In vitro Plant Regeneration of Pepper Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) Lines via Cotyledon Culture

An in vitro shoot regeneration procedure was developed in pepper （ Capsicum annuum L. ） cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） lines 9704A and 8214A using cotyledon as explant. The callus and bud cluster derived from cotyledon tissue explants were proliferated on Murashige and Skoog （MS） medium supplemented with different combinations of 6-benzladenine （6-BA）, indole-3-acetic acid （IAA）, gibberellic acid （GA3） and silver nitrate （AgNO3）. From the formula of MS appended with 5.0 mg/L 6-BA, 1.0 mg/L IAA and 5.0 mg/L AgNO3, for the explants callus and bud cluster, the maximum differentiation rates （ respectively 100.0% and 58.3% ） and average number of adventitious bud from each explant （respectively 18.8 and 13.2） were obtained. The optimum medium combination for the elongation of adventitious bud was determined to be： MS ＋ 3.0 mg/L 6-BA ＋ 1.0 mg/L IAA ＋ 5.0 mg/L AgNO3 ＋ 2.0 mg/L GA3, from which the elongation rates of buds from callus and bud cluster were both 100%, and the average number of per explant adventitious bud number reached 6.3 and 5.8, respectively. And all the elongated shoots were successfully rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.3-0.5 mg/L IAA.

Breeding and Utilization of Japonicalinous CMS Line Chunjiang 19A with Wide Compatibility and High Outcrossing Rate

[Objective] To breed and utilize the japonicalinous cytoplasmic male sterile （CMS） line Chunjiang 19A with wide compatibility and high outcrossing rate. [Method] Cbunjiang 16A was used as the female parent to cross with Indica-Japonica crossing material B125, which was used as male parent. Backcross breeding was contin- ued for consecutive generations to breed the CMS lines with wide compatibility and high outcrossing rate. [Result] Chunjiang 19A is a late medium Japonica CMS line with good fertility stability. The proportion of sterile plants and pollen abortion rates are 100% and the Cheng＇s index is 14. It is the japonicalinous CMS line with early flowering, partial stigma exsertion, high outcrossing rate, wide compatibility, high re- sistance to stripe disease and good combining ability. The hybrid rice combinations originated from Chunjiang 19A have strong tUlering ability, dominant heterosis, high resistance to stripe disease, great yield potential and good color change at mature stage. [Conclusion] The successful breeding of Chunjiang 19A laid good foundation for the breeding of Japonica hybrid rice and Indica-Japonica hybrid rice combinations with high seed production and dominant heterosis, showing a promising application prospect.

Breeding of High-quality Soft-grain Indica CMS Line Longfeng A

Longfeng A, derived from the cross of Bo A/（Zhenshan 97B/Bo B F1//Bo B/Gui 2 F1）, is a new high-quality indica CMS line with soft-grain characteristics in cooking rice. The CMS line is characterized by good agronomic traits, complete pol en sterility, stale fertility, favorable outcrossing habits, high combining ability and good grain quality. It was technical y identified by Guangxi Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in June, 2013.

Breeding and Application of WA-type Indica CMS Line Ningxian 2A in Rice

Ningxian 2A is a new Indica CMS line with WA type sterile cytoplasm in rice. It was developed from the testcross between WA type indica CMS line Jin 23A and the single plant selected from the F_4 population of the cross Wuxiang 2B×Jin 23B followed by successive backcross over years. In September, 2014, it was technically identified by Jiangsu Provincial Crop Variety Appraisal Committee. Ningxian 2A has the characteristics of complete pollen sterility, high outcrossing rate, good plant type, high combining ability and good grain quality. Among its hybrids, Ningxian you 8（ Ningxian 2A×R08） was registered and released for commercial production in Jiangsu Province in May, 2015.

Study on Photosynthetic Characteristics of a Rice CMS Line Renong 1A with Yellow-green Revertible Leaves

[Objective] Understanding the photosynthetic characteristics of the rice CMS line Renong 1A with leaf color markers can promote its utilization in breeding. [Method] The wild type （WT） of rice spontaneous mutant with virescent-yellow leaves that was the male parent of Renong 1A was selected as the control, and the contents of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic parameters, light-response curve and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters of Renong 1A were measured at the tillering stage. [Result] New leaves of Renong 1A yellowed obviously in the early period. Chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and values of parameters Pdt, F/Fm Fv＇/Fm＇,φPSII, and ETR of Renong 1A were all significantly lower than those of the control. However, there was no difference between Renong 1A and the control in terms of photosynthetic rate of leaves turning green. [Conclusion] The photosynthetic capacity of new leaves of Renong 1A decreased at the early stage due to the reduction of chlorophyll content, and then it became normal at the later stage with the increase of chlorophyll content.

Analysis of Heterosis, Combining Ability and Heritability of Cadmium Content in Brown Rice of Three-line Indica Hybrid Rice

Five cytoplasmic male sterile （CMS） lines were used as parents in an incomplete diallet cross and six restorer lines of rice design （Nc II design）. Thirty hybrid combinations with the same growth period were selected as experimental ma- terials to investigate the heterosis, combined ability and heredity of Cd content in brown rice of indica hybrid rice. According to the results, Cd content in brown rice showed a significantly negative heterosis; the general combining ability and specific combination ability of Cd content in CMS and restorer lines both reached extremely significant level （P〈0.01）, indicating that both genetic improvement of parents and e- valuation of combinations are important to the breeding of hybrid combinations with low accumulation of Cd; the broad-sense heritabitity and narrow-sense heritability of Cd content were both relatively high with slight differences, which respectively reached 97.73% and 80.10%, indicating that Cd content in brown rice mainly de- pends on the additive action of genes; in addition, parent improvement showed bet- ter effect on the selection of early generation.

Breeding of Indica Rice CMS Line Renong 1A with Virescent-yellow Leaf

Renong 1Ais a new indica CMS line with leaf color marker, developed by testcrossing and continuous backcrossing, using a spontaneous mutant with vires-cent-yel ow leaf isolated from the progenies of T98B /Jin 23B ×Yixiang 1B as the male parent, and Fengyuan A as the female parent. Al the chlorotic leaves of Renong 1A turn green in later developmental stages from leaf tip to base. This is the reason why Renong 1A is a new ideal leaf color marker material in indica rice. It shows apparent and stable leaf marker trait, good agronomic traits, high outcross-ing rate, complete pol en sterility, fine grain quality and high combining ability. Renong 1A has already been technical y identified and certified by Hainan Provincial Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in 2013.

Breeding and Application of Japonica CMS Line Yangfujing 7A with Fine Grain Quality, Disease Resistance and High Combining Ability in Rice

Yangfujing 7A, derived from the cross between Xu 9201A and Yangfujing 7 and its successive backcrosses, is a BT-type japonica CMS line developed by the Agricultural Institute of Riparian Region of Jiangsu Province. It shows good integrat- ed characteristics, stable male sterility, good flowering habits, high out crossing rate, strong disease resistance, fine grain quality （reaching the 1st class of national standards for fine quality rice） and high combining ability. In 2012, it was technically identified in Jiangsu Province. Its F1 hybrid combination Tongyoujingl （Yangfujing 7 A/R98）, showing high yield and good grain quality, was registered and released to commercial production by Jiangsu Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in 2013.

Breeding of High Quality Indica CMS Line Xinlong A

Xinlong A was a high quality indica CMS line developed with early rice intermediate material 05Zao20(Zhouyou 903/Zhong9B F6)as female parent and IR58025B/Q96 F4 as male parent,Jin23A was then used as female parent for test crossing with BC,and backcrossed and bred with complete fertility and abortion lines.The male sterile line had the characteristics of good agronomic characters,strong combining ability,good resistance,high yield and good quality which reaches gradeⅡstandard of national high quality rice.It showed broad prospects and was technically identified in Jiangxi Province in 2017.

Genetic Improvement and Biological Characteristic Analysis of Dwarf Abortive TypeJaponicaCMS Lines with Wide Compatibility

From the view of methodology for genetic improvement ofJaponicacytoplasmic male sterile(CMS) lines,we introduced the breeding process of the dwarf-abortive type(DA type)JaponicaCMS line Chunjiang 95A with wide compatibility,and further investigated the biological characteristics of the DA type Chunjiang 95A and its isonuclear alloplasmic CMS line Dian-I type Chunjiang 95A.The results show that DA type Chunjiang 95A is a japonicalinous CMS line and mainly typical abortive,which is better in fertility stability than stained abortive typeJaponica CMS lines.The DA type Chunjiang 95A is featured with high stigma exsertion,good flowering habit,high outcrossing rate and wide compatibility.Its recoverability differs from stained abortive typeJaponicaCMS lines.Moreover,we discussed genetic improvement of the typical abortive type JaponicaCMS lines and the application prospects of heterosis.

Analysis on the Breeding and Major Traits of Wide-adaptability Indica CMS Line Yungu 3A

Breeding sterile lines is the key to the development of hybrid rice with wide adaptability. However, at present, few wide-adaptability sterile lines have been applied in production practice. In this study, Yungu 3A, a new WA-type Indica CMS line with good grain quality, was developed by hybridization between Yunfeng 66A with wide adaptability as female parent and F1 plants of Yunfeng 66B/D62B as male parent and continuous backcrossing. According to the results, the finally obtained lndica CMS line Yungu 3A has good plant type and leaf shape, strong tillering ability, excellent flowering habit, stable and complete male sterility with the sterile plant rate and pollen sterility rate of 100%, strong combining ability, high outcrossing rate, low sensitivity to light and temperature, and strong disease resistance, which was approved by Yunnan Provincial Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in 2013. Yungu 3A is conducive to the development of new hybrid rice combinations with good quality and wide adaptability, exhibiting a promising prospect of application.

Breeding and Application of Quality Indica CMS Line Taonong 1A in Rice

Taonong 1 A, developed from the cross of Jin 23A/（644B /Yixiang B） F2 and its successive backcrosses over years, is an indica CMS line in rice. It is characteristic of good agronomic characters, restorability, fine grain quality and high multiplication and hybrid seed yield. In 2012, its F1 hybrid combination Taoyou Xi- angzhan （Taonong 1A/Huanghuazhan） was evaluated as a 2nd class fine quality rice variety in Hunan Province. Both Taonong 1A and Taoyou Xiangzhan were regis- tered for release to commercial production by Hunan Provincial Crop Variety Ap- praisal Committee in 2015.

甘蓝型双低油菜细胞质雄性不育系宁A7的选育研究Ⅰ.MICMS双低不育系宁A7的回交选育

以农艺性状优良、配合力高、具部分恢复基因的品系为轮回亲本 ,与MICMS双低不育系“宁A6”回交 ,定向选育具有轮回亲本优良性状和原不育系不育性的新不育系 ,经 3个轮回世代的回交、自交和测交 ,育成MICMS胞质不育系“宁A7”和保持系“宁B7”。宁A7不育系株型紧凑 ,不育性彻底 ,双低品质稳定 ,经济性状得到进一步改良。

普通小麦D^2型CMS系的育性基因及其遗传特性

通过研究普通小麦D2 型CMS -育性恢复体系中育性基因的种类及其遗传特性 ,结果表明 :(1)D2 型不育系具有较好的不育性保持与恢复特征 ,在一般的普通小麦品种 (系 )中具有广泛的恢复 (基因 )源、可恢复度高 (恢复度超过 5 0 %的品种或品系占到 33.6 1% ) ,也能较容易地转育出新的不育系 (完全保持不育性的品种或品系占到2 5 .2 1% ) ,这一特征明显优于现有T、K、V型等不育系。 (2 )D2 型不育系的不育性受核内不育基因和抑制基因控制 ,相应的核基因型分为A1(不育基因 )、A2 (不育基因 +抑制基因 )两类 ;恢复系的恢复性受核内主效恢复基因、微效恢复基因和抑制基因控制 ,相应的核基因型分为C1(主效恢复基因 )、C2 (主效恢复基因 +微效恢复基因 )、C3(微效恢复基因 )、C4 (主效恢复基因 +抑制基因 )、C5 (主效恢复基因 +微效恢复基因 +抑制基因 )、C6 (微效恢复基因 +抑制基因 ) 6种。环境条件的变化对育性基因、尤其是微效恢复基因和抑制基因的遗传效应有不同程度的影响。D2型不育系有效杂交组合的基本模型为 :A1+C1、A1+C2、A2 +C2。 (3)D2 型不育系等位恢复基因的遗传表现为不完全显性 ,非等位恢复基因的遗传表现出累加效应 ,这正是强恢复系选育的理论依据之一。

普通小麦D^2型CMS系恢复基因的遗传分析

在育性基因遗传特征研究的基础上 ,通过测交筛选出遗 4 0 6 0、M80 0 3、6D/ 6R、GR1、96 0 789、保 76 9 2 2 6等几个高恢复系 ,F2 代、F1BC1代的遗传分析结果和等位性测验、F1代自交可育株的连续选择结果证明这些恢复系的育性恢复受两对独立遗传的主效基因控制 ,同时存在剂量不等的微效基因 ,建议将这两对主效恢复基因定名为D2 Rf1、D2 Rf1、D2 Rf2 D2 Rf2 。恢复系的选育应以模式C2 (主效恢复基因 +微效恢复基因 )

应用玉米线粒体S类质粒对几种CMS的胞质进行分类

抽提AN朝(正常胞质),AN朝CMS-T,AN朝CMS-S,AN朝CMS-C四种同核异质的玉米自交系及不育系材料的线粒体DNA作电泳分析,证实了S_1,S_2类质粒为S型细胞质所特有。并以此作为S型细胞质的分类指标,鉴定了齐,石大黄,小黄,大黄等几种未知胞质类型的待测CMS系为S型细胞质。

水稻CMS和TGMS近等基因系的构建及其配合力评价

以温敏核不育系培矮64S和6311S为母本和轮回亲本,与保持系新协黄B杂交,采用回交-测交的方法,排除恢复基因和温敏核不育基因,首次育成了温敏核雄性不育系的质核互作型雄性不育近等基因系培矮64A和6311A。并配组了一套4个不育系×6个恢复系的不完全双列杂交组合。研究了温敏核不育系和质核互作型雄性不育近等基因系培矮64S和培矮64A及6311S和6311A的育性、形态特征和一般配合力的差异。结果表明,在遗传背景相同的前提下,不育期的温敏核不育系与其相应的质核互作型雄性不育系除花粉特征、柱头大小和异交结实率有一定差异外,其他农艺经济性状均表现一致。近等基因系培矮64S和培矮64A与6311S和6311A产量及其他农艺性状的一般配合力存在显著差异,但是培矮64S和培矮64A、6311S和6311A的产量及其他农艺性状的一般配合力没有显著差异,说明水稻杂种优势的高低与两系三系法没有必然的联系。

低温弱光胁迫对辣椒CMS三系幼苗光合特性与叶绿素含量的影响

本试验以CMS三系辣椒幼苗为材料,研究了低温弱光胁迫及恢复阶段对辣椒幼苗光合指标和叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:随着低温弱光胁迫程度和时间的增加,功能叶片Pn、Gs下降,Ci上升,不同处理不同材料间存在较大差异。说明光合作用的降低主要以非气孔限制为主。对照条件下恢复6天后,Pn与Gs未恢复到原来水平,10℃/5℃处理下的辣椒幼苗恢复更为缓慢。低温弱光处理10天后叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素(a+b)含量及叶绿素(a/b)均降低,叶绿素a下降明显,叶绿素b的变化较小,叶绿素a、b不呈现单一的变化趋势。恢复系的各项指标优于其它材料。

新质源CMS-FA杂交稻系统的亲本资源筛选

用新质源雄性不育系金农1A(CMS-FA)作母本,分别与来自10个国家和国内13个省份的220个水稻品种组配成杂交种,考察F1代的花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率。在F1代中,当这3项育性指标均≤10%时,显示父本品种具有雄性不育保持能力,因而将其划分为保持系资源;当3项育性指标均≥80%时,显示父本品种具有雄性不育恢复能力,将其划分为恢复系资源;此外的其他父本品种,即3项育性指标中任何一项指标>10%或<80%,既不能作为保持系,也不能作为恢复系,被划分为非杂交稻亲本资源。在220个水稻品种中,可作为金农1A保持系的有122个,占55.5%;未发现恢复系亲本;非杂交稻亲本品种有98个,占44.5%。CMS-FA型的杂交稻亲本资源利用率为55.5%。对照野败型不育系珍汕97A(CMS-WA)的保持系亲本品种有44个,占20.0%;恢复系亲本品种42个,占19.1%;非杂交稻亲本品种134个,占60.9%。CMS-WA型的杂交稻亲本资源利用率为39.1%。CMS-FA系统比CMS-WA系统的亲本稻种资源利用率高16.4个百分点,尤其是保持系资源利用率高35.5个百分点(近1.8倍)。国外品种的育性普遍低于国内品种。

水稻CMS-WA育性对播栽温度敏感性分析

[目的]本文旨在分析播栽温度对水稻野败型细胞质雄性不育性(wild abortive type cytoplasmic male sterility,CMS-WA)的影响,为不育系选育、提纯、繁殖和制种提供理论依据。[方法]设置16.8、21.2、24.5、27.3、30.1℃5个播栽温度,在自然温度梯度压力下,选择3个不同微效恢复基因数量的野败型(wild abortion type,WA)不育系珍汕97A、龙特浦A和京福1A,以嵌合颖花率和黑染花粉率为指标进行对比研究,应用回归模型和主效可加互作可乘模型(additive main effects and multiplicative interaction,AMMI),分析不育系花粉育性的变化动态。[结果]随着播栽期的推迟,不育系播始历期缩短,生育进程加快,有效积温总体呈先升后降趋势,表现感温性。播栽温度在20.1~30.1℃时能提高不育系黑染花粉率和嵌合颖花率,呈正效应。随着播栽温度的上升,3个不育系的黑染花粉率和嵌合颖花率总体上均表现上升趋势,龙特浦A响应极显著,京福1A和珍汕97A表现不显著。珍汕97A花粉育性平均值较低,黑染花粉率和嵌合颖花率分别为1.398%和5.628%,其基因型互作效应主成分轴(interaction principal component axis,ICPA1)值分别为-1.632和-1.512,表明其不育性稳定,花粉育性对播栽温度敏感度低;龙特浦A和京福1A花粉育性平均值较高,二者的黑染花粉率分别为9.836%和7.580%,嵌合颖花率分别为14.788%和11.810%,黑染花粉率基因型IPCA1数值分别为1.114和0.518,嵌合颖花率基因型IPCA1数值分别为0.133和1.379,表明其不育性较不稳定,花粉育性对播栽温度变化相对敏感。[结论]根据温度对不育系育性影响的变化规律,对于温度敏感型的不育系,宜采取早繁早制的措施,保证种子纯度。在不育系选育和遗传提纯上,应在微效恢复基因高效表达的温度条件下进行,可及早剔除不合格单株或株系,以获得不育性较稳定后代。