Delay Effect on Coherent Transfer of Optical Frequency Based on a Triple-Pass Scheme

We demonstrate a triple-pass scheme for coherent transfer of optical frequency and the delay effect on the fiber phase noise compensation. It is theoretically proved that the delay effect consists of both fiber delay and servo delay. The delay effect confines the servo bandwidth within 1/8 and induces a residual fiber phase noise after noise compensation. For a 25-km-long fiber, the servo bandwidth is found to be around 1 k Hz, and the fiber phase noise is suppressed approaching to the theoretical limitation. The triple-pass scheme enables the simultaneous transfer of optical frequency to multiple remote users. The performance of noise compensator in the triple-pass scheme can achieve a similar level result compared with that in the double-pass scheme.

Eco-environmental benefit assessment of China's South-North Water Transfer Scheme——the middle route project

This paper assess the eco-environmental benefits that may come from the middle route project of China's South-North Water Transfer Scheme(SNWT) with principles and methods of eco-economics and planning reports of SNWT's middle route project. Some benefits were calculated in monetary units. To make sure that the results can be comparable with normal monetary indices, concrete assessment objects and the parameters are prudently selected according to the major characteristics of the project and its water import region. Primary assessment revealed that in different project construction stages, the benefit could be more than 13 07 billion RMB Yuan in 2010 and 19 79 billion RMB Yuan in 2030, respectively. The monetary value tends to increase with social-economic development. To realize these potential benefits, however, calls for more endeavors.

Estimating minimum ecological water required of the western route first stage project of China＇s south-to-north water transfer scheme for water exporting rivers

It is well known that there is abundant water resources in basin of the Yangtze River, the first largest river in China, which is mainly located in Southern China. However, water resources is very scarce in the basin of the Yellow River, which is mainly located in Northern China. So the western route project of south-north water transfer scheme （WRP-SNWTS） aims to transfer water from the Yangtze River to the Yellow River. The area of WRP-SNWT, located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the main areas of Sichuan and the marginal areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has sufficient water resources but fragile ecology and environment. Therefore, it is necessary for WRP-SNWT to analyze the ecology water required. Based on the planning principles of from low elevation to high elevation, from small to large, from short to long and from easy to difficulty, the WRP-SNWT will be constructed through three stage projects. The western route first stage project of the south-north water transfer scheme （WRFST-SNWTS） is planned to transfer 4×10^9m^3/a from six tributaries of the Yalong river and from Dadu river to Jiaqu of Yellow River.. Daqu river and Niqu river are the branches of Xianshui river. Sequ river, Duke river, Make river and Ake river are the branches of Dadu river, which account for 65-70% of the total river run-off. It need more research and the rest run-off can satisfy channel ecology water required. According to analysis ecological water required which mainly satisfy for aquicolous biology in water-exporting region, such as low air temperature. Fish and aquicolous biology main living from May to August, and rivers are iced up from December to March of next year, ecology water required mainly for fish and aquicolous biology. The flow criterion of Tennant method is modified. The ecology water required of WRFSP-SNWTS is estimated by the flow data of Zhuwo gauging station, Zhuba gauging station, Chuosijia gauging station and Zumuzu gauging station. The result show that the ecology water required calculated by modified Tennant less 1 l percent than that of Tennant. This estimating result can supply more water resources for transferring to Yellow River. Meanwhile, this can supply gist for research transferring water of WRFSP-SNWTS.

A Practical Regular LDPC Coded Scheme for Physical-Layer Information Security

In this paper,we aim to design a practical low complexity low-density parity-check(LDPC)coded scheme to build a secure open channel and protect information from eavesdropping.To this end,we first propose a punctured LDPC coded scheme,where the information bits in a codeword are punctured and only the parity check bits are transmitted to the receiver.We further propose a notion of check node type distribution and derive multi-edge type extrinsic information transfer functions to estimate the security performance,instead of the well-known weak metric bit error rate.We optimize the check node type distribution in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)gap and modify the progressive edge growth algorithm to design finite-length codes.Numerical results show that our proposed scheme can achieve a lower computational complexity and a smaller security gap,compared to the existing scrambling and puncturing schemes.

A multi-objective decision-making method for the treatment scheme of landslide hazard

The treatment engineering of landslide hazard is a complicated systemengineering. The selecting treatment scheme is influenced by many factors such as technology,economics, environment, and risk. The decision-making of treatment schemes of landslide hazard is aproblem of comprehensive judgment with multi-hierarchy and multi-objective. The traditional analysishierarchy process needs identity test. The traditional analysis hierarchy process is improved bymeans of optimal transfer matrix here. An improved hierarchy decision-making model for the treatmentof landslide hazard is set up. The judgment matrix obtained by the method can naturally meet therequirement of identity, so the identity test is not necessary. At last, the method is applied tothe treatment decision-making of the dangerous rock mass at the Slate Mountain, and its applicationis discussed in detail.

Investigation of nonlinear temperature distribution in biological tissues by using bioheat transfer equation of Pennes’ type

In this paper, a two level finite difference scheme of Crank-Nicholson type is constructed and used to numerically investigate nonlinear temperature distribution in biological tissues described by bioheat transfer equation of Pennes’ type. For the equation under consideration, the thermal conductivity is either depth-dependent or tem-perature-dependent, while blood perfusion is temperature-dependent. In both cases of depth- dependent and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, it is shown that blood perfusion decreases the temperature of the living tissue. Our numerical simulations show that neither the localization nor the magnitude of peak tempera-ture is affected by surface temperature;however, the width of peak temperature increases with surface temperature.

Heat transfer intensification in hydromagnetic and radiative 3D unsteady flow regimes: A comparative theoretical investigation for aluminum and γ-aluminum oxides nanoparticles

This article investigates the colloidal study for water and ethylene glycol based nanofluids.The effects of Lorentz forces and thermal radiation are considered.The process of non-dimensionalities of governing equations is carried out successfully by means of similarity variables.Then,the resultant nonlinear nature of flow model is treated numerically via Runge-Kutta scheme.The characteristics of various pertinent flow parameters on the velocity,temperature,streamlines and isotherms are discussed graphically.It is inspected that the Lorentz forces favors the rotational velocity and rotational parameter opposes it.Intensification in the nanofluids temperature is observed for volumetric fraction and thermal radiation parameter and dominating trend is noted for γ-aluminum nanofluid.Furthermore,for higher rotational parameter,reverse flow is investigated.To provoke the validity of the present work,comparison between current and literature results is presented which shows an excellent agreement.It is examined that rotation favors the velocity of the fluid and more radiative fluid enhances the fluid temperature.Moreover,it is inspected that upturns in volumetric fraction improves the thermal and electrical conductivities.

Transfer Path Contribution to Floor Vibration of Metro Vehicles Based on Operational Transfer Path Analysis Method

Operational transfer path analysis(OTPA)is an advanced vibration and noise transfer path identification and contribution evaluation method.However,the application of OTPA to rail transit vehicles considers only the excitation amplitude and ignores the influence of the excitation phase.This study considers the influence of the excitation amplitude and phase,and analyzes the contribution of the secondary suspension path to the floor vibration when the metro vehicle runs at 60 km/h,using an analysis based on the OTPA method.The results show that the vertical direction of the anti-rolling torsion bar area provides the maximum contribution to the floor vibration,with a contribution of 22.1%,followed by the longitudinal vibration of the air spring area,with a contribution of 17.1%.Based on the contribution analysis,a transfer path optimization scheme is proposed,which may provide a reference for the optimization of the transfer path of metro vehicles in the future.

Price Analysis of Water Supply for South-to-North Water Transfer Project

The factors influencing the water supply price of a hydraulic project include natural conditions and economic policies. This paper thoroughly demonstrates the water price of South-to-North Water Transfer Project from the viewpoint of economic policies. It is considered that if the project is assigned as a profitable one and built depending on commercial loan from bank completely or mostly, the water price will be too high to be undertaken by users,and if the project places the public good at first while considering the economic benefit, its investment mainly relies on the state (national or local governments) appropriation and self-raised funds and a little from the bank loan on favorable terms, the price determined according to the principle of satisfying the cost and reasonable profit will be relatively lower and can be undertaken by the users in the North China where water shortage is serious. The problem of higher water price of agricultural irrigation to the north of the Yellow River can be tackled by taking measures such as "compensating agriculture by industry" according to foreign practical experiences and relevant suggestions.

Prediction of Better Flow Control Parameters in MHD Flows Using a High Accuracy Finite Difference Scheme

We have successfully attempted to solve the equations of full-MHD model within the framework of Ψ- ωformulation with an objective to evaluate the performance of a new higher order scheme to predict better values of control parameters of the flow. In particular for MHD flows, magnetic field and electrical conductivity are the control parameters. In this work, the results from our efficient high order accurate scheme are compared with the results of second order method and significant discrepancies are noted in separation length, drag coefficient and mean Nusselt number. The governing Navier-Stokes equation is fully nonlinear due to its coupling with Maxwell’s equations. The momentum equation has several highly nonlinear body-force terms due to full-MHD model in cylindrical polar system. Our high accuracy results predict that a relatively lower magnetic field is sufficient to achieve full suppression of boundary layer and this is a favorable result for practical applications. The present computational scheme predicts that a drag-coefficient minimum can be achieved when β=0.4 which is much lower when compared to the value β=1 as given by second order method. For a special value of β=0.65, it is found that the heat transfer rate is independent of electrical conductivity of the fluid. From the numerical values of physical quantities, we establish that the order of accuracy of the computed numerical results is fourth order accurate by using the method of divided differences.

Modeling of unsteady MHD free convection flow with radiative heat transfer in a rotating fluid

In this paper, a numerical simulation has been carried out on unsteady hydromagnetic free convection near a moving infinite flat plate in a rotating medium. The temperatures involved are assumed to be very high so that the radiative heat transfer is significant, which renders the problem highly non-linear even with the assumption of a differential approximation for the radiative heat flux. A numerical method based on the Nakamura scheme has been employed to obtain the temperature and velocity distributions which are depicted graphically. The effects of the different parameters entering into the problem have been discussed extensively.

S型异质结光催化剂ZnFe_(2)O_(4)/WO_(3)的构筑及光催化还原CO_(2)性能

通过在WO_(3)纳米片表面负载ZnFe_(2)O_(4)纳米颗粒,构建了一系列S型异质结光催化剂ZnFe_(2)O_(4)/WO_(3),并研究了其光催化CO_(2)还原性能。在没有助催化剂和牺牲剂的条件下,所制备的ZnFe_(2)O_(4)/WO_(3)复合材料可对CO_(2)与水蒸汽进行光催化反应。优化后的材料光照5 h后CO_(2)还原产物CO和CH_(4)的产量分别为7.87和4.88μmol·g^(-1)。相对于单相组分,CO和CH_(4)的产量明显提高。光催化活性的提高,归因于ZnFe_(2)O_(4)和WO_(3)异质结的形成以及光生载流子的S型电荷传输模式。

危重患者转运优化方案及其效果研究

患者转运是医疗体系中一项重要任务,涉及患者的安全和医疗质量。随着医疗技术的进步和患者需求的增加,患者转运的需求呈上升趋势。转运过程中存在诸多风险因素,可能对患者造成不利影响。因此,综述危重患者转运方案既往研究,分析当前研究现状,探讨未来研究方向,临床意义重大。

What role do emission trading schemes,energy innovation,and technology transfer play in sustainable recovery?A perspective from BRICS economies

To ensure long-run sustainability,it is imperative to achieve the goal of zero-carbon emissions without compromising economic growth.Identifying whether BRICS economies,which are an attractive set of countries due to their rapid economic growth and high emissions,can shift towards sustainability with the support of policy measures,is a question which needs to be addressed.This article investigates the impact of emission trading schemes,energy innovation,technology transfer,population growth,and inflation on the economic performance of BRICS economies(2001-2020).The outcomes of the CS-ARDL and PMG estimators reveal that carbon taxes,carbon finance,energy innovation,technology transfer,population growth,and inflation have positive effects on economic performance.In light of the evidence,policy insights are recommended to achieve a win-win situation for economic and environmental performance.

基于DeepInsight和迁移学习的入侵检测技术

针对入侵检测研究中,入侵检测训练样本较少、样本不平衡等问题,本文提出一种基于DeepInsight和迁移学习的入侵检测方法 DI–TL–CNN (DeepInsight–transfer learning–convolutional neural network,DI–TL–CNN).分析采用DeepInsight方法将入侵数据转换为适合CNN模型输入的图像数据集的过程;研究基于VGG16模型的训练方法,并进一步利用迁移学习开展目标域入侵检测的过程.通过冻结和微调CNN模型中不同模块参数,比较研究了6种迁移方案,并基于数据集实验研究,获得优化方案.采用以UNSW-NB15为基础的不平衡数据集作为方法验证对象,进行网络的入侵检测分析,验证本文提出的DI–TL–CNN方法的正确性;进一步实验比较研究本文提出的方法与其他方法的检测性能,实验结果表明,DI–TL–CNN方法更加适用于样本较小和不平衡数据情况下的入侵检测,其准确率和召回率等性能指标均优于其他检测方法,具有良好的应用前景.

双聚合物Cd_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)/Zn_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)S型异质结增强光催化产氢性能

利用光催化剂将太阳能转化为化学能,以应对当今社会所面临的环境污染和能源挑战,是一种极具发展潜力的策略.因此,研发高效光催化剂成为当务之急.在众多光催化剂中,金属硫化物受到广泛关注.其中,CdS因其出色的产氢性能而被视为一种具有前景的光催化剂,并备受关注.然而,CdS易发生光腐蚀,导致S2‒阴离子容易被产生的空穴氧化,从而影响了其光化学稳定性,限制了其应用.为解决上述问题,本课题组尝试用(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(3)‒代替S2‒合成了不易受光腐蚀且相对稳定的聚合物Cd_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)(CdTMT),CdTMT是一种对可见光有良好响应的大分子配位聚合物,在光催化制氢方面表现出较好的催化性能.本文以八面体CdTMT为基底,通过生长棒状Zn_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)(ZnTMT),利用简便的一步原位水热法制备了不同比例的CdTMT/ZnTMT S型异质结光催化剂.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜以及透射电镜对样品的晶体结构、微观形貌以及组成元素进行了表征,并利用X射线光电子能谱、开尔文探针力显微镜和电子顺磁共振等技术对复合材料的电子传输行为进行了详细分析.结果表明,在黑暗状态下,电子由CdTMT转移到ZnTMT,当光照时电子由ZnTMT转移到CdTMT,证实了CdTMT/ZnTMT S型异质结的成功构建.同时,拉曼光谱证明了三嗪环的存在.此外,考察了纯样品和复合材料的光催化析氢性能.结果表明,在光照下S型CdTMT/ZnTMT异质结的光催化析氢效率相较于单一催化剂ZnTMT与CdTMT有显著提升,最高达到45.24 mmol·g^(‒1)·h^(‒1),分别是ZnTMT和CdTMT的215.43倍和1.76倍.CdTMT/ZnTMT S型异质结的内建电场、能带弯曲和库仑力以及π共轭轨道之间存在协同作用,不仅保留了CdTMT导带上电子与ZnTMT价带上空穴的强氧化还原能力,而且通过重新配置氧化还原活性较低的光生电子和空穴,实现了更高的电子-空穴分离效率,从而增强了复合材料的光催化活性.上述结果与表征和密度泛函理论计算结果一致.鉴于聚合物体系在自然环境中的无序性,研究聚合物的电子传递机制仍具有一定的挑战性.本文通过成功构建双聚合物S型异质结,在显著优化光催化剂性能的同时,也为设计聚合物电子转移机制和优化聚合物光催化剂性能提供了新思路.

S型CeO_(2)/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)微球异质结的理性设计及其高效光催化CO_(2)还原

人工半导体光催化CO_(2)转化被广泛认为是模拟自然碳循环的最有前途的策略之一。其中,Bi_(2)MoO_(6)具有光催化CO_(2)转化的潜力。然而,由于其光生电荷载体的快速复合,其催化性能仍然不足。因此,改善Bi_(2)MoO_(6)的催化效率是一个紧迫的问题。在这项研究中,我们通过水热法合成了Bi_(2)MoO_(6)纳米片,并在其表面同时生长了CeO_(2)纳米颗粒,形成了Ce^(3+)/Ce^(4+)离子桥接修饰的S型异质结。时间分辨光致发光光谱和光电化学测试揭示了这种异质结的增强电荷分离效应。此外,原位X射线光电子能谱分析和理论计算进一步证实,光生电子转移路径遵循S型机制,从氧化型半导体Bi_(2)MoO_(6)的导带转移到还原型半导体CeO_(2)的价带。实验结果表明,CeO_(2)/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)、Bi_(2)MoO_(6)和CeO_(2)的光催化CO_(2)还原为CO的效率分别为65.3、14.8和1.2μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)。与纯Bi_(2)MoO_(6)相比,CeO_(2)/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)复合催化剂将CO_(2)光催化还原为CO的催化效率提高了3.12倍。这项工作为设计和构建新型S型异质结光催化剂提供了独特的见解。

一种应用于卫星中红外遥感的辐射传输简化计算方案

作为可见光-近红外和热红外的连接谱段,中红外(MIR)兼具短波辐射的反射特性和长波辐射的发射特性,对于温度探测、目标识别等应用场景有十分重要的意义。目前,MIR谱段辐射传输(RT)计算仍然面临背景参数输入多且不易获取的问题。基于此,提出了一种应用于卫星MIR遥感的RT简化计算方案。使用MODTRAN模型(MM),对MIR白天RT过程中所涉及的背景地表和大气参数定量模拟分析,得到影响RT的关键参数,据此形成一套基于MM的参数简化方案(SS)。在MODIS 6个MIR通道的中心波长处,对SS和MM计算的总辐亮度做对比验证,RMSE均小于0.004399,具有较高精度。SS仅依赖于表面温度、表面发射率、大气廓线类型、水汽和云光学厚度,不需要输入气溶胶、CO_(2)和O_(3)数据。相比MM,SS将输入参数从8类降低到5类,计算的时间效率提升了9.02%。在有限的计算资源下,本文所提的SS能够为MIR图像快速处理、大场景遥感仿真等应用领域提供支撑。

Need for operational simplicity and timely disbursal of benefits—a qualitative exploration of the implementation of a direct benefit transfer scheme for persons with tuberculosis in India

Background Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana(NPY)is a direct benefit transfer scheme of the Government of India introduced in 2018 to support the additional nutritional requirements of persons with TB(PwTB).Our recent nationwide evaluation of implementation and utilization of NPY using programmatic data of PwTB from nine randomly selected Indian states,reported a 70%coverage and high median delay in benefit credit.We undertook a qualitative study between January and July 2023,to understand the detailed implementation process of NPY and explore the enablers and barriers to effective implementation and utilization of the NPY scheme.Methods We followed a grounded theory approach to inductively develop theoretical explanations for social phenomena through data generated from multiple sources.We conducted 36 in-depth interviews of national,district and field-level staff of the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme(NTEP)and NPY beneficiaries from 30 districts across nine states of India,selected using theoretical sampling.An analytical framework developed through inductive coding of a set of six interviews,guided the coding of the subsequent interviews.Categories and themes emerged through constant comparison and the data collection continued until theoretical saturation.Results Stakeholders perceived NPY as a beneficial initiative.Strong political commitment from the state administration,mainstreaming of NTEP work with the district public healthcare delivery system,availability of good geographic and internet connectivity and state-specific grievance redressal mechanisms and innovations were identified as enablers of implementation.However,the complex,multi-level benefit approval process,difficulties in accessing banking services,perceived inadequacy of benefits and overworked human resources in the NTEP were identified as barriers to implementation and utilization.Conclusion The optimal utilization of NPY is enabled by strong political commitment and challenged by its lengthy implementation process and delayed disbursal of benefits.We recommend greater operational simplicity in NPY implementation,integrating NTEP activities with the public health system to reduce the burden on the program staff,and revising the benefit amount more equitably.

“南水北调”西线调水方案初步设计探讨

在前人“南水北调”西线调水方案、区域水文资料和地质资料基础上,提出“南水北调”西线调水方案与发电方案相结合的“西西调水并发电”方案。方案将整个工程分为3个阶段:怒江—塔里木盆地南缘线隧洞分工程;尼洋河折巴村—塔里木盆地南缘车尔臣河东侧隧洞分工程;雅鲁藏布江达古—柴达木盆地、河西走廊隧洞调水分工程。此方案的实施可为我国西北荒漠总计调水686亿m^(3)/年,可为满足西北大农业区水源及能源需求提供足够的电能,实现局部突破“胡焕庸线”的目标。