BACKGROUND Frailty is a complex aging-related syndrome characterized by a cumulative loss of physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to adverse clinical outcomes,including falls,disability,incapacity and dea...BACKGROUND Frailty is a complex aging-related syndrome characterized by a cumulative loss of physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to adverse clinical outcomes,including falls,disability,incapacity and death.While an increasing number of studies suggest that the gut microbiota may play a key role in the pathophy-siology of frailty,direct evaluation of the association between gut microbiome alterations and frailty in older adults remains limited.AIM Seven electronic databases(China National Knowledge Infrastructure,VIP,SinoMed,Wanfang,PubMed,Web of Science and EMBASE)were searched for articles published before October 31,2023 to identify observational studies that compared the microbiomes of older adults with and without frailty.The diversity and composition of the gut microbiota were the main outcomes used to analyze the associations of changes in the gut microbiota with frailty in older adults.The quality of the included studies was assessed via the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.RESULTS Eleven observational studies with 912 older adults were included in this review.Consistent results revealed a significant difference in the gut microbiota composition between frail and non-frail older adults,with a significant decrease inαdiversity and a significant increase inβdiversity in frail older adults.The pooled results revealed that at the phylum level,four microbiota(Actinobacteria,Proteo-bacteria,Verrucomicrobia and Synergistetes)were significantly enriched,and two microbiota(Firmicutes and Fusobacteria)were significantly depleted in frail older adults.At the family level,the results consistently revealed that the abundances of 6 families,most of which belong to the Actinobacteria or Proteo-bacteria phylum,were greater in frail than in non-frail older adults.At the genus or species level,consistent results from more than two studies revealed that the abundances of the genera Prevotella,Faecalibacterium,and Roseburia were significantly lower in frail older adults;individual studies revealed that the abundances of some genera or species(e.g.,Megamonas,Blautia,and Megasphaera)were significantly lower,whereas those of other genera or species(e.g.,Bifidobacterium,Oscillospira,Ruminococcus and Pyramidobacter)were significantly greater in frail older adults.CONCLUSION This systematic review suggests that changes in the gut microbiota are associated with frailty in older adults,which is commonly reflected by a reduction in beneficial species and an increase in pathogenic species.However,further studies are needed to confirm these findings.展开更多
Since 1957, selenium has found extensive use in livestock production to maintain an adequate selenium status in animals in areas of soil and feed/forage deficiency. Selenium may be given directly to livestock, or appl...Since 1957, selenium has found extensive use in livestock production to maintain an adequate selenium status in animals in areas of soil and feed/forage deficiency. Selenium may be given directly to livestock, or applied as a fertilizer amendment to increase selenium content of their feeds. This paper addresses the area of direct supplementation, which includes oral and parenteral supplementation, and with ruminant animals the use of slow-release boluses. Various chemical forms of selenium have been examined as supplemental sources, with sodium selenite being the earliest compound of choice. Comnbination of selenium supplementation with other livestock managernent practices led to use of selenium dioxide, which avoided solubility problems with selenite but produced effective responses. Barium salts have been used with some success as supplemental selenium sources. Experience with ruminal boluses has shown that high pressure pelleting of increased grain size selenium, in hollow pellets, has prolonged their useful life. Attention has been paid recently to residual selenium returned to the soil from livestock supplementation practices and the resulting opinion is that currently approved practices are acceptable from the point of view of environmental quality展开更多
In this article,current research findings of local scour at offshore windfarm monopile foundations are presented.The scour mechanisms and scour depth prediction formulas under different hydrodynamic conditions are sum...In this article,current research findings of local scour at offshore windfarm monopile foundations are presented.The scour mechanisms and scour depth prediction formulas under different hydrodynamic conditions are summarized,including the current-only condition,wave-only condition,combined wave-current condition,and complex dynamic condition.Furthermore,this article analyzes the influencing factors on the basis of classical equations for predicting the equilibrium scour depth under specific conditions.The weakness of existing researches and future prospects are also discussed.It is suggested that future research shall focus on physical experiments under unsteady tidal currents or other complex loadings.The computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method and artificial intelligence technique are suggested being adopted to study the scour at offshore windfarm foundations.展开更多
Aim: This study aims to review the qualitative research studying Emergency Medicine (EM) physicians in Emergency Departments (ED). Background: Qualitative research aims to study complex social phenomena by other means...Aim: This study aims to review the qualitative research studying Emergency Medicine (EM) physicians in Emergency Departments (ED). Background: Qualitative research aims to study complex social phenomena by other means than quantification often through verbal or observational investigation. EM is a highly complex medical and social environment that has been investigated through qualitative methodologies. A literature review is needed to show what qualitative studies illuminate about EM and why this work is important to develop EM as a complex organizational and communicative practice. Methods: Electronic databases of English peer-reviewed articles were searched from 1971 to 2012 using Medline through PubMed and PsychINFO. This search was supplemented with hand-searches of Academic Emergency Medicine and Emergency Medicine Journal from 1999 to 2012 and cross references were reviewed. The key words used were emergency medicine, qualitative, ethnography, observation, interview, video, anthropology, simulation, and simulation-based. Results: 820 papers were identified and 46 studies were included in this review. This literature review found that the reviewed qualitative studies on EM physicians were designed using the following strategies of inquiry: Ethnography, mixed methods, action research, grounded theory, phenomenology, content analysis, discourse analysis, and critical incident analysis. The reviewed studies were categorized into four main themes: Education and training, communication, professional roles, and organizational factors, and into 12 sub-themes. Conclusion: The strength of qualitative research is its ability to grasp and operationalize complex relations within EM. Although qualitative research methodologies have gained in rigor in recent years and few researchers would question their value in studying complex medical and social phenomena, rigorous design in qualitative studies is needed. Qualitative research studies that stick with one strategy of inquiry that they follow closely are likely to yield more valid studies.展开更多
differential diagnosis.PSP presents a range of ocular abnormalities that have been suggested as optional tools for its early detection,apart from the principal characteristic of postural unsteadiness.Nonetheless,such ...differential diagnosis.PSP presents a range of ocular abnormalities that have been suggested as optional tools for its early detection,apart from the principal characteristic of postural unsteadiness.Nonetheless,such symptoms may be difficult to identify,particularly during the early onset stage of the disorder.It may also be problematic to recognize these symptoms for general practitioners who lack the required experience or physicians who are not specifically educated and proficient in ophthalmology or neurology.Main body:Thus,here,a methodical evaluation was carried out to identify seven oculomotor abnormalities occurring in PSP,comprising square wave jerks,the speed and range of saccades(slow saccades and vertical supranuclear gaze palsy),‘round the houses’sign,decreased blink rate,blepharospasm,and apraxia of eyelid opening.Inspections were conducted using direct visual observation.An approach to distinguish these signs during a bedside examination was also established.When presenting in a patient with parkinsonism or dementia,the existence of such ocular abnormalities could increase the risk of PSP.For the distinction between PSP and other parkinsonian disorders,these signs hold significant value for physicians.Conclusion:The authors urge all concerned physicians to check for such abnormalities with the naked eye in patients with parkinsonism.This method has advantages,including ease of application,reduced time-consumption,and requirement of minimal resources.It will also help physicians to conduct efficient diagnoses since many patients with PSP could intially present with ocular symptoms in busy outpatient clinics.展开更多
Background:Directly observed treatment,short-course(DOTS)is the current mainstay to control tuberculosis(TB)worldwide.Context-specific adaptations of DOTS have impending implications in the fight against TB.In Ethiopi...Background:Directly observed treatment,short-course(DOTS)is the current mainstay to control tuberculosis(TB)worldwide.Context-specific adaptations of DOTS have impending implications in the fight against TB.In Ethiopia,there is a national TB control programme with the goal to eliminate TB,but uneven distribution across lifestyle gradients remains a challenge.Notably,the mobile pastoralist communities in the country are disproportionately left uncovered.The aim of this study was to summarize the evidence base from published literature to guide TB control strategy for mobile pastoralist communities in Ethiopia.Main text:We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines and systematically reviewed articles in seven electronic databases:Excerptra Medical Database,African Journal Online,PubMed,Google Scholar,Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Direct,Cochrane Library and Web of Science.The databases were searched from inception to December 31,2018,with no language restriction.We screened 692 items of which 19 met our inclusion criteria.Using a meta-ethnographic method,we identified six themes:(i)pastoralism in Ethiopia;(ii)pastoralists’livelihood profile;(iii)pastoralists’service utilisation;(iv)pastoralists’knowledge and awareness on TB control services;(v)challenges of TB control in pastoral settings;and(vi)equity disparities affecting pastoralists.Our interpretation triangulates the results across all included studies and shows that TB control activities observed in pastoralist regions of Ethiopia are far fewer than elsewhere in the country.Conclusions:This systematic review and meta-synthesis shows that TB control in Ethiopia does not align well with the pastoralist lifestyle.Inaccessibility and lack of acceptability of TB care are the key bottlenecks to pastoralist TB service provision.Targeting these two parameters holds promise to enhance effectiveness of an intervention.展开更多
基于滚动需求评估的原则和结构函数,评估山东地面气象观测站网水平分辨率(平均站间距),研究山东国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站气温、相对湿度、降水量的最佳布站方案和最佳布站距离。结果表明:(1)国家气象观测站和区域气象观测站各...基于滚动需求评估的原则和结构函数,评估山东地面气象观测站网水平分辨率(平均站间距),研究山东国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站气温、相对湿度、降水量的最佳布站方案和最佳布站距离。结果表明:(1)国家气象观测站和区域气象观测站各要素水平分辨率由小到大依次为降水量、气温、风向和风速、相对湿度、气压,国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站各要素水平分辨率均相同,应用气象观测站气温与相对湿度要素的水平分辨率小于风向和风速及降水量。(2)除全球数值天气预报和海洋应用领域外,山东4类地面气象观测站各要素的水平分辨率相比观测系统能力分析和审查工具(Observation System Capability Analysis and Review,OSCAR)中各应用领域突破值尚有较大的差距。(3)山东国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站的气温、相对湿度、降水量的四季结构函数整体上随距离的增加而增大。气温、相对湿度、降水量的线段内插、正三角形内插和正方形内插标准误差与距离均呈线性关系。在距离满足点值内插标准误差小于观测标准误差时,气温、相对湿度和降水量均为正三角形内插精度最高。(4)山东国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站气温、相对湿度和降水量最佳的布站方案均为正三角形布设,其中气温、相对湿度、降水量的最佳布站距离应分别不超过43.6 km、63.4 km和40.3 km。展开更多
Earthquake,tsunami,nuclear plantb reakdown.Each is a major catast rophe.But Japan has been hit by all of them.Homelessness,economic losses,release of radiation.Each is a huge challenge.Now Japan must face all three.Ho...Earthquake,tsunami,nuclear plantb reakdown.Each is a major catast rophe.But Japan has been hit by all of them.Homelessness,economic losses,release of radiation.Each is a huge challenge.Now Japan must face all three.How will Japan respond to the domino-like disaster展开更多
目的系统评价动作观察疗法(AOT)对脑瘫患儿上肢功能的作用。方法检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science和中国知网等数据库,检索建库至2022年7月9日公开发表的AOT对脑瘫患儿上肢功能作用的相关文献,并进行系统综述。结...目的系统评价动作观察疗法(AOT)对脑瘫患儿上肢功能的作用。方法检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science和中国知网等数据库,检索建库至2022年7月9日公开发表的AOT对脑瘫患儿上肢功能作用的相关文献,并进行系统综述。结果共纳入11篇文献,涉及497例患儿,发表时间集中于近10年,研究包括基于医院且有治疗师监督下开展的AOT和基于家庭且无治疗师监督下开展的AOT,主要评估对脑瘫患儿上肢功能的作用。试验组进行与日常生活活动相关的动作,对照组主要观看不包括动作的视频片段。每天15~120 min,每周3~5 d,干预周期大多为3~4周。AOT对于脑瘫患儿上肢功能的改善作用体现在身体结构与功能、活动和参与两个方面,体现为增加上肢握力、降低肌张力和提高手的灵活性和功能。结论基于医院且有治疗师监督下开展的AOT对于脑瘫患儿的上肢功能有改善作用。基于家庭且无治疗师监督下开展的AOT对于脑瘫患儿上肢功能的改善作用以及AOT的长期效应需要进一步研究。展开更多
目的:功能性踝关节不稳表现为本体感觉异常、神经肌肉控制能力下降以及反复性踝扭伤,严重影响其日常活动。本体感觉作为功能性踝关节不稳的重要方面,与对侧肢体和健康人群相比是否存在本体感觉的缺陷尚不明晰。因此,文章旨在分析功能性...目的:功能性踝关节不稳表现为本体感觉异常、神经肌肉控制能力下降以及反复性踝扭伤,严重影响其日常活动。本体感觉作为功能性踝关节不稳的重要方面,与对侧肢体和健康人群相比是否存在本体感觉的缺陷尚不明晰。因此,文章旨在分析功能性踝关节不稳的本体感觉特征。方法:计算机检索PubMed,Web of Science,EBSCO-host,Ovid,EMbase和中国知网数据库,搜索有关功能性踝关节不稳本体感觉特征的观察性研究,暴露因素为运动觉、关节位置觉、力觉中至少一项本体感觉缺陷,检索时限为各数据库建库至2022年2月。由2名研究者根据纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献并根据纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表与美国医疗保健研究和质量机构制定的横断面研究质量评价表评价纳入研究的质量,提取有关运动觉、关节位置觉、力觉与设定目标的绝对误差,使用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入26项观察性研究,其中4项队列研究,6项病例-对照研究,16项横断面研究,均为中等以上质量文献。Meta分析结果显示:单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于对侧肢体和健康人群存在内翻运动觉缺陷(SMD=0.53,95%CI:0.36-0.71,P<0.00001);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于对侧肢体存在内翻关节位置觉(主动与被动复制)的缺陷(SMD=1.60,95%CI:0.77-2.43,P=0.0002);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于健康人群存在内翻关节位置觉(主动与被动复制)的缺陷(SMD=0.66,95%CI:0.25-1.07,P=0.002);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于健康人群存在主动外翻关节位置觉缺陷(SMD=3.68,95%CI:1.85-5.52,P<0.0001);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于健康人群存在被动外翻关节位置觉缺陷(SMD=-0.61,95%CI:-1.19至-0.02,P=0.04);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者与健康人群在跖屈关节位置觉(主动与被动复制)方面无显著性差异(SMD=0.80,95%CI:-0.19-1.79,P=0.11);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者与健康人群在背屈关节位置觉(主动与被动复制)方面无显著性差异(SMD=0.86,95%CI:-0.01-1.74,P=0.05);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于健康人群存在冠状面运动的力觉缺陷(SMD=1.35,95%CI:0.85-1.85,P<0.00001),并且亚组分析显示,单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于健康人群,外翻力觉误差大于与内翻力觉误差(P=0.44)。结论:单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者与对侧肢体相比存在内翻运动觉缺陷,而与健康人群相比存在内翻运动觉、主被动内翻关节位置觉、主动外翻关节位置觉、内翻和外翻的力觉缺陷。展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Frailty is a complex aging-related syndrome characterized by a cumulative loss of physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to adverse clinical outcomes,including falls,disability,incapacity and death.While an increasing number of studies suggest that the gut microbiota may play a key role in the pathophy-siology of frailty,direct evaluation of the association between gut microbiome alterations and frailty in older adults remains limited.AIM Seven electronic databases(China National Knowledge Infrastructure,VIP,SinoMed,Wanfang,PubMed,Web of Science and EMBASE)were searched for articles published before October 31,2023 to identify observational studies that compared the microbiomes of older adults with and without frailty.The diversity and composition of the gut microbiota were the main outcomes used to analyze the associations of changes in the gut microbiota with frailty in older adults.The quality of the included studies was assessed via the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.RESULTS Eleven observational studies with 912 older adults were included in this review.Consistent results revealed a significant difference in the gut microbiota composition between frail and non-frail older adults,with a significant decrease inαdiversity and a significant increase inβdiversity in frail older adults.The pooled results revealed that at the phylum level,four microbiota(Actinobacteria,Proteo-bacteria,Verrucomicrobia and Synergistetes)were significantly enriched,and two microbiota(Firmicutes and Fusobacteria)were significantly depleted in frail older adults.At the family level,the results consistently revealed that the abundances of 6 families,most of which belong to the Actinobacteria or Proteo-bacteria phylum,were greater in frail than in non-frail older adults.At the genus or species level,consistent results from more than two studies revealed that the abundances of the genera Prevotella,Faecalibacterium,and Roseburia were significantly lower in frail older adults;individual studies revealed that the abundances of some genera or species(e.g.,Megamonas,Blautia,and Megasphaera)were significantly lower,whereas those of other genera or species(e.g.,Bifidobacterium,Oscillospira,Ruminococcus and Pyramidobacter)were significantly greater in frail older adults.CONCLUSION This systematic review suggests that changes in the gut microbiota are associated with frailty in older adults,which is commonly reflected by a reduction in beneficial species and an increase in pathogenic species.However,further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
文摘Since 1957, selenium has found extensive use in livestock production to maintain an adequate selenium status in animals in areas of soil and feed/forage deficiency. Selenium may be given directly to livestock, or applied as a fertilizer amendment to increase selenium content of their feeds. This paper addresses the area of direct supplementation, which includes oral and parenteral supplementation, and with ruminant animals the use of slow-release boluses. Various chemical forms of selenium have been examined as supplemental sources, with sodium selenite being the earliest compound of choice. Comnbination of selenium supplementation with other livestock managernent practices led to use of selenium dioxide, which avoided solubility problems with selenite but produced effective responses. Barium salts have been used with some success as supplemental selenium sources. Experience with ruminal boluses has shown that high pressure pelleting of increased grain size selenium, in hollow pellets, has prolonged their useful life. Attention has been paid recently to residual selenium returned to the soil from livestock supplementation practices and the resulting opinion is that currently approved practices are acceptable from the point of view of environmental quality
基金supported by the Major International Joint Research Project P0W3M of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51920105013)the General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52071127).
文摘In this article,current research findings of local scour at offshore windfarm monopile foundations are presented.The scour mechanisms and scour depth prediction formulas under different hydrodynamic conditions are summarized,including the current-only condition,wave-only condition,combined wave-current condition,and complex dynamic condition.Furthermore,this article analyzes the influencing factors on the basis of classical equations for predicting the equilibrium scour depth under specific conditions.The weakness of existing researches and future prospects are also discussed.It is suggested that future research shall focus on physical experiments under unsteady tidal currents or other complex loadings.The computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method and artificial intelligence technique are suggested being adopted to study the scour at offshore windfarm foundations.
文摘Aim: This study aims to review the qualitative research studying Emergency Medicine (EM) physicians in Emergency Departments (ED). Background: Qualitative research aims to study complex social phenomena by other means than quantification often through verbal or observational investigation. EM is a highly complex medical and social environment that has been investigated through qualitative methodologies. A literature review is needed to show what qualitative studies illuminate about EM and why this work is important to develop EM as a complex organizational and communicative practice. Methods: Electronic databases of English peer-reviewed articles were searched from 1971 to 2012 using Medline through PubMed and PsychINFO. This search was supplemented with hand-searches of Academic Emergency Medicine and Emergency Medicine Journal from 1999 to 2012 and cross references were reviewed. The key words used were emergency medicine, qualitative, ethnography, observation, interview, video, anthropology, simulation, and simulation-based. Results: 820 papers were identified and 46 studies were included in this review. This literature review found that the reviewed qualitative studies on EM physicians were designed using the following strategies of inquiry: Ethnography, mixed methods, action research, grounded theory, phenomenology, content analysis, discourse analysis, and critical incident analysis. The reviewed studies were categorized into four main themes: Education and training, communication, professional roles, and organizational factors, and into 12 sub-themes. Conclusion: The strength of qualitative research is its ability to grasp and operationalize complex relations within EM. Although qualitative research methodologies have gained in rigor in recent years and few researchers would question their value in studying complex medical and social phenomena, rigorous design in qualitative studies is needed. Qualitative research studies that stick with one strategy of inquiry that they follow closely are likely to yield more valid studies.
基金The study has been funded by the Chulalongkorn Academic Advancement Fund into Its second Century Project of Chulalongkorn University(2300042200)a Center of Excellence grant from Chulalongkorn University(GCE 6100930004-1).
文摘differential diagnosis.PSP presents a range of ocular abnormalities that have been suggested as optional tools for its early detection,apart from the principal characteristic of postural unsteadiness.Nonetheless,such symptoms may be difficult to identify,particularly during the early onset stage of the disorder.It may also be problematic to recognize these symptoms for general practitioners who lack the required experience or physicians who are not specifically educated and proficient in ophthalmology or neurology.Main body:Thus,here,a methodical evaluation was carried out to identify seven oculomotor abnormalities occurring in PSP,comprising square wave jerks,the speed and range of saccades(slow saccades and vertical supranuclear gaze palsy),‘round the houses’sign,decreased blink rate,blepharospasm,and apraxia of eyelid opening.Inspections were conducted using direct visual observation.An approach to distinguish these signs during a bedside examination was also established.When presenting in a patient with parkinsonism or dementia,the existence of such ocular abnormalities could increase the risk of PSP.For the distinction between PSP and other parkinsonian disorders,these signs hold significant value for physicians.Conclusion:The authors urge all concerned physicians to check for such abnormalities with the naked eye in patients with parkinsonism.This method has advantages,including ease of application,reduced time-consumption,and requirement of minimal resources.It will also help physicians to conduct efficient diagnoses since many patients with PSP could intially present with ocular symptoms in busy outpatient clinics.
文摘Background:Directly observed treatment,short-course(DOTS)is the current mainstay to control tuberculosis(TB)worldwide.Context-specific adaptations of DOTS have impending implications in the fight against TB.In Ethiopia,there is a national TB control programme with the goal to eliminate TB,but uneven distribution across lifestyle gradients remains a challenge.Notably,the mobile pastoralist communities in the country are disproportionately left uncovered.The aim of this study was to summarize the evidence base from published literature to guide TB control strategy for mobile pastoralist communities in Ethiopia.Main text:We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines and systematically reviewed articles in seven electronic databases:Excerptra Medical Database,African Journal Online,PubMed,Google Scholar,Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Direct,Cochrane Library and Web of Science.The databases were searched from inception to December 31,2018,with no language restriction.We screened 692 items of which 19 met our inclusion criteria.Using a meta-ethnographic method,we identified six themes:(i)pastoralism in Ethiopia;(ii)pastoralists’livelihood profile;(iii)pastoralists’service utilisation;(iv)pastoralists’knowledge and awareness on TB control services;(v)challenges of TB control in pastoral settings;and(vi)equity disparities affecting pastoralists.Our interpretation triangulates the results across all included studies and shows that TB control activities observed in pastoralist regions of Ethiopia are far fewer than elsewhere in the country.Conclusions:This systematic review and meta-synthesis shows that TB control in Ethiopia does not align well with the pastoralist lifestyle.Inaccessibility and lack of acceptability of TB care are the key bottlenecks to pastoralist TB service provision.Targeting these two parameters holds promise to enhance effectiveness of an intervention.
文摘基于滚动需求评估的原则和结构函数,评估山东地面气象观测站网水平分辨率(平均站间距),研究山东国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站气温、相对湿度、降水量的最佳布站方案和最佳布站距离。结果表明:(1)国家气象观测站和区域气象观测站各要素水平分辨率由小到大依次为降水量、气温、风向和风速、相对湿度、气压,国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站各要素水平分辨率均相同,应用气象观测站气温与相对湿度要素的水平分辨率小于风向和风速及降水量。(2)除全球数值天气预报和海洋应用领域外,山东4类地面气象观测站各要素的水平分辨率相比观测系统能力分析和审查工具(Observation System Capability Analysis and Review,OSCAR)中各应用领域突破值尚有较大的差距。(3)山东国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站的气温、相对湿度、降水量的四季结构函数整体上随距离的增加而增大。气温、相对湿度、降水量的线段内插、正三角形内插和正方形内插标准误差与距离均呈线性关系。在距离满足点值内插标准误差小于观测标准误差时,气温、相对湿度和降水量均为正三角形内插精度最高。(4)山东国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站气温、相对湿度和降水量最佳的布站方案均为正三角形布设,其中气温、相对湿度、降水量的最佳布站距离应分别不超过43.6 km、63.4 km和40.3 km。
文摘Earthquake,tsunami,nuclear plantb reakdown.Each is a major catast rophe.But Japan has been hit by all of them.Homelessness,economic losses,release of radiation.Each is a huge challenge.Now Japan must face all three.How will Japan respond to the domino-like disaster
文摘目的:功能性踝关节不稳表现为本体感觉异常、神经肌肉控制能力下降以及反复性踝扭伤,严重影响其日常活动。本体感觉作为功能性踝关节不稳的重要方面,与对侧肢体和健康人群相比是否存在本体感觉的缺陷尚不明晰。因此,文章旨在分析功能性踝关节不稳的本体感觉特征。方法:计算机检索PubMed,Web of Science,EBSCO-host,Ovid,EMbase和中国知网数据库,搜索有关功能性踝关节不稳本体感觉特征的观察性研究,暴露因素为运动觉、关节位置觉、力觉中至少一项本体感觉缺陷,检索时限为各数据库建库至2022年2月。由2名研究者根据纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献并根据纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表与美国医疗保健研究和质量机构制定的横断面研究质量评价表评价纳入研究的质量,提取有关运动觉、关节位置觉、力觉与设定目标的绝对误差,使用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入26项观察性研究,其中4项队列研究,6项病例-对照研究,16项横断面研究,均为中等以上质量文献。Meta分析结果显示:单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于对侧肢体和健康人群存在内翻运动觉缺陷(SMD=0.53,95%CI:0.36-0.71,P<0.00001);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于对侧肢体存在内翻关节位置觉(主动与被动复制)的缺陷(SMD=1.60,95%CI:0.77-2.43,P=0.0002);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于健康人群存在内翻关节位置觉(主动与被动复制)的缺陷(SMD=0.66,95%CI:0.25-1.07,P=0.002);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于健康人群存在主动外翻关节位置觉缺陷(SMD=3.68,95%CI:1.85-5.52,P<0.0001);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于健康人群存在被动外翻关节位置觉缺陷(SMD=-0.61,95%CI:-1.19至-0.02,P=0.04);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者与健康人群在跖屈关节位置觉(主动与被动复制)方面无显著性差异(SMD=0.80,95%CI:-0.19-1.79,P=0.11);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者与健康人群在背屈关节位置觉(主动与被动复制)方面无显著性差异(SMD=0.86,95%CI:-0.01-1.74,P=0.05);单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于健康人群存在冠状面运动的力觉缺陷(SMD=1.35,95%CI:0.85-1.85,P<0.00001),并且亚组分析显示,单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者相比于健康人群,外翻力觉误差大于与内翻力觉误差(P=0.44)。结论:单侧功能性踝关节不稳患者与对侧肢体相比存在内翻运动觉缺陷,而与健康人群相比存在内翻运动觉、主被动内翻关节位置觉、主动外翻关节位置觉、内翻和外翻的力觉缺陷。