术特质入手,综合运用马克思主义政治经济学和西方经济学的相关理论进行逻辑分析,从数字经济对新零售的赋能和新零售对数字经济的反哺两个方面阐述了新零售与数字经济的耦合性关系,解析新零售转型的制约因素与困难,探索数字经济背景下商贸流通企业的新零售转型路径。研究发现,基于数字经济与新零售的高度耦合性,数字经济背景下的新零售商业借助数字技术介入商品内分工,通过根本改变供需对接模式而实现供需全链路的实时匹配,即能解决当前传统商贸流通企业的经营难题,又为提高商品流通效率、提振国民消费经济、建设现代流通系统提供了有力支撑。研究表明,身处数字经济时代的商贸流通企业应尽快转变旧有认知和商业逻辑,促成数字技术与商业信息的正循环,从以“货”为核心向以“人”为主轴转变;实际运营层面关注新零售的人才培育与梯队建设,革新组织架构,形成整套的数字化管理模式;同时注重自我职能开发与角色转变,在国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局中发挥更大的经济与社会价值,在更高层次实现新零售的全面转型升级。

基于闭环供应链管理下的逆向物流回收网络优化研究

随着环境保护意识、资源回收可持续发展的思想不断深入人心,越来越多的企业开始重视资源的回收利用。一些企业出于自身品牌形象、市场竞争力、经济利益及政策法规等多方面的考虑,逐步开始构建废弃物品的回收网络。文章通过研究闭环供应链下逆向物流回收网络,对供应链的各个节点进行分析,尝试着构建一个逆向物流回收网络体系。通过这样一个体系,来保证产品能通过逆向物流网络再次回到物流网络中,从而实现环境保护及资源的循环利用。

销售端回收的包装尺寸与产品线决策研究

本文通过构建逆向供应链中制造商主导零售商跟随的Stackelberg博弈模型,研究了零售商回收包装废弃物模式下,制造商如何决定产品包装尺寸和产品线选择的问题。首先,制造商做出产品包装尺寸、批发价格以及产品线的决策;其次,零售商从制造商购买产品后决定产品的零售价格和产品包装的回收率;最后,零售商回收的产品包装废弃物回到制造商。研究结果表明:当包装回收难度系数较低时,制造商应同时提供大小包装的产品;当包装回收难度系数不低时,仅提供小包装的产品是最优决策。当包装回收难度系数处于中间水平时,制造商会选择推出小包装的产品,小包装产品的回收率反而小于大包装产品的回收率,同时提供大小两种包装的产品时的回收率最低。有意思的是,单位回收价格的增加会导致零售商和制造商利润都增加,补贴价格的增加则导致两者的利润降低。

Pricing and production strategies in remanufacturing from the perspectives of supply chain: Review and future directions

Remanufacturing is widely recognized as beneficial to the environment and a circular economy. However, remanufacturing is more complex than traditional manufacturing due to the effects of government policy, uncertainty of consumer preferences, competition and cooperation among firms, and so on. These factors motivate academics to optimize remanufacturing outcomes, especially for product pricing and production. This study reviews the published literature on pricing and production strategies in remanufacturing from four perspectives of supply chain, namely, government policy, consumer characteristics, relationships among firms, and supply chain structures. Review results can benefit scholars/practitioners in the future by highlighting the challenges and opportunities in remanufacturing strategies.

Managing economic and social profit of cooperative models in three-echelon reverse supply chain for waste electrical and electronic equipment

In addition to maximizing economic benefits, reverse supply chains should further seek to maximize social benefits by increasing the quantity of waste electrical and electronic equipment （WEEE）. The paper investigates cooperative models with different parties in a three-echelon reverse supply chain for WEEE consisting of a single collector, a single remanufacturer, and two retailers based on complete information. In acldition, the optimal decisions of four cooperative models and the effect of the market demand of remanufactured WEEE products and the market share of two retailers on the optimal decisions are discussed. The results indicate that optimal total channel profit and recycle quantity in a reverse supply chain are maximized in a centralized model. The optimal total channel profit and recycle quantity increase with an increase in the market demand of remanufactured WEEE products. The three-echelon reverse supply chain consisting of duopolistic retailers maximizes total channel profit and recycle quantity in a reverse supply chain fbr WEEE.

Warranty and Preventive Maintenance Analysis for Sustainable Reverse Supply Chains

In addition to being environmentally friendly,remanufactured products are popular with consumers because they offer the latest technology at a lower price,in comparison to brand new products.However,some consumers hesitate to buy remanufactured products because they are skeptical about their quality.Thus,they are unsure of the extent to which the product will render services when compared to a new product.A promotional marketing strategy employed by remanufacturers is to offer warranties for these products.To that end,this study scrutinizes the impact of offering non-renewing warranties on remanufactured products.Specifically,in this paper,a methodology is suggested,which simultaneously minimizes the cost incurred by the remanufacturers and maximizes consumer confidence toward buying remanufactured products.This study uses a discrete-event simulation to optimize the implementation of a two-dimensional non-renewing warranty policy for remanufactured products.The implementation is illustrated using a specific product recovery system called the Advanced Remanufacturing-To-Order system.The experiments in the study were designed using Taguchi’s Orthogonal Arrays to represent the entire domain of the recovery system to observe system behavior under various experimental conditions.

Study on Participant Behavior Game of Electronic Products Reverse Supply Chain Based on ECP

In this paper, a game model composed of three subjects — government, manufacturer and consumer has been built by using Evolutionary Game Theory on the basis of analyzing the trilateral game strategy of waste mobile reverse supply chain based on ECP; an evolutionary equilibrium model is to be sought for by utilizing the replication dynamic differential equation method; and the trilateral game strategy’s revolutionary trend and consistency have been analyzed by means of SD simulation method when government implements the static or dynamic reward and punishment strategy. The finding results reveal that, under the static reward and punishment strategy, the revolutionary process of trilateral game strategy is always unstable whether the initial behavior strategy is unitary or mixed.Therefore, it is more reasonable for the government to adopt the strategy of dynamic reward and punishment, and it is also stable and reciprocal for all the stakeholders when implementing this strategy.

工艺创新视角下动力电池逆向供应链的回收模式研究

再制造动力电池工艺创新背景下,研究动力电池逆向供应链的回收模式决策问题。分别构建动力电池生产商回收、新能源汽车制造商回收以及两者共同回收时的逆向供应链模型,分析不同回收模式对再制造动力电池工艺创新水平、回收量和利润等的影响,从而确定最佳的工艺创新水平和回收模式。研究表明:1) NEV (新能源汽车)制造商单独回收模式最不利于动力电池的回收和工艺创新,两者共同回收且PB (动力电池)生产商回收的废旧电池比重为0.67时,废旧电池回收量和工艺创新水平最高;2) PB生产商和NEV制造商的利润总是在对方负责回收时最低,而当PB生产商回收比重大于0.33时,两者均可在共同回收模式下实现利润最高;3)不论在哪种回收模式下,再制造动力电池工艺创新的投入成本系数和废旧电池回收难度越低,工艺创新水平对成本节约的影响程度越高时,废旧电池回收量、工艺创新水平以及逆向供应链的利润越高。

DEA Analysis of Reverse Logistics of Supply Chain Integration Project Choice

Logistics has a good relationship with the economic utility of supply chain and the sustainable development of environment. It has been the considerable link of supply chain research. This paper analyzes and appraises the effectivity of different supply chain integration projects and whether considers reverse logistics or not, by establishing DEA model of supply chain integration project that is on the basis of order and synthetically considered forward and reverse logistics, provides the growth efficiency model of input and output with preference supply chain integration project for the deci.qion.rn^le,~r

政府干预下的闭环供应链网络优化——以新能源汽车动力电池为例

当前,我国相关方面的政策开始逐渐表现出向新能源汽车关联行业倾斜的趋势,促进了该产业的产能和新能源汽车销量的不断提升。在可预知的未来阶段,由于动力电池性能老化、系统升级等多种因素的影响,新能源汽车的报废数量必然大幅度增加。在这样的宏观背景下,以新能源汽车动力电池为核心的闭环供应链网络建设、优化工作就显得尤为重要,而政府也必须在相关问题的解决过程中彰显出更重要的价值和更突出的作用。基于此,文章将结合过往的研究经验和对有关政策、著述的解读与分析,从政府干预的角度出发,通过文献查阅、案例分析等方法获取相关资讯,围绕政府干预下的闭环供应链网络优化进行分析并提出相应的见解和策略性建议,以资相关研究者参阅、分析。

WEEE处理商激励制造商环境自我规制的逆向供应链协调策略

针对报废的电子电器设备(WEEE)环境污染严重、拆解成本高、效率低的问题,考虑制造商和处理商均进行环境自我规制,探讨处理商向环境自我规制产生溢出效应的制造商提供成本分担契约的逆向供应链决策、协调及实施策略。研究发现,处理商如果无视制造商的环境自我规制成本改善溢出,其“敲竹杠”行为将影响制造商的规制努力以及双方的长期合作和污染减排。考虑制造商环境自我规制成本改善溢出的研究发现,再制造零部件批发价格契约无法实现逆向供应链成员利润的Pareto改进;一定条件下的成本分担契约可以双双提升制造商与处理商利润,减少单位WEEE的污染排放量;制造商并不希望处理商分担更高的规制成本,可以通过Nash均衡讨价还价控制成本分担比例。不同于再制造零部件批发价格契约,在集中决策或成本分担契约下,溢出效应增加时处理商的规制努力水平也在提高。

考虑碳税和碳减排专利的逆向供应链碳减排策略及协调

构建由原制造商主导和第三方回收商负责再制造的逆向供应链模型,通过斯塔克伯格博弈理论分析碳税、再制造商规模效应和碳减排专利在分散和集中决策下对该逆向供应链成员最优决策的影响,并利用MATLAB进行数值仿真。研究表明:分散和集中决策下,碳税和再制造商规模效应均可促进供应链碳减排;分散决策下,碳税可以降低碳减排专利使用价格、增加再制造商产量,但未达到最优碳减排效果;当消费者对再制造品的偏好水平大于再制造过程的碳排放率时,集中决策下各成员共同研发、使用碳减排专利,供应链产量增加且倾向于销售再制造品,利润提高,碳减排效果提升。因此,可通过设计契约,合理分配供应链利润,使供应链总利润增加、碳减排效果提升,实现供应链的协调。

基于不确定优化模型的滞销农产品逆向供应链网络分析与构建

文章基于农产品供应链网络的内涵价值,围绕以不确定优化数学模型构建滞销农产品逆向供应链网络为中心,建立了同时考虑网络总成本最小化和碳排放量最小化的多目标混合整数非线性规划模型,并借助三角模糊数、Lingo等工具优化了网络中设施的数量、位置和流量。研究表明:通过分析农产品滞销率在0.15~0.20范围内以及模糊参数增减10%的情况可知,模糊参数的变动会影响滞销农产品逆向供应链网络的经济效益,但设施选址方案是一致的,证明了模型的稳健性。此外,文章系统梳理农产品供应链网络研究现状、不确定优化模型刻画情况的意义在于,一方面为构建数学模型打实理论基础,另一方面为滞销农产品网络的构建研究提供了重要参考。