Mechanical Stress Analysis of a 600MW Supercritical Boiler Superheater Outlet Header

The mechanical stress distribution and the stress concentrations of the superheater outlet header of a 600MW supercritical boiler were analyzed by the finite element method. The results showed that the stress concentrated at the inside conjunction area between the pipe and the header cylinder , and the value of the maximum mechanical stress concentration factor is 2.51.

Corrosion Behavior of TP316L of Superheater in Biomass Boiler with Simulated Atmosphere and Deposit

Corrosion behavior of TP316L was investigated with simulated atmosphere and ash deposition for the superheater in biomass boiler.Corrosion dynamic curves were plotted by mass gain.The results showed that the corrosion was dependent on temperature and was greatly accelerated by ash deposition.The mass gain was distinctly reduced in the presence of SO2 with and without ash deposition on the specimens.Corrosion rates with ash deposit at different temperatures were calculated.Two feasible methods were provided to avoid serious high-temperature corrosion in the biomass boiler.

An Analysis of Operational Efficiency of Agricultural Insurance Agency:Based on Three-Stage DEA Model

From the perspective of agricultural insurance agency,this paper focuses on the study of operational efficiency of agricultural insurance agency,and analyzes the operational efficiency of agricultural insurance agency and its influencing factors,in order to improve the operational efficiency of agricultural insurance agency,better supply agricultural insurance and achieve the policy effect of agricultural insurance.The results of this paper are as follows:( i) Either comprehensive operational efficiency or scale efficiency of Chinese-funded agency is higher than that of foreign-funded agency,but its pure technical efficiency is lower than that of foreign-funded agency,indicating that the managerial decision ability of Chinese-funded agency is weaker than that of foreign-funded agency,and needs to be improved;( ii) The operational efficiency of professional agricultural insurance agency is higher than that of comprehensive agricultural insurance agency,and the agricultural insurance agency is greatly affected by environmental factors;( iii) The operating time of agricultural insurance agency is proportional to its operational efficiency;( iv) The quality of employees is positively correlated with the capital and cost input difference,but negatively correlated with the difference in the number of employees. Therefore,it is necessary to pay attention to the improvement of employees' working efficiency while laying emphasis on employees' quality.

Contribution to the Optimization of the Transient Stability of an Electric Power Transmission Network Using a Universal Power Flow Compensator Controlled by a Three-Stage Inverter

The use of an electrical network as close as possible to its limits can lead to its instability in the event of a high amplitude disturbance. The damping of system oscillations can be achieved by conventional means of voltage and speed regulation but also by FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices, which are increasingly used in power networks. In this work, optimal control coordination between a hybrid power flow controller and a three-level inverter was used to improve the transient stability of a transmission line. The UPFC is a combination of a serial compensator (SSSC) and a parallel compensator (STATCOM) both connected to a DC-LINK DC bus. The SSSC acts as a voltage source for the network and injects a voltage that can be adjusted in phase and amplitude in addition to the network voltage;the STATCOM acts as a current source. The approach used is tested in the Matlab Simulink environment on a single machine network. Optimal controller tuning gives a better transient stability improvement by reducing the transport angle oscillations from 248.17% to 9.85%.

Analysis of superheater＇s pipe wall overtempemture by fault tree diagnose

After research on a 2000t/h subcritical forced-circulation balanced ventilation were applied boilerand the structure and operation d its auxillary system builds up thls heat transfer model of a superheater's pipe wall and analyze the effect of primary factors on the overtemperature of the pipe wall. Fault tree structure was used to uncover the multiplayer logic between the overternpemture of the superheater' s pipe wall and the faults.

A Unique Orogenic System with Three-Stage Rapakivi Granites in the World：Proterozoic,Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Rapakivi Granites in the China Central Orogenic System

Objective Rapakivi granites,characterized by rapakivi texture,Atype granite feature and an anorogenic setting,commonly occur in the Proterozoic of the Northern Hemisphere（Fig.la）.Recently,more and more Phanerozoic rapakivi granite suites have been identified and some even occur in orogenic belts.Significantly,three-stage,Proterozoic.

A Comparative Study on the Land Use Efficiency of Three Urban Agglomerations-Based on the Three-Stage DEA Model

This paper uses a three-stage DEA model to measure the land use efficiency of the three major urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Delta,Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,and the Pearl River Delta from 2007 to 2018.The following conclusions are drawn through research:first,the urban land use efficiency of the three major urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Delta,Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,and the Pearl River Delta all showed a downward trend,with the rates of decline being 6.06%,2.86%,and 24.34%respectively.In particular,the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration had the largest decline.Second,the overall urban land use efficiency of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration is relatively high,and the amount of redundancy is relatively small.The rate of decline is significantly lower than the urban land use efficiency of the two major urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.The land use efficiency of the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations is in a state of continuous decline.Third,the proportion of cities with the effectiveness of returns to scale of urban land use efficiency in the three major urban agglomerations has decreased by 10.53%,10%,and 33.34%,respectively.The Pearl River Delta has the largest decline.Fourth,the land use efficiency of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration is quite different.The central-peripheral phenomenon is evident for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomerations and the Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations.

The Application of Radiation Shields for Thermal Control of Superheater Tubes in Boiler

Superheater tubes temperature control is a necessity for long lifetime, high efficiency and high load following capability in boiler. This study reports a new approach for the control strategy design of boilers with special shields. The presented control strategy is developed based on radiation thermal shields with low emissivity coefficient and high reflectivity or scattering coefficient. In order to simulate the combustion event in boiler and heat transfer to superheater tubes, an effective set of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes is used. Results indicate a successful identification of over- heated zones on platen superheater tubes and effect of radiation shields for solving this problem.

Effects of standardized three-stage rehabilitation combined with edaravone therapy on the neurotrophic state and oxidative stress injury in patients with cerebral infarction

Objective: To investigate the effects of standardized three-stage rehabilitation combined with edaravone therapy on the neurotrophic state and oxidative stress injury in patients with cerebral infarction. Methods: A total of 90 patients with acute cerebral infarction who were treated in the hospital between May 2015 and April 2017 were divided into control group (n=45) and observation group (n=45) by random number table. Control group received edaravone therapy, and observation group received standardized three-stage rehabilitation combined with edaravone therapy. The differences in neurotrophic state and oxidative stress injury were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in serum levels of neurotrophic indexes and oxidative stress indexes between the two groups before treatment. After treatment, serum neurotrophic indexes BDNF and NGF levels of observation group were higher than those of control group;serum oxidation indexes AOPPs, LHP and MDA levels were lower than those of control group whereas SOD, CAT and T-AOC levels were higher than those of control group. Conclusion:Standardized three-stage rehabilitation combined with edaravone therapy can effectively optimize the neurotrophic state and inhibit the oxidative stress in patients with cerebral infarction.

Two-Stage Inspection Model Based on a Three-Stage Failure Process

As the non-periodic inspections are common in practice,a two-stage inspection model based on a three-stage failure process is proposed. The two-stage inspection means that the system is inspected with the first inspection interval T_1 and the second inspection interval T_2. Because of the three color schemes commonly used in industry,three stages are divided by the system lifetime:normal, minor defective and severe defective stages. Upon the failure of the system,replacement is carried out. Maintenance is done once identifying the severe defective stage. However,when the minor defective stage is identified by the second inspection interval T_2,action of halving the subsequent inspection interval is adopted.Otherwise,no action is required. Our objective function is to optimize the inspection intervals so as to minimize the expected cost per unit time. Finally,a numerical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Calculation of Agricultural Production Efficiency Based on a Three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis Model and Analysis of the Spatial-temporal Characteristics: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt

In response to the strategic call for the " Great Protection" of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and to fulfill the important historical tasks assigned by the state to the provinces and cities of the area,the Yangtze River Economic Belt is adjusting the agricultural industry structure,optimizing the input-output ratio,and ensuring stable and sustainable agricultural production. Based on the combination of the three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis( DEA) model and cluster analysis,this study examined the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2008 to 2018 to measure its agricultural production efficiency and to analyze its temporal and spatial characteristics. Studies showed that exogenous environmental factors significantly( P < 5%) impacted agricultural production efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Zone,and there were temporal and spatial differences. These included:(1) after excluding environmental factors,the overall agricultural production efficiency of the Yangtze River Economic Zone had improved. Sichuan Province and Jiangsu Province were at the forefront of efficiency,whereas the agricultural production efficiency of Shanghai had declined obviously.(2) The agricultural production efficiency of the Yangtze River Economic Belt varied year by year,with fluctuating development. The middle reaches of the Yangtze River had advanced agricultural production efficiency more than the upstream and downstream regions,and the agricultural production efficiency of the individual provinces did not match their economic and social development.(3) Increases in labor,land,irrigation,and other input factors increased agriculture production efficiency,and there was no correlation between fiscal investment,per capita gross domestic product( GDP) and agricultural production efficiency,while the disaster-affected area had a significantly negative impact on agricultural production efficiency.

A Novel Frequency Compensation Technique for Three-Stage Amplifier

A novel frequency compensation technique for three-stage amplifier with dual complex pole-zero (DCP) cancellation is proposed. It uses one pair of complex zeros to cancel one pair of complex poles, resulting in feature that frequency response of the three-stage amplifier exhibits that of a single-pole system. Thus the gain-bandwidth (GBW) is expected to be increased several times compared to the conventional nested miller compensation (NMC) approach. Moreover, this technique requires only one very small compensation capacitor even when driving a big load capacitor. A GBW 4.63 MHz, DC gain 100 dB, PM 90o and power dissipation 0.87 mW can be achieved for a load capacitor 100 pF with a single Miller compensation capacitor 2 pF at a ±1V supply in a standard 0.6-μm CMOS technology.

R32热泵系统稳定性与变工况特性实验研究

实验研究了变热源进口温度工况和变热水进口温度工况下膨胀阀开度对R32热泵系统稳定性和系统性能的影响规律。结果表明:不同工况下系统存在不同的过热度振荡区间,且热源进口温度对起始振荡过热度的影响较显著,而热水进口温度对其影响则不明显;变热源进口温度(15~25℃)工况下,制热量随着过热度的变化呈现不同的变化规律,而其COP则呈现相同的变化规律,且系统均在过热度振荡区间内获得最大COP;变热水进口温度(30~40℃)工况下,制热量和COP均随着过热度的变化呈现相同的变化趋势,且两者均在过热度振荡区间内取得最大值;热源进口温度的升高和热水进口温度的降低均可使系统获得的最大制热量和最大COP增大,且两者在热源进口温度为25℃时分别为9.287 kW和4.646,而在热水进口温度为30℃时则分别为9.148 kW和5.665。

某660 MW超临界锅炉深度调峰过程中分隔屏超温计算分析及改造方案研究

针对660 MW超临界褐煤锅炉分隔屏实炉数据分析发现,在175 MW负荷下,分隔屏的超温报警主要发生在屏3、屏4靠近炉内的管子。为解决分隔屏超温报警问题,采用流动网络系统法,结合质量、能量和动量守恒方程建立了分隔屏水动力计算数学模型,提出添加节流圈以及升级管子材料两种改造方案。对分隔屏进行回路及管段划分,采用175 MW负荷实炉测量数据反推计算得到炉内实际热偏差,对低、中、高负荷下添加节流圈与升级材料为Super304H的分隔屏出口汽温进行计算。计算结果表明:添加节流圈后分隔屏出口汽温偏差变小,且屏3、屏4出口汽温降低至材料TP347H报警温度以下;升级材料为Super304H后分隔屏出口汽温均小于材料的报警温度,分隔屏可安全运行。对添加节流圈以及将材料升级为Super304H两种方案进行壁温计算及强度校核,结果显示两种改造方案在各个负荷下,壁温以及强度均是安全的。为给锅炉运行留出更大的安全裕度,建议在分隔屏最后一片屏上添加节流圈的同时将材料由TP347H升级为Super304H。

锅炉掺烧渣盐对过热器及省煤器吊挂管结渣积灰的影响分析

某电厂锅炉掺烧煤化工产生的废弃渣盐,加剧了锅炉高、低温过热器受热面的管壁结渣及积灰,影响锅炉安全稳定运行。对煤灰、渣盐、渣样进行了成分分析,对比了渣盐化验数据及掺烧渣盐前、后飞灰化验数据,计算了煤灰的结渣特性和沾污特性指标,分析了煤灰的结渣倾向和沾污倾向,分析了添加渣盐后锅炉灰成分的变化对受热面结渣、沾污的影响。结果表明:大量掺烧高钠渣盐会导致锅炉受热面严重结渣,严重影响锅炉安全稳定运行。

铝电解槽同槽差异性的分析与区域浓度控制试验研究

本文对某公司生产运行的500 kA电解槽进行同槽差异性分析,发现同一台电解槽内部的电解质温度、过热度和氧化铝浓度分布存在一定的梯度与差异性。针对同槽差异性,开展了氧化铝浓度区域控制技术的研究和工业试验。6个月的工业试验显示试验槽的电流效率提高0.51%,吨铝直流电耗降低62 kWh/t-Al,阳极效应系数降低40%,可见氧化铝浓度区域控制技术具有可观的节能创效潜力。

蒸汽加热窄矩形通道内完全沸腾起始点研究

以去离子水为工质,对尺寸为1400 mm×250 mm×3.5 mm(高×宽×深)的蒸汽加热竖直矩形窄通道内完全沸腾起始点进行实验研究,并对气泡脱离直径构建预测模型。分析入口温度、质量流量以及加热蒸汽流量对完全沸腾起始点位置及对应位置处壁面过热度的影响。基于Hata、Mcadams的公式模型提出实验工况范围内蒸汽加热竖直窄矩形通道的完全沸腾起始点过热度的预测关联式,其平均相对误差为6.11%;采用力学方法对加热壁面附壁气泡进行力学分析,构建基于受力平衡的气泡脱离直径预测模型,采用可视化实验进行验证,其平均相对误差为13.37%。

65Mn弹簧钢拉拔断裂分析改进

采用化学成分、力学性能、宏观形貌、金相检验和扫描电镜相结合的方法,对65Mn盘条拉拔断裂的原因进行分析。样品心部裂纹孔洞处存在严重的Mn、S、P偏析,是65Mn盘条拉拔断裂的主要原因。同时,硅酸盐夹杂物含量控制偏高,增加拉拔断裂发生的几率。通过将中包钢水过热度控制在30℃内、LF精炼炉渣碱度提高到3.5、精炼后软吹时间大于10 min和连铸拉速控制在1.9±0.1 m/min,解决了65Mn弹簧钢心部偏析和拉拔断丝问题。

基于DDPG的锅炉NO_(x)排放和屏式过热器超温的多目标优化

锅炉空气分级燃烧技术的使用虽降低了NO_(x)排放,但同时造成了炉内高温火焰上移,导致位于炉膛上部的屏式过热器吸热量增加和超温加剧,影响机组的安全运行.因此,锅炉亟需一个可对NO_(x)排放和屏式过热器超温进行协调优化的多目标控制策略.针对目前基于机器学习的锅炉优化模型普遍局限于针对单一锅炉运行目标的优化,提出了基于深度强化学习的锅炉多目标优化模型,包括预测模型和优化模型:预测模型采用深度神经网络构建锅炉运行参数与NO_(x)浓度和屏式过热器温度的非线性映射;优化模型采用深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)算法训练策略网络,通过优化运行参数实现锅炉的多目标协同控制.对某600MW锅炉的研究结果表明,通过锅炉配风和过热器减温水量等参数的调整,可实现NO_(x)排放和屏式过热器超温率的协同优化,NO_(x)排放平均降低22.6 mg/m^(3),屏式过热器超温率平均降低0.161.

改善弹簧钢小方坯中心偏析及线材性能工艺优化

针对某钢厂生产的55SiCr弹簧钢,用户加工后的油淬火钢丝断面收缩率在40%以下,影响后续卷簧过程和弹簧的使用寿命,通过低倍酸洗试验,拉伸试验,油淬火调质处理,钻屑试验等方法对铸坯和线材进行评价检测,发现铸坯中心偏析是导致拉拔性能差的主要原因,通过开展连铸工艺优化试验,研究结果表明:高过热度控制对铸坯偏析及线材拉拔性能有显著影响,过热度为35℃相较于过热度18℃,断面收缩率和伸长率分别提高2%和0.8%;结晶器电磁搅拌电流从150 A增加到320 A,中心等轴晶率由8%~8.5%增加到10.5%,但是中心碳平均偏析指数也随之增加;相同结晶器电磁搅拌工艺时,降低凝固末端电磁搅拌强度有利于改善中心偏析;铸坯中心碳平均偏析指数由1.10降低到1.02时,油淬火调质态线材断面收缩率由39%增加到47%。