Intratumoral Bacteria Dysbiosis Is Associated with Human Papillary Thyroid Cancer and Correlated with Oncogenic Signaling Pathways

Emerging evidence suggests that microbial dysbiosis plays vital roles in many human cancers.However,knowledge of whether the microbial community in thyroid tumor is related to tumorigenesis remains elusive.In this study,we aimed to explore the microbial community in thyroid tissues and its contribution to papillary thyroid cancer(PTC).In parallel,we performed microbial profiling and transcriptome sequencing in the tumor and adjacent normal tissues of a large cohort of 340 PTC and benign thyroid nodule(BTN)patients.Distinct microbial signatures were identified in PTC,BTN,and their adjacent nontumor tissues.Intra-thyroid tissue bacteria were verified by means of bacteria staining,fluorescence in situ hybridization,and immunoelectron microscopy.We found that 17 bacterial taxa were differentially abundant in PTC compared with BTN,which included enrichment in PTC of the pathobionts Rhodococcus,Neisseria,Streptococcus,Halomonas,and Devosia,and depletion of the beneficial bacteria Amycolatopsis.These differentially abundant bacteria could differentiate PTC tumor tissues(PTC-T)from BTN tissues(BTN-T)with an area under the curve(AUC)of 81.66%.Microbial network analysis showed increased correlation strengths among the bacterial taxa in PTC-T in comparison with BTN-T.Immunefunction-corresponding bacteria(i.e.,Erwinia,Bacillus,and Acinetobacter)were found to be enriched in PTC with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.Moreover,our integrative analysis revealed that the PTC-enriched bacteria had a positive association with key PTC-oncogenic pathway-related genes,including BRAF,KRAS,IRAK4,CTNNB1,PIK3CA,MAP3K7,and EGFR.In conclusion,our results suggest that intratumor bacteria dysbiosis is associated with the thyroid tumorigenesis and oncogenic signaling pathways of PTC.

Multifocal papillary thyroid cancer in Graves’ disease: A case report

BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is not commonly observed in patients with Graves’disease(GD).The presence of thyroid nodules in GD is not uncommon.However,a link bet-ween these two entities has been reported.Herein,we report the case of a patient with GD and thyroid cancer in Saudi Arabia,which has not been reported previously in our region.CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old male patient with GD,receiving carbimazole for 2 years,presented to our hospital.His hyperthyroidism was controlled clinically and biochemically.On clinical examination,he was found to have a left-sided thyroid nodule.Ultra-sound revealed a 2.6 cm hypoechoic nodule with high vascularity.He was then referred for fine needle aspiration which showed that the nodule was highly suspicious for malignancy.The patient underwent total thyroidectomy and was diagnosed with multifocal classical micropapillary thyroid cancer.Post thyroid-ectomy he received radioactive iodine ablation along with levothyroxine replace-ment therapy.CONCLUSION Careful preoperative assessment and thyroid gland ultrasound might assist in screening and diagnosing thyroid cancer in patients with GD.

Papillary thyroid cancer and inflammatory bowel disease:Is there a relationship?

AIM:To formally study age of diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer(PTC) in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) patients and evaluate the prevalence of PTC in IBD patients compared to a control population.pothesis that patients with IBD are more likely to be diagnosed with PTC than a control population.A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using the University of Pennsylvania Health System's electronic database.Outpatients from 1998-2009 were included in the search,and patients in the cohort were selected based on ICD-9 codes.Inclusion criteria included the diagnosis of Crohn's disease(CD) or ulcerative colitis(UC) and the concurrent diagnosis of thyroid cancer in comparison to a control population.Using these methods 912 patients with CD and 1774 with UC were compared to 1638 diverticulitis and 19 447 asthma controls.Statistics were performed using corrected chisquare analysis.The primary outcome for this study was the diagnosis of PTC.Approval to conduct this study was obtained by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Pennsylvania.RESULTS:The mean age was 47.5 years(range:18-102 years) and 66% patients were female.An analysis of variance model was used to compare the age of PTC diagnosis between the CD,UC,asthma and diverticulitis groups,and a statistically significant difference in age at PTC diagnosis was noted across all groups(F = 6.35,df = 3,P = 0.0006).The age of PTC diagnosis in CD patients was statistically significantly lower than UC,asthma,and diverticulitis patients(average PTC diagnosis age for CD 25,UC 49,asthma 45,diverticulitis 63).After covarying for sex and age in 2009,the difference in age at PTC diagnosis remained statistically significant(F = 4.13,df = 3,P = 0.0089).A total of 86 patients were diagnosed with PTC.Nine patients(0.5%) with UC were diagnosed with PTC.Patients with UC were not shown to be more likely to develop PTC [odds ratio(OR):1.544,95%CI 0.767-3.108] compared to asthma controls.Four patients(0.4%) with CD were diagnosed with PTC.Patients with CD were not shown to be more likely to develop PTC(OR:1.334,95%CI 0.485-3.672) compared to a control population with asthma.Nine patients(0.5%) with a history of diverticulitis were diagnosed with PTC.Patients with diverticulitis were not shown to be more likely to develop PTC(OR:1.673,95%CI 0.831-3.368) compared to asthma controls.Patients with CD or UC were not less likely to develop PTC compared to those with diverticulitis(CD OR:0.80,95%CI 0.25-2.60;UC OR:0.92,95%CI 0.37-2.33).None of the patients used immunosuppressant medications prior to the diagnosis of PTC(azathioprine,6-mercaptopurine,and methotrexate).CONCLUSION:There is a significant difference in age of diagnosis of PTC in patients with CD compared to patients with UC and the control populations studied.

An overview of the contemporary diagnosis and management approaches for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

Thyroid carcinoma is a complex disease with several types,the most common being well-differentiated and undifferentiated.The latter,“undifferentiated carcinoma”,also known as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma(ATC),is a highly aggr-essive malignant tumor accounting for less than 0.2%of all thyroid carcinomas and carries a poor prognosis with a median survival of 5 months.BRAF gene mutations are the most common molecular factor associated with this type of thyroid carcinoma.Recent advances in targeted biological agents,immuno-therapy,stem cell therapy,nanotechnology,the dabrafenib/trametinib com-bination therapy,immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICI)and artificial intelligence offer novel treatment options.The combination therapy of dabrafenib and tra-metinib is the current standard treatment for patients with BRAF-V600E gene mutations.Besides,the dabrafenib/trametinib combination therapy,ICI,used alone or in combination with targeted therapies have raised some hopes for improving the prognosis of this deadly disease.Younger age,earlier tumor stage and radiotherapy are all prognostic factors for improved outcomes.Ultimately,therapeutic regimens should be tailored to the individual patient based on surveillance and epidemiological data,and a multidisciplinary approach is ess-ential.

Update on current diagnosis and management of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma has a favorable prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of over 95%.However,the undifferentiated or anaplastic type accounting for<0.2%,usually in elderly individuals,exhibits a dismal prognosis with rapid growth and disappointing outcomes.It is the most aggressive form of thyroid carcinoma,with a median survival of 5 mo and poor quality of life(airway obstruction,dysphagia,hoarseness,persistent pain).Early diagnosis and staging are crucial.Diagnostic tools include biopsy(fine needle aspiration,core needle,open surgery),high-resolution ultrasound,computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging,[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography,liquid biopsy and microRNAs.The BRAF gene(BRAF-V600E and BRAF wild type)is the most often found molecular factor.Others include the genes RET,KRAS,HRAS,and NRAS.Recent management policy is based on surgery,even debulking,chemotherapy(cisplatin or doxorubicin),radiotherapy(adjuvant or definitive),targeted biological agents and immunotherapy.The last two options constitute novel hopeful management modalities improving the overall survival in these otherwise condemned patients.Anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibody immunotherapy,stem cell targeted therapies,nanotechnology achievements and artificial intelligence implementation provide novel promising alternatives.Genetic mutations determine molecular pathways,thus indicating novel treatment strategies such as anti-BRAF,anti-vascular endothelial growth factor-A,and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor.Treatment with the combination of the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib and the MEK inhibitor trametinib has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in cases with BRAF-V600E gene mutations and is currently the standard care.This neoadjuvant treatment followed by surgery ensures a twoyear overall survival of 80%.Prognostic factors for improved outcomes have been found to be younger age,earlier tumor stage and radiation therapy.A multidisciplinary approach is necessary,and the therapeutic plan should be individu alized based on surveillance and epidemiology end results.

The BRAF^V600E mutation improve diagnostic sensitivity of thyroid nodules with benign or indeterminate cytology results

Objective To investigate the role of BRAF^V600E mutation in diagnosis of thyroid nodules when it is inconsonant with cytological results.Methods This study included 9837 patients who underwent US-FNA.We mainly analyzed 239 cases with benign or indeterminate cytology,but having a detection of BRAF^V600E mutation.BRAF^V600E mutation analysis was performed using a Amplification Refractory Mutation System Polymerase Chain Reaction.Results In 93 nodules with benign cytology results but positive BRAF^V600E mutation,84 nodules were malignant.Based on the results,US-FNA combined with BRAF^V600E mutation analysis will improve sensitivity(Se=94.03%)and negative predictive value(NPV=2.69%)of the thyroid nodules diagnosis than using US-FNA alone(Se=71.03%,NPV=20.76%).Conclusion BRAFV600E mutation analysis is an important tool in the diagnosis of PTC with high sensitivity and NPV.When facing patients with benign or indeterminate cytology but positive BRAF^V600E mutation,thyroidectomy should be considered.

Role of prophylactic central neck lymph node dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma in the era of de-escalation

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy.While there has been no appreciable increase in the observed mortality of well-differentiated thyroid cancer,there has been an overall rise in its incidence worldwide over the last few decades.Patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC)and clinical evidence of central(cN1)and/or lateral lymph node metastases require total thyroidectomy plus central and/or lateral neck dissection as the initial surgical treatment.Nodal status in PTC patients plays a crucial role in the prognostic evaluation of the recurrence risk.The 2015 guidelines of the American Thyroid Association(ATA)have more accurately determined the indications for therapeutic central and lateral lymph node dissection.However,prophylactic central neck lymph node dissection(pCND)in negative lymph node(cN0)PTC patients is controversial,as the 2009 ATA guidelines recommended that CND“should be considered”routinely in patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for PTC.Although the current guidelines show clear indications for therapeutic CND,the role of pCND in cN0 patients with PTC is still debated.In small solitary papillary carcinoma(T1,T2),pCND is not recommended unless there are high-risk prediction factors for recurrence and diffuse nodal spread(extrathyroid extension,mutation in the BRAF gene).pCND can be considered in cN0 disease with advanced primary tumors(T3 or T4)or clinical lateral neck disease(cN1b)or for staging and treatment planning purposes.The role of the preoperative evaluation is fundamental to minimizing the possible detrimental effect of overtreatment of the types of patients who are associated with low disease-related morbidity and mortality.On the other hand,it determines the choice of appropriate treatment and determines if close monitoring of patients at a higher risk is needed.Thus,pCND is currently recommended for T3 and T4 tumors but not for T1 and T2 tumors without high-risk prediction factors of recurrence.

Coexistence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in a context of Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Papillary thyroid cancer(PTC)represents 80%-85%of thyroid cancer and its prevalence has been rising in the last decades.Primary thyroid lymphoma(PTL)accounts for 3%of extranodal lymphomas and about 5%of thyroid malignancies,having a prevalence of one or two cases per million people.Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue lymphoma represents approximately30%of PTL.Both entities have an indolent course and a very good prognosis.Diagnosis is made by ultrasound and fine needle aspiration(FNA)or surgery specimen pathology.They have also been associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis(HT),but pathogenesis and its links remains to be known.Treatment remains controversial and surgery is generally accepted in cases of disease limited to thyroid,as the present.Patients with thyroid nodules should be observed and followed.If there is an enlargement by ultrasound or clinical symptoms,FNA should be performed promptly.Patients with HT deserve additional surveillance,since this condition is associated with both PTC and PTL.In this case,the management with surgery and radioactive iodine ablation therapy was effective for both entities.Patients with thyroid nodules should be properly evaluated with ultrasound and thyroid function tests.If there is an enlargement of the neck,reported by symptoms or ultrasound,it requires further investigation.HT is associated to both PTC and PTL so if the enlargement of the nodules is on this context additional tests such as FNA should be performed.In this case,the patient was managed with surgery and radioactive iodine ablation therapy and it was effective for both entities.

The Management of Metastatic Thyroid Carcinoma: An Initial Presentation with Bony Metastasis

Introduction: Metastatic thyroid carcinoma presenting at the initial time of diagnosis is uncommon and the prognosis is unclear. Long term survival rates are variable ranging from 13% to 100%. This case report is presented to illustrate potential management and lend statistical power to future analysis of the correct treatment planning, mortality rates, and prognostic indications for an uncommon presentation of thyroid cancer. Case presentation: This patient is a 63 year old female who presented with new onset of progressive right hip pain. She was treated with a cortisone injection for presumed osteoarthritis but did not improve. Physical exam at the time was pertinent for a body mass index (BMI) of 38.4, mild systolic hypertension, difficulty walking secondary to the right hip pain, limited range of motion at the hip, and fullness of right thyroid gland with no palpable nodules. Laboratory evaluation including thyroid function tests was normal. However, CT and MRI scans revealed a 6.5 cm × 5 cm osteolytic expansive lesion on the right iliac crest with a soft tissue mass. In addition, an enlarged right thyroid lobe and small nodular densities in the lungs suspicious for metastatic disease were noted. A fine needle aspiration of the right ileum revealed metastatic follicular adenocarcinoma consistent with a thyroid primary. The patient was not a surgical candidate due to the extent of disease. She received 37.5 Gy to both the right iliac crest mass and the neck to include the thyroid lesion, followed by iodine-131 ablation and bisphosphonate therapy. Her disease was stable on her last follow up at 48 months. Conclusion: Further studies identifying independent variables such as age of the patient, site and extent of the disease and histology of the tumor are needed to help determine the true prognosis and proper management patients with this presentation. The optimal treatment with potential chance for cure in patients with metastatic thyroid carcinoma has yet to be elucidated.

超声联合抗体状态预测桥本甲状腺炎背景下甲状腺乳头状癌的ATA复发风险分层

目的基于桥本甲状腺炎背景下甲状腺乳头状癌的超声特征和桥本甲状腺炎特异性抗体状态,预测2015版美国甲状腺学会(ATA)复发风险分层。资料与方法回顾性分析2017年1月—2019年12月于解放军总医院第一医学中心初次行甲状腺手术的479例甲状腺乳头状癌与桥本甲状腺炎共存患者的超声及临床资料,按照时间分为训练组327例及验证组152例。采用多因素Logistic回归分析与ATA高复发风险分层相关的独立影响因素,构建、筛选预测模型,采用曲线下面积、校准曲线、布里尔评分评估模型效能。结果多因素Logistic分析显示,结节恶性多灶(OR=3.812,95%CI 1.275~11.397,P=0.017)、结节接触被膜(OR=8.012,95%CI 1.647~38.972,P=0.010)、微钙化(OR=4.220,95%CI 1.302~13.678,P=0.016)、纵横比>1(OR=4.017,95%CI 1.286~12.548,P=0.017)、结节血流丰富(OR=6.120,95%CI 2.225~16.832,P<0.001)、结节最大径≥1 cm(OR=4.784,95%CI 1.360~16.833,P=0.015)、腺体呈典型桥本回声(OR=0.114,95%CI 0.039~0.330,P<0.001)、抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体单阳性(OR=0.088,95%CI 0.006~1.299,P=0.077)是高复发风险分层的独立预测因素。预测模型在训练组及验证组中曲线下面积分别为0.942(95%CI 0.911~0.972)和0.933(95%CI 0.878~0.990),两组校准曲线均拟合良好,布里尔评分分别为0.054和0.058,模型预测效能良好。结论基于超声特征联合抗体状态的术前预测模型评估甲状腺乳头状癌与桥本甲状腺炎共存患者ATA复发风险分层具有良好的效能,可为临床拟定治疗方案提供帮助。

基于“因加而发”探讨甲状腺结节“结癌转化”防治

甲状腺结节可归于中医学“瘿病”“瘿瘤”等范畴,其基本病机为正气虚损,邪毒瘀滞。究甲状腺结节结癌转化之变,实为本元亏虚的基础上,新邪惑乱诱发痰凝、气滞、血瘀、毒结等故邪作祟,结聚颈前,破坏正邪平衡,正气无力驱邪外出,久羁为患,变生癌浊,日久发为癌瘤。“因加而发”发病理论不仅包括多因素累加导致疾病发生,亦注重邪正交互的作用,与甲状腺结节的发生发展具有相同之处。在“因加而发”理论指导下,探讨中医“治未病”的优势,将甲状腺结节治疗窗口前移,攻邪于毒未鸱张亢盛之时,扶正于正气尚未衰败之际,延缓甲状腺结节癌变进程,为临床中西医结合防治甲状腺结节结癌转化提供思路。

甲状腺结节钙化在超声诊断甲状腺癌中的价值分析

目的探讨甲状腺结节钙化在超声诊断甲状腺癌中的价值。方法随机选择2020年1月—2023年6月遵义市正安县人民医院收治的甲状腺结节患者230例进行研究,所有患者均接受超声检查。将病理检查结果作为金标准,分析超声诊断甲状腺结节准确性;同时,比较良性与恶性甲状腺结节钙化情况、钙化特征,以及不同类型甲状腺恶性结节钙化情况。结果病理检查诊断良性结节138例、恶性结节92例,超声诊断良性和恶性的诊断符合分别为97.10%、94.57%。良性甲状腺结节检出钙化率为17.39%,明显低于恶性甲状腺结节的65.22%,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=54.462,P<0.05);与恶性甲状腺结节相比,良性甲状腺结节检出钙化形态粗钙化率、钙化结节边界状态模糊率、钙化结节数目多发率更高,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。甲状腺恶性结节中,乳头状癌微钙化例数明显多于粗钙化,其中微钙化最多的是乳头状癌,而粗钙化主要以乳头状癌与滤泡状癌为主。结论超声检查诊断甲状腺结节良性与恶性准确率较高,甲状腺结节钙化表现能为良恶性鉴别提供依据。

宋宗良教授基于气机升降理论治疗甲状腺癌术后疲劳综合征经验探析

甲状腺癌术后疲劳综合征是甲状腺癌术后常见的临床综合征,现代医学对于本病的认识仍处于探索阶段,尚未明确其发病机制,治疗具有一定的局限性,疗效不甚显著。中医学对于本病的治疗有着独特的见解,较现代医学而言更为安全有效,具有一定的优势。中医学认为脏腑以气化为用,气化主要的运动形式为升降出入。气机调畅,气升降出入如常,机体的物质与能量得以转化,气化方能正常运行。反之,气机失畅,气化亦会失司。宋宗良教授基于气机升降理论治疗本病,认为本病的发生与肝脾气机升降失调密切相关,手术创伤,失血失液,阴血亏耗,破血夺气,中焦气机紊乱,加之术后情志郁结,肝之气机不畅,进一步影响中焦气机升降,气血运化乏源,津液输布失畅,易于疲劳。治疗法则以调畅气机为主,以加味逍遥散、柴胡疏肝散、四逆散为基础方,使肝脾气机升降转输如常,协调平衡,脏腑各司其职,诸证自除。现代药理研究亦证实加味逍遥散中的诸多中药成分具有抗肿瘤、免疫调节等诸多药理作用。此方用于临床,疗效显著,值得学习借鉴,希翼能够为甲状腺术后疲劳综合征的治疗提供一种新的治疗方案,为今后的临床研究带来一些新的灵感。笔者有幸侍诊左右,现通过总结宋教授经验对本病进行探析。

甲状腺癌病人疾病感知现状及其影响因素

目的:分析甲状腺癌病人疾病感知现状及其影响因素。方法:选取2021年7月—2023年6月于我院收治的108例甲状腺癌病人,采用简化版疾病感知问卷(BIPQ)评价病人疾病感知水平,采用一般资料调查问卷、自我感受负担、心理一致感量表调查病人,采用多重线性回归分析甲状腺癌病人疾病感知水平的影响因素。结果:108例甲状腺癌病人的BIPQ评分为(36.10±6.37)分,提示病人疾病感知水平处于中等;多重线性回归分析结果显示,肿瘤Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期、非乳头状癌、文化程度为高中以下、消极应对、中重度自我感受负担、心理一致感低下是甲状腺癌病人疾病感知水平的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:甲状腺癌病人疾病感知水平中等,受肿瘤分期、病理类型、文化程度、应对方式、自我感受负担、心理一致感影响。

索拉非尼对碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌患者血清及影像学变化研究

目的探讨索拉非尼对碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌患者血清及影像学变化。方法选择2020年收治的碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌40例,患者均服用索拉非尼药物治疗。分析40例碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌患者使用索拉非尼治疗后的临床疗效,比较患者治疗前后血清学指标[血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NAGL)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TG-Ab)、三酰甘油(TG)]及患者治疗前后免疫功能指标,分析不良反应发生情况,比较患者治疗前后生活质量评分,比较患者治疗前后表观扩散系数(ADC)值变化情况。结果40例碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌患者随访时间122~303 d,截止随访303 d时,疾病客观缓解率为60.0%,疾病控制率为80.0%。患者全部发生不同程度的不良反应,不良反应发生率最多的有脱发、高血压、手足综合征、乏力、腹泻,发生率均超过20%。患者治疗后的VEGF、NAGL、TG-Ab、TG水平小于治疗前(P<0.05)。患者治疗后的CD8^(+)大于治疗前,CD4^(+)、CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)比值均小于治疗前(P<0.05)。患者治疗后的精神健康、感情职能、社会功能、精力、一般健康状况、躯体疼痛、生理职能、生理功能各项生活质量评分均大于治疗前(P<0.05)。患者的ADC值呈持续升高趋势。结论碘难治性分化型甲状腺癌患者使用索拉非尼治疗,患者血清学指标明显下降,免疫功能显著改善,虽然存在不良反应,可疾病控制率相对较高,治疗效果较理想,患者生活质量得到较大提高;同时,索拉非尼治疗后经影像学检查患者的ADC值,一定程度可发挥客观评价作用,为患者后续治疗提供一些指导。

基于行动导向为核心的健康教育对甲状腺癌患者术后疾病认知及自理能力的影响

目的:探讨基于行动导向为核心的健康教育对甲状腺癌术后疾病认知及自理能力的影响。方法:选取2022年1—12月在鹰潭市人民医院行甲状腺癌手术的患者84例,随机分为两组,观察组(42例)和对照组(42例)。对照组采用常规护理干预;观察组在对照组基础上采用基于行动向导为核心的健康教育。干预前后比较两组自制疾病认知问卷、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、自我护理能力量表(ESCA)、生活质量核心量表(QLQ-C30);采用功能锻炼依从性量表比较干预后两组锻炼依从性;干预后比较两组并发症发生率及护理满意度。结果:干预后,观察组自制疾病认知问卷(疾病早期识别、疾病的危害、预防复发事项、饮食注意事项)良好例数均多于对照组(P<0.05);观察组SAS、SDS评分均低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组自我概念、自我护理技能、自护责任感、健康知识水平评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组躯体功能、角色功能、社会功能评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组锻炼总依从率高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组护理总满意率高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:基于行动导向为核心的健康教育能有效提高甲状腺癌术后患者疾病认知能力和自理能力,缓解焦虑及抑郁心理,提高锻炼依从性和生活质量,同时减少并发症发生率,提升护理满意度。

双侧乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除手术对良性甲状腺疾病患者的影响

目的:研究双侧乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除手术(ET)对良性甲状腺疾病患者的影响。方法:选取2020年6月—2023年5月广州中医药大学第三附属医院收治的60例良性甲状腺疾病患者。根据抽签法将其分为干预组和对照组,各30例。对照组给予传统甲状腺切除手术,干预组给予双侧乳晕入路ET治疗。比较两组围手术期指标,术后1个月、3个月美观满意,术后6 h、12 h、24 h疼痛情况,术前及术后炎症因子,并发症。结果:干预组手术时间、术后引流时间、住院时间均短于对照组,术中出血量及术后引流量均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1个月、3个月,干预组数字评分系统(NSS)评分高于对照组;术后6 h、12 h、24 h,干预组视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后2 d,两组肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)与白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平均升高,干预组TNF-α、IL-6水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预组术后并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:双侧乳晕入路ET应用于良性甲状腺疾病治疗中的效果显著,能优化围手术期指标,外周血TNF-α及IL-6水平低,获得更佳的美容效果。

代谢综合征与甲状腺癌发病风险及临床病理特征的关联性研究

目的探讨代谢综合征(MetS)与甲状腺癌发病风险及临床病理特征的关联性。方法回顾性选取645例甲状腺癌患者作为观察组,选取同期健康体检者685例作为对照组,应用Logistic回归分析MetS与甲状腺癌发病风险及临床病理特征的关联性。结果在校正年龄、性别、身体质量指数(BMI)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平后,Logistic回归分析显示,MetS(OR=3.267,95%CI=1.636~6.524)及其组分代谢因素均会增加甲状腺癌发病风险(P<0.05);MetS与甲状腺癌患者的肿瘤大小(OR=5.680,95%CI=2.545~12.676)、病灶数目(OR=7.254,95%CI=2.234~23.552)、肿瘤分期(OR=8.148,95%CI=3.297~20.141)及淋巴结转移(OR=3.859,95%CI=1.321~11.273)相关(P<0.05)。结论MetS及其包含的各项代谢相关因素均会增加甲状腺癌的发病风险,还可能预示甲状腺癌患者的肿瘤直径较大、病灶多发、肿瘤分期Ⅲ~Ⅳ期和淋巴结转移。

桥本氏甲状腺炎合并甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床病理特征及其与BRAF基因突变的相关性研究

目的探讨桥本氏甲状腺炎(Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,HT)合并甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)患者的临床病理特征,并分析其与鼠类肉瘤滤过性毒菌致癌同源体B(V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B,BRAF)基因突变之间的关系。方法回顾性分析2020年1月~2021年12月邯郸市中心医院确诊为PTC的180例患者临床资料,按照是否合并HT将其分为合并组(n=68)与对照组(n=112),对比其临床病理特征及甲状腺功能指标差异,分析引起HT合并PTC的相关危险因素;再将合并组中的患者按照是否发生BRAF基因突变分为阳性组(n=42)及阴性组(n=26),对比其临床病理特征并通过Logistic回归分析引起BRAF基因突变的危险因素;Spearman相关系数分析HT合并PTC的临床病理特征与BRAF基因突变的相关性。结果多发病灶、未发生BRAF基因突变、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)≥28.31 IU/ml、促甲状腺激素(TSH)≥1.85 mIU/L、游离甲状腺素(FT4)≤16.03pmol/L为HT合并PTC的独立危险因素(P<0.05);多发病灶、包膜外侵犯、TNM分期及发生淋巴结转移是影响H T合并P TC发生BRAF基因突变的独立危险因素(P<0.05),同时与BR A F基因突变均呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。结论BRAF基因突变在HT合并PTC患者中的例数有所减少,且与病灶数量、包膜外侵犯、TNM分期及淋巴结转移间具有强关联性。

甲状腺癌CT误诊为结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺腺瘤的临床分析

目的分析甲状腺癌CT误诊为结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺腺瘤的原因及防范措施。方法回顾性分析2020年2月—2022年3月收治的甲状腺癌误诊病例12例的临床资料。结果12例均以颈前无痛性单发肿物(右侧5例、左侧7例)就诊,甲状腺均增大,5例可触及多个颈部增大淋巴结;出现声嘶、呼吸困难等压迫症状5例;肿物质硬,吞咽时活动性差5例。12例中形状不规则7例,边界清楚4例;3例肿物邻近气管、肌肉或血管浸润包埋,4例包膜欠完整,5例颈部淋巴结增大。12例增强扫描均表现为不均匀强化。误诊为甲状腺腺瘤7例、结节性甲状腺肿5例,均拟行手术治疗,经术中冰冻切片及术后病理检查证实为甲状腺癌,病理类型为乳头状腺癌。误诊时间2~3 d。12例中行患侧腺叶切除术8例,患侧腺叶+峡部切除术4例,同时行患侧增大颈部淋巴结清除术5例,术后予以放疗6例。12例术后均口服甲状腺素片防止复发。术后随访1年,均存活且未复发。结论甲状腺癌患者早期常无明显症状,多以无痛性颈部肿物就诊,若CT影像不典型,未及早行针刺细胞学病理检查,易导致术前误诊。提高对本病的警惕性,认真询问病史,仔细查体,熟知CT影像学征象,及早行针刺细胞学病理检查,可有效避免术前误诊。