Introduction to Mesh Based Generated Lumped Parameter Models for Electromagnetic Problems using Triangular Elements

This paper is an introduction to mesh based generated reluctance network modeling using triangular elements.Many contributions on mesh based generated reluctance networks using rectangular shaped elements have been published,but very few on those generated from a mesh using triangular elements.The use of triangular elements is aimed at extending the application of the approach to any shape of modeled devices.Basic concepts of the approach are presented in the case of electromagnetic devices.The procedure for coding the approach in the case of a flat linear permanent magnet machine is presented.Codes developed under MATLAB environment are also included.

Review on lumped parameter method for modeling the blood flow in systemic arteries

The cardiovascular system is characterized by complex interactions between various control mechanisms and physiological processes. Different approaches are used to provide better diagnostics and physiological understanding, cardiac prosthesis and medical planning. The mathematical description and modelling of the human cardiovascular system plays nowadays an important role in the comprehension of the genesis and development of cardiovascular disorders by providing computer based simulation of dynamic processes in this system. This paper aims to give an overview on lumped parameter models that have been developed by many researchers all over the world, to simulate the blood flow in systemic arteries. Surveying various references we make a review of different approaches to arterial tree modelling and discuss on the applications of such models.

A modified lumped parameter model of distribution transformer winding

The modelling of the distribution transformer winding is the starting point and serves as important basis for the transformer characteristics analysis and the lightning pulse response prediction.A distributed parameters model can depict the winding characteristics accurately,but it requires complex calculations.Lumped parameter model requires less calculations,but its applicable frequency range is not wide.This paper studies the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the lightning wave,compares the transformer modelling methods and finally proposes a modified lumped parameter model,based on the above comparison.The proposed model minimizes the errors provoked by the lumped parameter approximation,and the hyperbolic functions of the distributed parameter model.By this modification it becomes possible to accurately describe the winding characteristics and rapidly obtain the node voltage response.The proposed model can provide theoretical and experimental support to lightning protection of the distribution transformer.

Introduction to Mesh Based Generated Lumped Parameter Models for Electromagnetic Problems

This paper is an introduction to mesh based generated reluctance network modeling.An overview of scientific works which led to the development of this approach is first presented.Basic concepts of the approach are then presented in the case of electromagnetic devices.A step-by-step procedure for coding the approach in the case of a flat linear permanent magnet machine is presented.Codes developed under MATLAB and Scilab environments are also included.

An improved lumped parameter model predicting attenuation of earmuff with air leakage

Since air leakage is inevitable when earmuffs are worn improperly or together with safety glasses in factory or military,it is required to be considered to accurately predict earmuff attenuation.Besides unwanted air leakage,under controlled air leakage is introduced to earmuff to achieve adjustable attenuations in different signal-to-noise ratios(SNRs)and balance between attenuation and speech intelligibility.This work is to develop an improved lumped parameter model(LPM)to predict earmuff attenuation with consideration of air leakage.Air leakage paths are introduced into conventional LPM without air leakage,and air leakage path impedance is analytically described by Maa’s microperforated tube impedance.Earmuff passive attenuation behavior can be analytically described and analyzed with the improved LPM.Finally,the validity of improved LPM is verified experimentally.The results indicate that the improved LPM can predict earmuff attenuation with air leakage,and air leakage deteriorates earmuff attenuation and turns resonance frequency higher.

Lumped Parameter Mass Flow Rate and Pressure Control Characteristics Model for High-Speed Pneumatic PWM on/off Valve

Aiming at solving the problem of strong coupling characteristic of the key parameters of high-speed pneumatic pulse width modulation( PWM) on / off valve, a general lumped parameter mathematical model based on the valves time periods was well developed. With this model,the mass flow rate and dynamic pressure characteristics of constant volumes controlled by high-speed pneumatic PWM on /off valves was well described. A variable flow rate coefficient model was proposed to substitute for the constant one used in most of the prior works to investigate PWM on /off valves' dynamical pressure response, and a formula for disclosing the inherent relationship among the PWM command signal,static mass flow rate,and sonic conductance of the valve was newly derived.Finally,an extensive set of analytical experimental comparisons were implemented to verify the validity of the proposed mathematica model. With the proposed model, PWM on /off valves' characteristics,such as mass flow rate,step pressure response of the valve control system,mean pressure and ripple amplitude,not only in the linear range,but also in the nonlinear range can be wel predicted; Good agreement between measured and calculated results was obtained,which proved that the model is helpful for designing a control strategy in a closed loop control system.

High Purity Hydrogen Production by Metal Hydride System:A Parametric Study Based on the Lumped Parameter Model

The simulation of hydrogen purification in a mixture gas of hydrogen/carbon dioxide (H2/CO2) by metal hydride system was reported.The lumped parameter model was developed and validated.The validated model was implemented on the software Matlab/Simulink to simulate the present investigation.The simulation results demonstrate that the purification efficiency depends on the external pressure and the venting time.An increase in the external pressure and enough venting time makes it possible to effectively remove the impurities from the tank during the venting process and allows to desorb pure hydrogen.The impurities are partially removed from the tank for low external pressure and venting time during the venting process and the desorbed hydrogen is contaminated.Other parameters such as the overall heat transfer coefficient,solid material mass,supply pressure,and the ambient temperature influence the purification system in terms of the hydrogen recovery rate.An increase in the overall heat transfer coefficient,solid material mass,and supply pressure improves the hydrogen recovery rate while a decrease in the ambient temperature enhances the recovery rate.

LUMPED-PARAMETER MODEL OF MASS TRANSFER IN HEMODIALYZER WITH ULTRAFILTRATION

1 INTRODUCTIONHemodialysis with ultrafiltration,also called hemodiafiltration(HDF),is a main methodof treatment for patients with chronic renal failure.The HDF procedure providesadequate removals of both small and middle molecular weight toxic substamces fromuremic blood,which is not possible by dialysis or ultrafiltration alone.According toclinical experience[1],the HDF procedure is well accepied by the patients,and thetreatment time is reduced by using it.

Application of Bayesian Approach in the Parameter Estimation of Continuous Lumping Kinetic Model of Hydrocracking Process

Hydrocracking is a catalytic reaction process in the petroleum refineries for converting the higher boiling temperature residue of crude oil into a lighter fraction of hydrocarbons such as gasoline and diesel. In this study, a modified continuous lumping kinetic approach is applied to model the hydro-cracking of vacuum gas oil. The model is modified to take into consideration the reactor temperature on the reaction yield distribution. The model is calibrated by maximizing the likelihood function between the modeled and measured data at four different reactor temperatures. Bayesian approach parameter estimation is also applied to obtain the confidence interval of model parameters by considering the uncertainty associated with the measured errors and the model structural errors. Then Monte Carlo simulation is applied to the posterior range of the model parameters to obtain the 95% confidence interval of the model outputs for each individual fraction of the hydrocracking products. A good agreement is observed between the output of the calibrated model and the measured data points. The Bayesian approach based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation is shown to be efficient to quantify the uncertainty associated with the parameter values of the continuous lumping model.

Piezoelectric Energy Analysis on Diverse Buoy Coupling with Hydrodynamic Parameters

This paper mainly describes the influence factors of the captured energy power by huge wave energy harvesters, in which the vertical motion of buoy can transform ocean’s potential energy into piezoelectric energy power by undulating waves. Firstly, related environmental coefficients are analyzed by means of the incident wave theory. Besides, the geometric structural parameters are also analyzed and compared under optimal environmental coefficients with semi-analytical solutions. Thirdly, the numerical results also show the impact trend of hydrodynamic parameters and geometric volume on motion, voltage and power with qualitative agreement. The numerical simulation confirms that the improved structure parameters could markedly deliver sufficient power under the same conditions with long-time stability.

An Efficient Approach for the Numerical Identification of R and L Parameters of High Frequency Multi-winding Transformers

In this paper, equivalent circuits for high frequency multi-winding magnetic components are derived from finite element （FE） computations. Lumped parameter models are first presented, based on previously published work. All parameters of these circuits can be interpreted as the results of open and short-circuit tests on the transformer. Based on this consideration, numerical procedures are then proposed to derive frequency-dependent lumped parameters from FE simulations. By using an adequate formulation, parameters are directly obtained from the FE model degrees of freedom, without performing any volume integration in post-processing, which can be source of numerical errors. In this contribution, attention is paid on the modeling of magnetic coupling using inductances, and dissipative effects （winding and core losses） using resistances. The impact of conductor eddy currents on the circuit parameters is moreover studied in details. Instead of an analysis of the impact conductor eddy currents may have on the circuit parameters is moreover carried through.

Comprehensive lumped parameter and multibody approach for the dynamic simulation of agricultural tractors with tyre–soil interaction

Modern agricultural tractors are complex systems,in which multiple physical(and technological)domains interact to reach a wide set of competing goals,including work operational performance and energy efficiency.This complexity translates to the dynamic,multi‐domain simulation models implemented to serve as digital twins,for rapid prototyping and effective pre‐tuning,prior to bench and on‐field testing.Consequently,a suitable simulation framework should have the capability to focus both on the vehicle as a whole and on individual subsystems.For each of the latter,multiple options should be available,with different levels of detail,to properly address the relevant phenomena,depending on the specific focus,for an optimal balance between accuracy and computation time.The methodology proposed here by the authors is based on the lumped parameter approach and integrates the models for the following subsystems in a modular context:internal combustion engine,hydromechanical transmission,vehicle body,and tyre–soil interaction.The model is completed by a load cycle module that generates stimulus time histories to reproduce the work load under real operating conditions.Traction capability is affected by vertical load on the wheels,which is even more relevant if the vehicle is travelling on an uncompacted soil and subject to a variable drawbar pull force as it is when ploughing.The vertical load is,in turn,heavily affected by vehicle dynamics,which can be accurately modelled via a full multibody implementation.The presented lumped parameter model is intended as a powerful simulation tool to evaluate tractor performance,both in terms of fuel consumption and traction dynamics,by considering the cascade phenomena from the wheel–ground interaction to the engine,passing through the dynamics of vehicle bodies and their mass transfer.Its capabilities and numerical results are presented for the simulation of a realistic ploughing operation.

基于磁热耦合法的非对称混合磁极永磁电机热分析

针对传统内置永磁电机损耗高、发热量大的问题,提出非对称混合磁极永磁电机拓扑结构.介绍非对称混合磁极永磁电机的拓扑结构,对比分析两者的电磁特性与损耗分布特性.针对非对称混合磁极永磁电机分布式绕组的结构特点,对绕组进行等效处理,确定等效导热系数,建立集中参数热网络模型.建立单向磁热耦合模型,计算电机各部件的温度分布,验证了热网络模型的正确性.考虑到温度对永磁材料的影响,建立双向磁热耦合模型,对比分析不同电流密度对电机温升的影响规律.试制一台样机并搭建温升试验平台进行温升试验,验证了新型拓扑结构的有效性与合理性以及磁热双向耦合法计算结果的准确性.

基于MATLAB的射频微波电路阻抗匹配教学软件设计

阻抗匹配是射频微波电路设计的重要内容,然而阻抗匹配方案众多且计算繁杂,原有教学大多以中心频率匹配的数学公式推导为主,学生难以理解不同匹配方案在较宽频带内的整体性能表现。为此,基于MATLAB App Designer开发了一款阻抗匹配设计和分析软件,可实现包含集总参数电感电容和分布参数微带线在内的多种宽带、窄带匹配方案,通过输入技术指标要求便可直接得到对应的电路结构、元件值以及S参数曲线。该软件操作简单、实时性强,可快速比较多种匹配方案的性能,加强学生对阻抗匹配的深层次理解,极大地辅助了教学和科研。

航空座椅垫集中参数模型研究

为解决航空座椅垫由于变形较大,易导致航空座椅有限元模型冲击模拟中出现负体积和计算时间过长的问题,本文提出一种由并联的非线性弹簧和线性阻尼构成的航空座椅垫集中参数模型。首先,开展了航空座椅垫材料的静动态压缩试验,分别建立了航空座椅垫有限元模型和集中参数模型;其次,根据有限元仿真结果拟合了集中参数模型的弹簧阻尼参数,并对比两种模型在14、16、19 g三角脉冲下的动力学响应。结果表明,两种模型的一致性较好,本文建立的航空座椅垫集中参数模型可为含座椅垫的复杂有限元模型简化提供支持。

基于5G系统的微带滤波器设计

设计了一组具有小波纹特性并且工作在5G附近频段的微波低通滤波器和带通滤波器。采用半集总参数结构,通过与最大平坦度特性比较,选择了滤波特性更加优越的切比雪夫低通原型滤波器,这种类型的滤波器主要采用耦合微带线形式,该文对这种滤波器设计进行了理论分析并仿真。该实验通过分析计算,并根据实际情况改变了滤波器节数,最终基于ADS软件仿真,将低通滤波器带内最大波纹控制在了-0.383 dB,最高频率为5 GHz;带通滤波器以5.5 GHz为中心频率,通带带宽为1 GHz,带内最大波纹为-2.166 dB。

集总与多体耦合人车模型的振动特性仿真

为了更好地分析车辆行驶时人体的振动情况以及更好地评价人体的动态舒适性,通过COMSOL软件建立了集总参数与多体耦合人-椅-车动力学模型。利用滤波白噪声法建立随机路面时域模型作为人车系统的振动输入,对不同路面等级和车速下的人体振动响应进行时域和频域仿真分析。根据ISO 2631-1:1997(E)计算垂向和纵向人体头部以及臀部的加速度均方根值,以此来评价人体乘坐舒适性。研究结果表明,路面等级越低、车速越高,人体乘坐舒适性越差。提出的集总与多体耦合人-椅-车振动模型可以比较精确地计算出坐姿人体垂向、纵向的振动响应,有助于对车辆乘坐舒适性进行评价。

体外反搏对典型冠状动脉疾病作用效果的集中参数建模仿真

目的 研究增强型体外反搏(enhanced external counter pulsation,EECP)疗法对典型冠脉血管病及微血管心绞痛的血流动力学影响。方法 使用集中参数建模方法,建立包含导管动脉与心肌微循环的右优势型冠脉生理模型。分别仿真单支狭窄、三支狭窄及微血管心绞痛等病理情况。建立EECP干预模型,结合上述病理模型,仿真EECP对病理模型的血流动力学作用。结果 建立的冠脉生理模型、病理模型及EECP干预模型仿真结果与相关文献中的实验数据相符合。EECP对3种病理情况都有改善冠脉血流的效果。对单支狭窄,EECP在左主干冠脉狭窄程度达到80%~85%之后便无法使血流恢复正常水平。对三支狭窄,若3条分支狭窄程度有1支超过90%,则无法使用EECP治疗。对微血管心绞痛,EECP有效的临界情况是充血心肌血流量>1.03 mL/(min·g)、冠状动脉血流储备>1.64。结论 建立的EECP干预冠脉血管病模型符合预期,所获仿真数据对EECP的临床操作具有一定参考价值。

直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵集中参数法建模与激振源研究

直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵作为高效且静谧性能良好的动力元件,在电静压作动系统得到广泛应用。本文采用集中参数法建立直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵仿真模型。建立了实验平台,对直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵进出口压力脉动进行了测试。分析了直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵在吸排油区的压力脉动、齿腔内压力分布以及齿轮和齿圈在x轴和y轴方向的径向力等激振源。研究结果表明:所建立的直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵集中参数模型具有良好的精度和可靠性;齿轮和齿圈径向力随偏转角周期变化,在x轴方向,齿轮所受到的径向力指向低压区,齿圈受到的径向力指向高压区。在y轴方向,齿轮和齿圈所受到的径向力在正负之间波动。齿轮和齿圈所受径向力在x轴方向的基频幅值均小于其在y轴方向的基频幅值;困油现象会导致齿腔压力略微升高。研究结果为直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵的优化设计和振动噪声分析提供了参考。

宽带滤波器传输线法去嵌的研究

为准确获取谐振器材料参数,采用开路短路法、集总参数法、传输线法三种方法分别对谐振器进行去嵌,并分析去嵌对滤波器产生的影响。其中传输线法去嵌无需流片,仿真即可得出谐振器测试结构的寄生参数。采用传输线法对串联、并联谐振去嵌,并运用去嵌后的谐振器材料参数搭建滤波器,滤波器采用九阶π型电路拓扑结构,其带宽为160 MHz,阻带抑制为-25 dB。证实谐振器的测试结构对宽带声表面波滤波器带宽、阻带和零点造成影响,使得去嵌后的滤波器左侧零点向低频偏移,低频抑制上升,高频抑制下降,通带插入损耗增加。