Residual dynamics of thiacloprid in medical herbs marjoram,thyme,and camomile in soil

Thiacloprid is a new insecticide of the chloronicotinyl family. To assess its risk after application, residual characteristics of thiacloprid in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil were studied under field conditions. The active ingredient was extracted from the plant material using a mixture of acetone-water. After filtration, the extract was concentrated to the aqueous phase, diluted with water, and portioned against ethyl acetate on a matrix solid phase dispersion column. Thiacloprid was extracted from soil using a mixture of methanol-water, filtered, and re.extracted （clean up） with dichloromethane. The residues were quantified using HPLC-MS-MS. The methods were validated by recovery experiments. Thiacloprid residues in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil persisted beyond 10, 14, 14, and 21 d but no residues were detected after 14, 21, 21, and 28 d, respectively. The data obtained in this study indicated that the biexponential model is more suitable than the first-order function to describe the decline of thiacloprid in fresh marjoram, fresh thyme, and dried camomile flowers with half-life （t1/2） of 1.1, 0.7, and 1.2 d, respectively. However, both the first-order function and biexponential model were found to be applicable for dissipation of thiacloprid in soil with almost the same t1/2 values of 3.5 and 3.6 d. The results indicated that thiacloprid dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in the tested herbs and in soil.

Thyme oil and thymol abrogate doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats via repression of oxidative stress and enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms

This study aimed to assess the preventive effects of thyme oil and thymol on doxorubicin(DOX)-induced renotoxicity,cardiotoxicity,and oxidative stress in Wistar rats.Thyme oil was subjected to GC-MS analysis,which indicated that thymol was the major constituent representing 33.896%.Rats intraperitoneally injected with DOX at a dose of 2 mg/kg b.w./one per week for 7 weeks were co-treated with thyme oil and its major constituent,thymol,at doses 250 and 100 mg/kg b.w./every other day,respectively,by oral gavage for the same period.Thyme oil and thymol markedly ameliorated the raised levels of serum urea,uric acid,and creatinine in DOX-administered rats.They also reduced the elevated activities of serum CK-MB and LDH.Thyme oil was more effective than thymol in decreasing the elevated serum creatinine level and serum CK-MB activity in DOX-administered rats,thereby reflecting its more potent effect on kidney and heart functions.Lipid peroxidation significantly decreased while GSH level and GST and GPx activities significantly increased in kidney and heart of DOX-administered rats treated with thyme oil and thymol.The DOX-induced perturbed kidney histological changes including congestion of glomerulus tuft,inflammatory cells infiltration,protein cast in lumina of the renal tubule,and thickening of the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule were remarkably ameliorated as a result of treatment with thyme oil and thymol;thyme oil was more effective.In addition,DOX-induced deleterious heart histological alterations,including intramuscular infiltration of inflammatory cells,focal necrosis of cardiac myocytes,and edema,were remarkably reduced by treatment with thyme oil and thymol.Thus,it can be concluded that DOX could induce marked toxicity in kidney and heart,and the treatment with thyme oil or thymol produced potential improvement of kidney and heart function and histological integrity via repression of oxidative stress and enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms.

Anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts from Moroccan thyme varieties

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of thyme varieties from Moroccan.Methods: The aqueous extracts of tree medicinal plants [Thymus atlanticus(T. atlanticus), Thymus satureioides and Thymus zygis(T. zygis)] were screened for their antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, radical scavenging activity method, the inhibition of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride that induces oxidative erythrocyte hemolysis and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. The anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts was evaluated in vivo using croton oil-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice and rats, respectively. This extracts were evaluated in vitro for their anticoagulant activity at the different concentrations by partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time activated. Results: All thyme varieties were found to possess considerable antioxidant activity and potent anti-inflammatory activity in the croton oil-induced edema. Administration of aqueous extracts of two varieties(50 mg/kg)(T. zygis and T. atlanticus) reduced significantly the carrageenaninduced paw edema similar to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(indomethacin, 10 mg/kg). In partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time tests, T. atlanticus and T. zygis extracts showed the strongest anticoagulant activity. In contrast, Thymus satureioides did not show the anticoagulant activity in these tests. Conclusions: All aqueous extracts possess considerable antioxidant activity and are rich in total polyphenol and flavonoid but they act differently in the process of inflammatory and coagulation studied. This study shows great variability of biological activities in thyme varieties.

Effects of thyme(Thymus vulgaris L.)addition on the volatile compounds of mutton broth during boiling

To investigate the effects of thyme(Thymus vulgaris L.)addition on the flavor modification of mutton broth during boiling,three mutton-broth samples with various thyme contents 0.06%(S1),0.30%(S2),and1.50%(S3)were analyzed and compared,without thyme as control(0.00%,S0).The meaty,fatty,pastoral flavor and spicy were chosen as sensory attributes to evaluate the flavor of the mutton-broth samples.Sensory results were significantly different(P<0.001),with S2 having the optimum overall acceptability.A total of 99 volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,among which19 compounds were considered as the odor-active compounds according to their odor activity values.Significant changes(P<0.05)appeared in most volatiles in S0 with thyme addition,especially aldehydes.Free fatty acids(FFAs)were also identified,and all of them significantly increased with increased thyme(P<0.05).Correlation analysis of odor-active compounds,FFAs,and sensory attributes through partial least squares regression indicated the important volatiles and FFAs remarkably contributed to the mutton broth samples,and further confirmed that the 0.30%of thyme may be a desirable addition amount for the sensory characteristics of mutton broth.

Performance, Immune, and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens as Affected by Thyme and Licorice or Enzyme Supplemented Diets

Numbers of 300 day-old broiler chickens through a CRD design with 5 treatments, 3 replicates and 20 chicks in each pen were used to evaluate the effect of thyme (T), licorice (L), thyme + licorice (TL), and enzyme supplemented (E) diets on performance, immune and carcass characteristics. According to the results, performance traits, immune indices, and carcass traits in herbal medicine and enzyme supplemented diets were improved significantly than control diet (P < 0.05). Weight gain and FCR in T and E groups were significantly higher and lower than other groups respectively (P < 0.05). Internal organs such as abdominal fat and liver weight as indicators of lipogenesis rate were decreased in T, L, and TL diets than control or E diet significantly (P < 0.05). Immune organs such as burse and spleen weight as indicators of immune situation were increased in TL diet than other treatments significantly (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that thyme and licorice singly or in combination as organic herbal medicine can affect performance, carcass and immune characteristics. Also an improved immune organ such as burse or spleen in this study indicates that this herbal medicine can promote the immune situation and efficacy of health and livability.

三-THYME和四-THYME M(?)ebius分子的分子力学计算研究

本文用分子力学程序计算了三-THYME和四-THYME圆筒型分子和Mebius型分子的构型,给出了在某种扭曲下优化的几何结构,寻找分子几何形状的扭曲与能量起伏的变化规律,从而揭示了分子扭曲的几何位置,解释了并给合成实验提供了某些理论依据。

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Thyme and Tarragon Used in Meat Products

Currently, the food industry, including the meat industry, is paying close attention to the use of natural additives as preservatives. From ancient times, the plants are used to treat various diseases, to produce perfumes and as ingredients to improve the taste in food. This paper presents a bibliographic and experimental study of the antioxidant and microbial properties of basil, thyme and tarragon. International scientific papers on the use of these plants in the food industry, including the meat industry, are targeted. The role of basil, thyme and tarragon in the manufacture of functional and stable products in storage is mentioned. Percentage decrease in Salmonella Abony growth under the influence of basil constituted 84.4%, thyme 61.6% and tarragon 76.8% after 48 hours of action and respectively 97.2%, 90.2% and 95.3% after 72 hours of action. The interdependence between the percentage reduction of S. Abony infestation and the concentration of basil, mushrooms and tarragon was respectively: basil (R2 = 0.7725 … 0.7916), thyme (R2 = 0.7733 … 0.7768), tarragon (R2 = 0.7689 … 0.8137).

Effects of a Food Supplement with a Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) Extract on Gut Health and the Microbiome in Humans: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Background: Based on the scientific and traditional knowledge, benefits for gut and digestive health were expected from Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) extract (WThE) consumption, but no controlled human studies were performed yet to prove the proposed health benefits. Method: The aim of this human randomized, double-blind parallel arm pilot study was to explore the impact of aqueous Wild Thyme extract, a food supplement, in a healthy but overweight study collective (N = 40). In detail, the impact on digestion, gastrointestinal symptoms, gut microbiome, and quality of life by employing an essential oil-free WThE preparation or a matching placebo was investigated. Results: The study results indicate that WThE has the potential to improve gastrointestinal symptoms and increase stool frequency, thus an improved quality of life was observed. The stool microbiome of study collective was characterized by a high Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. A decrease in the mean Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was seen in WThE group. Conclusion: The data support the potential applications of WThE as a food supplement with benefits on gut health.

百里香精油在果胶甲酯酶响应型抗菌薄膜中的扩散性能及其迁移行为

抗菌薄膜因其优异的保鲜性能在果蔬保鲜中应用广泛。然而果蔬储藏过程中内源果胶甲酯酶活性的升高及外源微生物的侵染会干扰抗菌薄膜中抗菌剂的迁移扩散,但抗菌剂在薄膜中的传质迁移决定了抗菌薄膜是否能够发挥预期作用。因此,该文对百里香精油在纳米复合抗菌薄膜中的酶响应迁移行为进行研究,建立释放动力学模型。纳米复合抗菌薄膜溶胀率和扫描电镜结果表明,抗菌薄膜在果胶甲酯酶活为0~2.5 U/mL的食品模拟液中均具有明显的溶胀行为,随着酶活的增强,薄膜横截面微观结构由致密逐渐变为疏松,甚至出现孔洞或缝隙;百里香精油释放动力学结果显示,当释放初期扩散比率Mt/M∞<2/3时,精油释放曲线趋于线性,利用短时释放模型和幂律模型对其进行模拟分析,发现随着酶活的升高,百里香精油的释放机制呈现出由不规则扩散向Fick定律转变的趋势;百里香精油扩散释放的全过程属于扩散⁃溶胀叠加机制,符合自拟的负指数生长回归模型(R2>0.95)。

小分子增塑剂对甲壳素/百里香精油复合膜性能的影响

为了提高天然聚合物/植物精油复合膜的基础性能,以甲壳素纳米纤维(ChNFs)为基体,通过Pickering乳化法负载百里香精油(TEO)制备复合包装膜,研究小分子增塑剂甘油和液体石蜡对复合膜机械性能、光学性能的影响。结果表明,甘油和液体石蜡添加量均为0.5 wt%时会将复合膜的拉伸强度提高至14 MPa,此时最大断裂伸长率为46%。甘油和液体石蜡的添加还会提高复合膜的遮光性能和热稳定性。试验制备的高性能甲壳素/百里香精油复合膜可为多糖/植物精油复合膜进一步在食品包装方面的应用提供理论基础。

Evaluation of thyme and ajwain as antibiotic growth promoter substitutions on growth performance,carcass characteristics and serum biochemistry in Japanese quails(Coturnix japonica)

The present study was to evaluate thyme and ajwain as antibiotic growth promoter substitutions on growth performance,carcass characteristics and serum biochemistry in Japanese quails(Coturnix japonica).A feeding trial was conducted over 28 d with 4 groups of Japanese quails fed experimental diets formulated to provide no supplementation(control),or control t 55 mg zinc bacitracin/kg,2 g thyme/kg,and 2 g ajwain/kg.At 35 d of age,2 quails from each replicate were sacrificed and eviscerated.Liver,empty small intestine and heart were weighed and calculated as a percentage of live body weight.The carcasses were weighed and the cuts were performed to evaluate the yield of legs and breast.At 35 d of age,2 quails per replicate were chosen and approximately 1-m L blood samples were collected through brachial vein,and concentrations of albumin,total protein,triglyceride,total cholesterol,and high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol were determined.Final body weight were not affected by the dietary treatment whereas,it tended to increase in quails supplemented with antibiotic.Overall feed conversation ratio values were similar though it tended to improve in quails supplemented with thyme compared with other groups.Daily feed intake,internal organ weights and carcass traits were not influenced by the dietary treatments.Serum total cholesterol contents were lower(P < 0.05) in quails supplemented with ajwain compared with control and quails supplemented with antibiotic and thyme.The highest serum HDL-cholesterol was seen in the group supplemented with thyme compared with other groups.It was concluded that the addition of 2 g/kg thyme can improve serum biochemistry in quails,although its effects on performance criteria was negligible.

凝胶多糖对果胶/百里香精油纳米乳液复合膜特性的改进

该文利用凝胶多糖对果胶/百里香精油纳米乳液薄膜进行特性改进,探索不同质量凝胶多糖对薄膜耐水性、机械性能、表面结构、二级结构、热稳定性以及生物活性等的影响。结果表明,复合膜的耐水性和机械性能随凝胶多糖的增加得到提升(P<0.05);二级结构、微观结构、热稳定结果也显示出凝胶多糖有助于改善果胶/百里香精油纳米乳液复合膜的网络结构,且几乎不影响抗菌活性;当添加1.2 g凝胶多糖时,复合膜综合性能最优。该研究证明凝胶多糖能够提升果胶/百里香精油纳米乳液复合膜的耐水性、热稳定性和机械性能,并提升其在活性包装中的应用潜力。

不同浓度、粒径百里香精油纳米乳液的抗菌性研究

该研究采用超声波辅助制备了不同浓度和粒径的百里香精油纳米乳液,并探索其浓度和粒径对大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌效果。通过透射电镜观察到纳米乳液均呈现完好的球形,平均粒径均在50 nm左右,与纳米粒度分析仪测得结果相近;傅里叶红外光谱分析表明,超声功率的改变可以调控纳米乳液的粒径,但对其组成成分的化学结构没有影响。在抑菌性的研究中发现,百里香精油纳米乳液的浓度变化对不同菌株的抗菌效果有显著影响(P<0.05),而粒径大小对不同菌株的抗菌效果的影响具有差异性:对铜绿假单胞菌的抗菌效果的影响最为显著(P<0.05),而对大肠杆菌的影响不如铜绿假单胞菌明显。该研究结果表明,利用百里香精油纳米乳液的浓度和粒径的优化组合可以提升其对细菌的抑制效果。

百里香精油成分对壳聚糖膜结构特性的影响及其迁移机制

为探究百里香精油成分百里香酚、芳樟醇和石竹烯从壳聚糖膜中的迁移机制,对其构建的壳聚糖复合膜物理性能、抗菌性能、迁移特性和化学结构进行研究。结果表明,百里香精油、百里香酚和石竹烯均提高了壳聚糖膜的阻水性,其中石竹烯的水蒸气透过率比对照下降了15.04%,并且,百里香酚和石竹烯也降低了复合膜的膨胀度(下降24.31%和11.64%)和断裂伸长率(下降13.46%和27.88%),但显著(P<0.05)提高了壳聚糖膜的抗菌性,以百里香精油复合膜抗菌效果最好。所有精油成分均增加了壳聚糖膜的吸热峰温度,提高了复合膜的热稳定性。此外,复合膜中精油成分在蒸馏水中的迁移速率快于95%乙醇,百里香酚的迁移速率最快,其次是精油和石竹烯,而芳樟醇迁移最少。傅立叶变换红外光谱显示,壳聚糖与百里香精油、百里香酚、石竹烯之间存在强烈的氢键相互作用。研究为深入探究壳聚糖精油复合膜的性能和结构差异提供了参考。

百里香精油/磷酸化淀粉晶/明胶复合膜的制备及性能研究

以明胶为原料,通过添加磷酸化淀粉晶改善明胶膜的机械性能和表面疏水性能,研究不同质量分数(4%,6%,8%,相对于干基总质量)的百里香精油对明胶/磷酸化淀粉晶的结构和功能特性的影响。傅里叶变换红外光谱表明,明胶/磷酸化淀粉晶/百里香精油组分之间发生了氢键相互作用。扫描电镜表明,添加百里香精油后,复合膜表面变得较为粗糙。接触角结果显示,添加精油的复合膜表面疏水性随着精油添加量的增大而降低。相比于明胶和明胶/磷酸化淀粉晶的薄膜,添加质量分数为4%的百里香精油,复合膜兼具良好的疏水性、抗菌和抗氧化活性,随着其质量分数增加到8%时,复合膜呈现出优异的体外抗氧化和抗菌活性,同时具有较强的紫外屏蔽性能。动力学迁移实验表明,添加精油的复合膜均可在水体环境中形成长效控释。因此,可根据食品原料属性的差异性,通过调控百里香精油的含量,为开发多功能食品保鲜膜奠定理论基础。

未来气候情景下中国3种百里香地理分布预测

百里香属植物在生态修复、荒漠化治理、水土保持等方面具有重要应用价值。近年来,野生百里香属资源急剧减少,因此摸清不同种百里香的分布范围以及未来气候变化背景下的生境变化,对于百里香属种质资源保护十分重要。针对这一问题,本文采用最大熵模型(MaxEnt),结合数字标本馆等相关信息,探究当前气候情景下百里香、亚洲百里香、展毛地椒的分布范围,预测在低CO_(2)排放和高CO_(2)排放2种未来气候情景下不同种不同类型生境范围的变化。结果表明:(1)限制百里香和展毛地椒在中国分布的主要气候变量是温度季节性变化标准差、最暖月最高温度、最干季度平均温度和年降水量;限制亚洲百里香分布的主要气候变量是温度季节性变化标准差、最暖月最高温度、最湿季度平均温度、最干季度平均温度。(2)不同种的适宜气候范围不同。展毛地椒适宜气候范围最广,温度季节性变化标准差860~1600、最暖月最高温度22~31℃、最干季平均温度-13~7℃,年降水量180~890 mm;百里香适宜气候范围最窄,温度季节性变化标准差790~1700,最暖月最高温度23~30℃,最干季平均温度-13~3℃,年降水量340~740 mm。(3)3种百里香中,百里香的潜在分布面积最大,占我国国土面积的33%;亚洲百里香的潜在分布面积最小,占我国国土面积的25%。(4)在2种未来气候情景不同时间段下,百里香和展毛地椒在我国的适宜生境面积均增加,亚洲百里香的适宜生境面积减少。

三种百里香挥发油成分、抑菌活性和对人体肝癌细胞毒性研究

为探究百里香属三种百里香植物挥发油的化学成分及其抑菌和抗癌作用,采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取柠檬百里香、百里香和法国百里香中的挥发油,并对其化学成分进行分析,共检测出50种化合物,其中百里香酚含量最高37.61%,柠檬醛11.44%、顺式香叶醇10.25%、石竹素5.74%、异百里酚甲醚12.45%。采用滤纸片抑菌法和平板涂布法检测三种挥发油的抑菌活性,确定柠檬百里香挥发油的抑菌效果最好,最小抑菌/杀菌浓度强弱依次为大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)>燕麦镰刀菌(Fusarium avenaceum)>金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)。CCK-8法测定三种百里香挥发油对肝癌细胞HepG2的毒性,结果表明柠檬百里香挥发油对肝癌细胞的抑制作用最强,其IC_(50)值为18.32μg/mL。该研究结果可为百里香挥发油的开发利用提供理论依据。

百里香精油对芒果保鲜效果研究

为研究百里香精油对芒果保鲜效果和芒果货架期的影响。以百里香精油为熏蒸剂,研究百里香精油不同用量(5μL,20μL)对芒果贮藏期间颜色及腐烂情况、果皮叶绿素含量、硬度、直链淀粉和支链淀粉的含量、糖酸比的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,用百里香精油熏蒸处理能延缓芒果表皮褐变和出现病斑,抑制芒果淀粉水解和果实软化,控制芒果糖酸比升高,达到延缓后熟速度,抑制芒果腐烂,延长芒果的贮藏期限的效果。其中,当百里香精油用量为5μL时,就能很好地延缓芒果后熟速度,延长芒果货架期。

百里香精油的抑菌作用及其对鲜切冬瓜的保鲜效果

通过GC-MS对百里香精油的化学成分进行了鉴定,研究了百里香精油对不同真菌和细菌的抑制效果及最低抑菌浓度,考查不同浓度百里香精油/壳聚糖复合保鲜液在室温条件下对鲜切冬瓜的保鲜效果。结果表明:百里香精油具有明显的抑菌作用,结合壳聚糖能够有效抑制鲜切冬瓜的腐烂,保持鲜切冬瓜的品质,延长其货架寿命。其中0.08%的百里香精油结合1%壳聚糖对鲜切冬瓜的保鲜效果最佳。