Comparative Study on the Development Levels of Cold Chain Logistics for Agricultural Products between China and Developed Countries Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

By introducing the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）, a model is constructed to compare the logistics development level of cold chain for agricultural products between China and other developed countries such as United States, Japan and Euro- pean. The paper makes a comparative study on the development levels of agricultural cold chain logistics in China and developed countries from the aspects of the level of cold chain logistics facilities and equipments, the degree of cold chain logistics market-oriented and the capacity of cold chain logistics, then determines the problems of cold chain logistics in China. With the experiences learning from developed countries, some countermeasures are proposed to resolve those problems of cold chain logistics for agricultural products development combining with the national conditions in China.

Dynamic experimental study on rock meso-cracks growth by digital image processing technique

A new meso-mechanical testing scheme based on SEM was developed to carry out the experiment of microfracturing process of rocks. The microfracturing process of the pre-crack marble sample on surrounding rock in the immerged Long-big tunnel in Jinping Cascade II Hydropower Station under uniaxial compression was recorded by using the testing scheme. According to the stereology theory, the propagation and coalescent of cracks at meso-scale were quantitatively investigated with digital technology. Therefore, the basic geometric information of rock microcracks such as area, angle, length, width, perimeter, was obtained from binary images after segmentation. The failure mechanism of specimen under uniaxial compression with the quantitative information was studied from macro and microscopic point of view. The results show that the image of microfracturing process of the specimen can be observed and recorded digitally. During the damage of the specimen, the distribution of microcracks in the specimen is still subjected to exponential distribution with some microcracks concentrated in certain regions. Finally, the change law of the fractal dimension of the local element in marble sample under different external load conditions is obtained by means of the statistical calculation of the fractal dimension.

A CLOUD-RESOLVING MODELING STUDY OF SURFACE RAINFALL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH LANDFALLING TYPHOON KAEMI(2006)

The detailed surface rainfall processes associated with landfalling typhoon Kaemi（2006） are investigated based on hourly data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. The model is integrated for 6 days with imposed large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature and vapor advection from National Center for Environmental Prediction （NCEP） / Global Data Assimilation System （GDAS） data. The simulation data are validated with observations in terms of surface rain rate. The Root-Mean-Squared （RMS） difference in surface rain rate between the simulation and the gauge observations is 0.660 mm h^-1, which is smaller than the standard deviations of both the simulated rain rate （0.753 mm h^-1） and the observed rain rate （0.833 mm h^-1）. The simulation data are then used to study the physical causes associated with the detailed surface rainfall processes during the landfall. The results show that time averaged and model domain-mean Ps mainly comes from large-scale convergence （QWVF） and local vapor loss （positive QWVT）. Large underestimation （about 15%） of Ps will occur if QWVT and QCM （cloud source/sink） are not considered as contributors to Ps ,QWVF accounts for the variation of P during most of the integration time, while it is not always a contributor to Ps,Sometimes surface rainfall could occur when divergence is dominant with local vapor loss to be a contributor to Ps - Surface rainfall is a result ofmulti-timescale interactions. QWVE possesses the longest time scale and the lowest frequeney the second and QCM of variation with time and may exert impact on P on longer time scales. QWVF possesses longest time scale and lowest frequency and can explain most of the variation of Ps. QWVT possess shorter time scales and higher frequencies, which can explain more detailed variations in Ps. Partitioning analysis shows that stratiform rainfall is dominant from the morning of 26 July till the late night of 27 July. After that, convective rainfall dominates till about 1000 LST 28 July. Before 28 July, the variations of QWVT in rainfall-free regions contribute less to that of the domain-mean QWVT while after that they contribute much, which is consistent to the corresponding variations in their fractional coverage. The variations of QWVF in rainfall regions are the main contributors to that of the domain-mean QWVF, then the main contributors to the surface rain rate before the afternoon of 28 July.

Study on Numerical Simulation of Mold Filling and Heat Transfer in Die Casting Process

A 3-D mathematical model considering turbulence phenomena has been established based on a computational fluid dynamics technique, so called 3-D SOLA-VOF (Solution Algorithm-Volume of Fluid), to simulate the fluid flow of mold filling process of die casting. In addition, the mathematical model for simulating the heat transfer in die casting process has also been established. The computation program has been developed by the authors with the finite difference method (FDM) recently. As verification, the mold filling process of a S-shaped die casting has been simulated and the simulation results coincide with that of the benchmark test. Finally, as a practical application, the gating design of a motorcycle component was modified by the mold filling simulation and the dies design of another motorcycle component was optimized by the heat transfer simulation. All the optimized designs were verified by the production practice.

Development of Preparation Systems with K_2CsSb Photocathodes and Study on the Preparation Process

The next generation of advanced light sources requires photons with large average flux and high brightness,which needs advanced electron gun matched with excellent photocathode materials. K_2CsSb photocathode has the advantages of high quantum efficiency, long lifetime and instantaneous response. This study introduces the design of a set of K_2CsSb photocathode preparation systems and detailed preparation process of K_2CsSb photocathodes, including sequential deposition process and co-deposition process, and finally develops a K_2CsSb photocathode. The influence of laser power on the quantum efficiency is also investigated.

Modeling study on the flow patterns of gas–liquid flow for fast decarburization during the RH process

A water model and a high-speed video camera were utilized in the 300-t RH equipment to study the effect of steel flow patterns in a vacuum chamber on fast decarburization and a superior flow-pattern map was obtained during the practical RH process. There are three flow patterns with different bubbling characteristics and steel surface states in the vacuum chamber： boiling pattern（BP）, transition pattern（TP）, and wave pattern（WP）. The effect of the liquid-steel level and the residence time of the steel in the chamber on flow patterns and decarburization reaction were investigated, respectively. The liquid-steel level significantly affected the flow-pattern transition from BP to WP, and the residence time and reaction area were crucial to evaluate the whole decarburization process rather than the circulation flow rate and mixing time. A superior flow-pattern map during the practical RH process showed that the steel flow pattern changed from BP to TP quickly, and then remained as TP until the end of decarburization.

A Study on Numerical Simulation of Core-Shooting Process

In order to evaluate the main factors influencing the core-shooting process and to optimize the design of core boxes, the fluid-particle (air-sand) model has been built based on the two-phase flow theory. The fluid phase, air, and the particulate phase, sand granules, have been treated as a continuum. By using this model, it is possible to simulate the flow and compaction behavior of sand particles during the core-shooting process. To benchmark the calculated results, the shooting process has been recorded with a digital high speed camera, and the inlet condition of sand particles has also been achieved by using the camera. The preliminary results have showed that the calculation is in agreement with the testing results.

A Comparative Study of Flavonoid Water-Ethanol Extraction Process in Planted Trollius Chinensis

With rutin standard sample as the comparison, flavonoid extraction rate as an indicator, UV-2450 ultraviolet visible light spectrophotometer to measure flavonoid content in planted Trollius chinensis through orthogonal experiment, this experiment optimizes process condition of flavonoid in Trollius chinensis through water extraction and ethanol extraction. The result shows that flavonoid extraction rate of Trollius chinensis through ethanol extraction method is obviously higher than water extraction, and the optimal extraction process condition is： ethanol concentration is 75%, extraction time is 90min, extraction times are 3, and fluid material ratio is 20：1.

Experimental studies of focal mechanism based on the dynamic process of energy release

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A FTIR STUDY OF DISSOLUTION AND PRECIPITA-TION OF SILICA IN BAYER PROCESS

A quantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique mas established by comparison with chemical analysis and quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. By the quantitative FTIR analysis of bauxite during dissolution , the process of dissolution and precipitation of silica was found to occur in three stages. In the first stage, there was no precipitation of desilication product (DSP). All the silica dissolved from kaolinite went into the solution. In the second stage, the silica concentration in solution attained a maximum and then dropped very quickly. The precipitation of DSP was the main cause of the reduction of the silica concentration in solution. In the third stage, the concentration of DSP reached a constant level. The dissolution and precipitation process gradually attained an equilibrium. The mechanism of silica dissolution and DSP precipitation was discussed on the basis of the FTIR quantitative analysis of kaolinite and DSP in bauxite.

NMR STUDY ON THE CONFORMATION CHANGE IN THE AGGREGATION PROCESSES OF 1，3－DI（α－NAPHTHYL）PROPANE AND DI（α－NAPHTHYLMETHYL）ETHER

NMR study on the conformation change in the aggregation process of the titled compounds is reported in this letter.

Offshore Software Maintenance Outsourcing Process Model Validation:A Case Study Approach

The successful execution and management of Offshore Software Maintenance Outsourcing(OSMO)can be very beneficial for OSMO vendors and the OSMO client.Although a lot of research on software outsourcing is going on,most of the existing literature on offshore outsourcing deals with the outsourcing of software development only.Several frameworks have been developed focusing on guiding software systemmanagers concerning offshore software outsourcing.However,none of these studies delivered comprehensive guidelines for managing the whole process of OSMO.There is a considerable lack of research working on managing OSMO from a vendor’s perspective.Therefore,to find the best practices for managing an OSMO process,it is necessary to further investigate such complex and multifaceted phenomena from the vendor’s perspective.This study validated the preliminary OSMO process model via a case study research approach.The results showed that the OSMO process model is applicable in an industrial setting with few changes.The industrial data collected during the case study enabled this paper to extend the preliminary OSMO process model.The refined version of the OSMO processmodel has four major phases including(i)Project Assessment,(ii)SLA(iii)Execution,and(iv)Risk.

Study of Commercial Wheat Flour Milling Process:Relation of Flour Yield,Ash and Protein Contents of Flour Mill and Characteristics of Wheat Blend

The profit margin in the flour milling industry is quite narrow,so high-quality raw materials and efficiency of milling operations are crucial for every company. Many flour mills,especially those which import wheat from other countries and have limited storage space for the different varieties or classes of wheat,can not afford to buy low quality wheat. Consequently,a mathematical model which can test the impact and interactions of raw materials,in technical point of view,would be a useful decision-making tool for the milling industry. A flour miller tests wheat for physical and chemical characteristics,cleanness and soundness. The miller also performs experimental milling,if available,to have some idea how the given wheat will behave during commercial milling. Based on these test results,the miller can only guess the commercial milling results such as flour yields and flour ash and protein contents. Thus,the objective of this study was to develop empirical equations to estimate commercial milling results,using the physical,chemical and experimental milling data of the given wheat blend and also,additionally,flour ash and protein specifications of the end-user. This was done by using the actual commercial milling procedures and their wheat physical,chemical,experimental milling data,and other vital data. Data were collected from a commercial mill located in East Asia that had four production lines and used wheat blend combinations from five different wheat classes,i.e. Hard Red Winter (HRW),Dark Northern Spring (DNS),Soft White (SW),Australian Soft (AS),and Australian Standard White (ASW) wheat to produce over 40 different products. The wheat physical and chemical characteristics included test weight,thousand kernel weight,ash and protein contents. The experimental milling data were straight-grade and patent flour yields,along with patent flour ash and protein contents from a Buhler experimental mill. The commercial milling results included the flour yields of patent,first clear,and second clear flours,as well as the ash and protein contents of commercial patent flours. Using multiple linear regression procedures,we have developed empirical equations to be able to estimate the commercial patent flour yields with R2 values above 0.90 for all four production lines,and commercial first clear flour yields with R2 values ranging 0.76 to 0.98,and the commercial patent flour protein contents with R2 values of 0.89 to 0.92. However,the yields of commercial second clear flours and the commercial patent flour ash contents were not able to be estimated with high coefficients of determination (R2 values). We recommend that the empirical equations for estimating commercial milling parameters should be derived using data from each individual flour milling company,for each production line of a given mill,and furthermore,tailored to specific products at a given ash and/or protein contents desired by end-users.

Study on Process for Manufacturing Heavy Traffic Asphalt from Gudong Crude

The Gudong crude from Gudao oil-bearing region in the Shengli oilfield was used as the target for studying the process of manufacturing heavy traffic road asphalt. The heavy traffic road asphalt products can be made from Gudong crude through blending residuum from mild thermal conversion of vacuum resid with extract, blending the deoiled asphalt from VR propane deasphalting with vacuum resid and the extract, and blending of oxidizedhard asphalt originated from VR with the extract.

Implementing a Personal Software Process (PSPSM) Course: A Case Study

In order to remain competitive in software industry, software engineers need to continuously improve their proficiency. Personal Software Process (PSPSM) provides a strong concept which helps software engineers inspecting and improving themselves. Yet, when being applied on an undergraduate computer engineering course, several complex mathematical calculations from PSP official exercises could encumber the performance of students who do not possess adequate mathematics background. This paper reports a result of implementing PSP course for undergraduate computer engineering students in Chiang Mai University, Thailand.

A qualitative study of the psychological processes in patients with post-herpetic neuralgia

Objective:To understand the psychological process of patients with post-herpetic neuralgia(PHN)and provide references for the psychological management of PHN.Methods:The objective sampling method was used to conduct semi-structural in-depth interviews on 10 PHN patients,and Colaizzi’s phenomenological analysis method was used for data analysis.Results:According to the different pain durations of PHN patients,the patients were divided into three stages and five themes were extracted:the need for strong pain relief,the helpless tolerance of pain,the self-feeling burden,the need for health education,and the positive response to pain.Conclusions:PHN has complex psychological activities,so it is necessary to pay attention to the psychological process of patients and take effective psychological measures to intervene negative psychology so that patients can actively cope with the pain.

Study on the Isothermal Evaporation Process at 5℃ with the Brine of Laguocuo Salt Lake

1 Introduction Tibet has nurmerous salt lakes.Laguocuo is one of the salt lakes,which is located to the sorthern of Ali Plateau,31°59′02″N-32°04′08″N,84°02′03″E-84°12′03″E.Its lake water is rich in potassium,magnesium,lithium,boron,rubidium,cesium and other resources.The study of

Ab Initio Study of Single-and Double-Electron Capture Processes in Collisions of He^(2+) Ions and Ne Atoms

The single-and double-electron capture(SEC, DEC) processes of He^(2+) ions colliding with Ne atoms are studied by utilizing the full quantum-mechanical molecular-orbital close-coupling method. Total and state-selective SEC and DEC cross sections are presented in the energy region of 2 eV/u to 20 keV/u. Results show that the dominant reaction channel is Ne^(+)(2s2p^(6) ^(2)S) + He^(+)(1s) in the considered energy region due to strong couplings with the initial state Ne(2s^(2)2p^(6)^(1)S) + He^(2+) around the internuclear distance of 4.6 a.u. In our calculations, the SEC cross sections decrease initially and then increase whereby, the minimum point is around 0.38 keV/u with the increase of collision energies. After considering the effects of the electron translation factor(ETF), the SEC cross sections are increased by 15%–25% nearby the energy region of keV/u and agree better with the available results. The DEC cross sections are smaller than those of SEC because of the larger energy gaps and no strong couplings with the initial state. Due to the Demkov-type couplings between DEC channel Ne^(2+)(2s^(2)2p^(4)^(1)S) + He(1s^(2)) and the dominating SEC channel Ne^(+)(2s2p^(6) ^(2)S) + He^(+)(1s), the DEC cross sections increase with increasing impact energies. Good consistency can also be found between the present DEC and the experimental measurements in the overlapping energy region.

Developing a Framework of the Sourcing Process A Case Study of Finnish Companies With Chinese Suppliers

The paper analyzes five Finnish case companies to study the sourcing process from China. A framework of a six-stage sourcing process is developed that includes finding and choosing suppliers, making contracts and orders, performing production and quality control, planning logistics, inspecting purchases, and developing supply chain management. Each stage describes the activities from the channels of seeking suppliers to cooperative areas for further development. The case study illustrates the practices of sourcing from China are actually quite similar to the sourcing process in other countries. The study highlights that quality control is the core issue in sourcing from China. Moreover, the difference in understanding sustainable quality affects supplier screening and quality control. Close cooperation on quality control is the key to managing the supply chain to increase competitive advantage through sourcing from China.

THE EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS ON THE INTRAMOLECULAR PROCESSES ——NMR STUDY

The influences of methanol-d_4(MeOD), dimethylsulfoxide-d_6 (Me_2SO(D)) and dioxane(C_4H_8O_2) solvents on the intramolecular processes are studied by NMR. It has been shown that the addition of these solvents in CdEGTA complex aqueous solution can increase the rate constant (k) of the nitrogen inversion and decrease the activation energy of this process. The linear relations between In(k) and the reciprocal of the solvent dielectric constants (1/ε) are obtained for all the three solvents.