Effects of optical axis direction on optical path difference and lateral displacement of Savart polariscope

A simple method is applied to calculating the optical path difference （OPD） of a plane parallel uniaxial plate with an arbitrary optical axis direction. Then, the theoretical expressions of the OPD and lateral displacement （LD） of Savart polariscope under non-ideal conditions are obtained exactly. The variations of OPD and LD are simulated, and some important conclusions are obtained when the optical axis directions have an identical tolerance of ／pm 1^{{／circ}}. An application example is given that the tolerances of optical axis directions are gained according to the spectral resolution tolerances of the stationary polarization interference imaging spectrometer （SPIIS）. Several approximate formulae are obtained for explaining some conclusions above. The work provides a theoretical guidance for the optic design, crystal processing, installation and debugging, data analysis and spectral reconstruction of the SPIIS.

Difference scattering field properties between periodic defect particles and three-dimensional slightly rough optical surface

Based on the practical situation of nondestructive examination, the calculation model of the composite scattering is established by using a three-dimensional half-space finite difference time domain, and the Monte Carlo method is used to solve the problem of the optical surface with roughness in the proposed scheme. Moreover, the defect particles are observed as periodic particles for a more complex situation. In order to obtain the scattering contribution of defects inside the optical surface, a difference radar cross section is added into the model to analyze the selected calculations on the effects of numbers, separation distances, different depths and different materials of defects. The effects of different incident angles are also discussed. The numerical results are analyzed in detail to demonstrate the best position to find the defects in the optical surface by detecting in steps of a fixed degree for the incident angle.

Full-vectorial analysis of optical waveguides by the finite difference method based on polynomial interpolation

Based on the polynomial interpolation, a new finite difference （FD） method in solving the full-vectorial guidedmodes for step-index optical waveguides is proposed. The discontinuities of the normal components of the electric field across abrupt dielectric interfaces are considered in the absence of the limitations of scalar and semivectorial approximation, and the present PD scheme can be applied to both uniform and non-uniform mesh grids. The modal propagation constants and field distributions for buried rectangular waveguides and optical rib waveguides are presented. The hybrid nature of the vectorial modes is demonstrated and the singular behaviours of the minor field components in the corners are observed. Moreover, solutions are in good agreement with those published early, which tests the validity of the present approach.

Laboratory demonstration of geopotential measurement using transportable optical clocks

We report an experimental demonstration of geopotential difference measurement using a pair of transportable ^(40)Ca^(+) optical clocks(TOC-729-1 and TOC-729-3)in the laboratory,each of them has an uncertainty of 1.3×10^(−17) and an instability of 4.8×10^(−15)/√τ.Referenced to a stationary clock of TOC-729-1,the geopotential difference measurements are realized by moving TOC-729-3 to three different locations and the relevant altitude differences are measured with uncertainties at the level of 20 cm.After correcting the systematic shifts(including gravitational red shift),the two-clock frequency difference is measured to be–0.7(2.2)×10^(−17),considering both the statistic(1.0×10^(−17))and the systematic(1.9×10^(−17))uncertainties.The frequency difference between these two clocks is within their respective uncertainties,verifying the reliability of transportable ^(40)Ca^(+) optical clocks at the low level of 10^(−17).

Tunable Optical Filters Based on Different Configurations with Cholesteric Liquid Crystals

Optical filters with different configurations based on cholesteric liquid crystals （CLCs） are designed. The central wavelength from CLCs can be tuned by the electric field or temperature. For the electric field tuning, the ITO is designed with circular patterns, which can make the tunable range 18 nm. For the temperature tuning, two-layer- CLC configurations are used. The experimental results indicate that a deepened or broadened bandgap from the CLC can be achieved by different handedness or concentrations of chiral dopants. The spectrum study is carried out.

The optical nonreciprocal response based on a four-mode optomechanical system

We propose a scheme for realizing the optical nonreciprocal response based a four-mode optomechanical system,consisting of two charged mechanical modes and two linearly coupled optical modes. Two charged mechanical modes are coupled by Coulomb interaction, and two optical modes are coupled to one of mechanical modes by radiation pressure. We numerically evaluate the transmission probability of the probe field to obtain the optimum optical nonreciprocal response parameters. Also, we show that the optical nonreciprocal response is caused by the quantum interference between the optomechanical couplings and the linearly coupled interaction that breaks the time-reversal symmetry.

Gender difference in the neuroprotective effect of rat bone marrow mesenchymal cells against hypoxiainduced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can reduce retinal ganglion cell death and effectively prevent vision loss. Previously, we found that during differentiation, female rhesus monkey bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells acquire a higher neurogenic potential compared with male rhesus monkey bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. This suggests that female bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have a stronger neuroprotective effect than male bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Here, we first isolated and cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from female and male rats by density gradient centrifugation. Retinal tissue from newborn rats was prepared by enzymatic digestion to obtain primary retinal ganglion cells. Using the transwell system, retinal ganglion cells were co-cultured with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under hypoxia. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity assay. We found a marked increase in apoptotic rate and caspase-3 activity of retinal ganglion cells after 24 hours of hypoxia compared with normoxia. Moreover, apoptotic rate and caspase-3 activity of retinal ganglion cells significantly decreased with both female and male bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell co-culture under hypoxia compared with culture alone, with more significant effects from female bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Our results indicate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exert a neuroprotective effect against hypoxia-induced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells, and also that female cells have greater neuroprotective ability compared with male cells.

Full-vectorial finite-difference beam propagation method based on the modified alternating direction implicit method

A modified alternating direction implicit algorithm is proposed to solve the full-vectorial finite-difference beam propagation method formulation based on H fields. The cross-coupling terms are neglected in the first sub-step, but evaluated and doubly used in the second sub-step. The order of two sub-steps is reversed for each transverse magnetic field component so that the cross-coupling terms are always expressed in implicit form, thus the calculation is very efficient and stable. Moreover, an improved six-point finite-difference scheme with high accuracy independent of specific structures of waveguide is also constructed to approximate the cross-coupling terms along the transverse directions. The imaginary-distance procedure is used to assess the validity and utility of the present method. The field patterns and the normalized propagation constants of the fundamental mode for a buried rectangular waveguide and a rib waveguide are presented. Solutions are in excellent agreement with the benchmark results from the modal transverse resonance method.

Universal form of the power spectrum of the aero-optical aberration caused by the supersonic turbulent boundary layer

Based on the measurement of one-dimensional （1D） optical path difference （OPD） of the supersonic turbulent bound- ary layer, an analytical form for the power spectrum of the two-dimensional （2D） OPD is obtained with its structure function and under the locally homogeneous isotropic assumption. The universality of this spectrum is argued, and its validity is checked by the comparison with experimental result. The potential applications of this model in theoretical and numerical studies are emphasized. Another contribution of this work is around the application of correlation function to analyzing the statistics of OPD. Based on our results and other results published elsewhere, we show that the OPD is often not stationary, and one should be cautious about using this tool.

Analysing the structure of the optical path length of a supersonic mixing layer by using wavelet methods

The nano-particle-based planar laser scattering （NPLS） technique is used to measure the density distribution in the supersonic mixing layer of the convective Mach number 0.12, and the optical path difference （OPL）, which is quite crucial for the study of aero-optics, is obtained by post processing. Based on the high spatiotemporal resolutions of the NPLS, the structure of the OPL is ana]ysed using wavelet methods. The coherent structures of the OPL are extracted using three methods, including the methods of thresholding the coefficients of the orthogonal wavelet transform and the wavelet packet transform, and preserving a number of wavelet packet coefficients with the largest amplitudes determined by the entropy dimension. Their performances are compared, and the method using the wavelet packet is the best. Based on the viewpoint of multifractals, we study the OPL by the wavelet transform maxima method （WTMM）, and the result indicates that its scaling behaviour is evident.

Design of supercontinuum generating photonic crystal fiber at 1.06, 1.31 and 1.55 µm wavelengths for medical imaging and optical transmission systems

We propose broad supercontinuum spectrum generating highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (HN-PCF) which can be used in ultrahigh- resolution optical coherence tomography and optical transmission systems. Using full vector finite difference method, we investigated the different properties of HN-PCF. Broadband su-percontinuum spectrum is numerically calculated by using nonlinear Schr?dinger equation. Investigation showed that it is possible to obtain longitudinal resolution in a biological tissue of 1.3 μm, 1.2 μm and 1.1 μm by using picosecond continuum light at center wavelengths of 1.06 μm, 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm, respectively.

Compact and tunable mid-infrared source based on a 2 μm dual-wavelength KTiOPO_4 intracavity optical parametric oscillator

Using a double resonant KTiOPO4 （KTP） intracavity optical parametric oscillator operating at degenerated point of 2 μm, we demonstrate a unique mid-infrared source based on difference frequency generation in GaSe crystal. The output tuning range is 8.42-19.52 μm, and a peak power of 834 W for type-Ⅰ phase matching scheme and 730 W for type-Ⅱ phase matching scheme are achieved. Experimental results show that this oscillator is a good alternative to the generator of a compact and tabletop mid-infrared radiation with a widely tunable range.

Parallel-Computing Wavelet-Based FDTD Method for Modeling Nanoscale Optical Resonator

An efficient wavelet-based finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)method is implemented for analyzing nanoscale optical devices,especially optical resonator.Because of its highly linear numerical dispersion properties the high-spatial-order FDTD achieves significant reduction in the number of cells,i.e.used memory,while analyzing a high-index dielectric ring resonator working as an add/drop multiplexer.The main novelty is that the wavelet-based FDTD model is extended in a parallel computation environment to solve physical problems with large dimensions.To demonstrate the efficiency of the parallelized FDTD model,a mirrored cavity is analyzed.The analysis shows that the proposed model reduces computation time and memory cost,and the parallel computation result matches the theoretical model.

Optimization of the idler wavelength tunable cascaded optical parametric oscillator based on chirp-assisted aperiodically poled lithium niobate crystal

We present the numerical results for the optimization of the pump-to-idler conversion efficiencies of nanosecond idler wavelength tunable cascaded optical parametric oscillators （OPO） in different wavelength tuning ranges, where the primary signals from the OPO process are recycled to enhance the pump-to-idler conversion efficiencies via the simultaneous dif- ference frequency generation （DFG） process by monolithic aperiodically poled, magnesium oxide doped lithium niobate （APMgLN） crystals. The APMgLN crystals are designed with different chirp parameters for the DFG process to broaden their thermal acceptance bandwidths to different extents. The idler wavelength tuning of the cascaded OPO is realized by changing the temperature of the designed APMgLN crystal and the cascaded oscillation is achieved in a single pump pass singly resonant linear cavity. The pump-to-idler conversion efficiencies with respect to the pump pulse duration and ratio of OPO coefficient to DFG coefficient are calculated by numerically solving the coupled wave equations. The optimal work- ing conditions of the tunable cascaded OPOs pumped by pulses with energies of 350 p_J and 700 ~J are compared to obtain the general rules of optimization. It is concluded that the optimization becomes the interplay between the ratio of OPO coefficient to DFG coefficient and the pump pulse duration when the idler wavelength tuning range and the pump pulse energy are fixed. Besides, higher pump pulse energy is beneficial for reaching higher optimal pump-to-idler conversion efficiency as long as the APMgLN crystal is optimized according to this pump condition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first numerical analysis of idler wavelength tunable cascaded OPOs based on chirp-assisted APMgLN crystals.

A novel optical beam splitter based on photonic crystal with hybrid lattices

A novel optical beam splitter constructed on the basis of photonic crystal（PC） with hybrid lattices is proposed in this paper.The band gap of square-lattice PC is so designed that the incident light is divided into several branch beams.Triangular-lattice graded-index PCs are combined for focusing each branch.Computational calculations are carried out on the basis of finite-different time-domain algorithm to prove the feasibility of our design.The waveguide is unnecessary in the design.Thus the device has functions of both splitting and focusing beams.Size of the divided beam at site of full-width at half-maximum is of the order of λ/2.The designed splitter has the advantages that it has a small volume and can be integrated by conventional semiconductor manufacturing process

基于双折射晶体透镜的自干涉全息成像系统

该文介绍了采用α–BBO双折射晶体透镜进行分光和光程差补偿方法,以及使用偏振相机进行单次采集的自干涉全息成像方法。该方法不需要使用额外器件补偿共轴干涉光路的光程差,适用于非相干白光照明情况下日常物体的全息图采集与图像重建。该文推导了再现距离与放大率等重要参数,并在此基础上,搭建了单发成像系统,还进行了实验验证。实验通过单次曝光采集了LED灯组的四幅不同偏振态全息图,并用四步相移法得到复振幅全息图,最后通过图像重建算法反演计算获得准确的再现图像。实验验证了基于α–BBO双折射晶体透镜的单次曝光自干涉全息成像方法的三维成像能力。

全光通信网络非线性突变频率干扰检测算法

【目的】针对全光通信网络非线性突变频率干扰问题进行分析时,主要依托于估计信道协方差直接展开干扰检测,并未展开网络通信信号变换处理,使得检测结果的F1⁃score值较低,为此提出了基于时域有限差分的全光通信网络非线性突变频率干扰检测算法。【方法】结合数据包抓包和镜像两种方式采集全光通信网络流量数据,并进行清理、转换和规约处理。依托于时域有限差分工作原理,在时域和频域空间内描述信号的时宽和带宽,应用导数与傅里叶变换算法对实时采集信号进行处理,利用变换后的信号分析非线性突变频率干扰情况,再针对变换后的信号进行检测分析。在时间⁃频率联合特征分析方法辅助下,提取干扰信号的时域、频域特征,依托于反向传播算法和最小化损失函数,简化非线性突变频率干扰检测过程,采用特征距离函数替换网络损失函数,并将其输入基于孪生网络的干扰识别模型中,得出非线性突变频率干扰检测结果。【结果】在不同噪声条件下,所提算法非线性突变频率干扰检测结果的F1⁃score值保持在0.95以上,检测时间低于40 ms。【结论】应用时域有限差分方法的新型检测方法,能够更准确地反映当前通信网络的干扰情况,保证通信网络正常运行,更好地满足了全光通信网络干扰检测要求。

面向电力管廊外破监测的分布式光纤传感技术研究

电力管廊是城市里重要的基础设施,对其结构和状态进行监测及评估备受关注。本文针对电力管廊外力破坏监测的问题,提出一种基于衰减补偿的光时域差分曲线方差阈值定位振动事件的方案,并通过实验论证了其定位外破事件的准确性。该方案基于相敏型光时域反射系统架构,根据管廊外破事件引起的光纤振动导致光时域反射曲线在该事件位置处混乱度急剧增加的现象,对不同测量序列得到的光时域反射曲线作差,然后对光纤各位置对应的差值向量数据求方差,设定方差阈值定位外破事件。同时,考虑到光纤衰减导致方差阈值随距离增加而降低的问题,采用衰减补偿算法使光纤上任意散射位置对应相同的脉冲功率水平,从而修正光纤衰减对方差阈值的影响。实验搭建了分布式光纤振动传感系统,采用脉宽为30 ns、峰值功率为30 dBm的光脉冲,在约25 km的光纤范围,获得±3 m的定位精度。电力管廊外力破坏事件,具有低频、大扰动、持续长的特点,所提出系统方案通过曲线平均抑制瑞利散射衰落噪声,结合光纤衰减补偿校正散射信号幅值,从而将振动事件引起的光信号相位变化作为探测曲线波动的主导因素,以确保对外力破坏事件不漏报、不误报。

直光纤及螺旋缠绕光纤三维地震响应机制

分布式光纤(DAS)测量轴向应变或应变率,其中直光纤接收的是单分量信号,对垂直于光纤入射的波的响应不敏感,螺旋缠绕光纤可接收多分量信号,可以解决上述响应不敏感问题。首先,分析了直光纤及缠绕角分别为35.3°、54.7°的螺旋缠绕光纤的P波、SV及SH波的理论轴向应变率响应;其次,利用三维弹性有限差分模拟了轴向应变率响应;然后,在地表、水平井、竖直井布设DAS,利用均匀模型、双层模型及西南页岩气模型模拟直光纤、缠绕角分别为35.3°、54.7°的螺旋缠绕光纤的地震响应,并将DAS轴向应变率响应与常规检波器的速度z分量、压力分量对比。结果表明:①直光纤接收单分量信息,在垂直于光纤方向接收的波的响应较弱,而螺旋缠绕光纤接收多分量信息,因此在垂直于光纤方向接收的波的响应较强;②缠绕角为35.3°的螺旋缠绕光纤地震记录中无S波响应,其波形与常规检波器压力分量相似,在成像中可以利用声波方程成像。

人工老化对不同品牌超透氧化锆光学特性的影响

目的探究多种常用超透氧化锆陶瓷在人工老化前后半透性和颜色的改变,为临床应用提供参考。方法分别将6种不同品牌(Wieland、3M ESPE、Amann Girrbach、Kuraray Noritake、爱尔创和贝施美)的超透氧化锆按照厂商产品说明进行切割及烧结,分别以ZNT、LVP、AG、KAT、UPC和BSM命名实验组,以义获嘉铸瓷作为对照组(PLT),制备成直径14 mm、厚度1 mm的试件(n=6),置于立式压力蒸汽灭菌器中,在134℃、0.2 MPa的标准环境下分别对各组试件进行4、8、12 h三个时段人工老化处理。采用CIE1976Lab色度系统,用电脑比色仪测量各组试件人工老化前及人工老化4、8、12 h后的CIE L^(*)、a^(*)、b^(*)值,并计算半透明度(TP)及色差(ΔE)。结果老化前各组的TP值从大到小分别为PLT>KAT>AG>ZNT>BSM>UPC>LVP。老化4 h及8 h后,所有实验组的TP值和老化前相比差异均无统计学意义;老化12 h后,KAT组和ZNT组的TP值与老化前相比差异无统计学意义,但AG组、BSM组、LVP组和UPC组的TP值与老化前相比出现了显著性降低(P<0.05)。对照组TP值在不同阶段均显著高于实验组(P<0.05),且不受老化影响。以ΔE=3.3为肉眼可见色差,老化4 h后所有组ΔE均小于3.3,老化8 h后仅有UPC组ΔE略大于3.3,老化12 h后BSM组和UPC组ΔE大于3.3。结论各品牌超透氧化锆在不同老化时间后,半透性和色差可能会有改变,部分氧化锆材料随着老化时间的增加半透性呈下降趋势,色差呈上升趋势。