The History of Controlling and Treating Infectious Diseases in Ancient China

Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind.In the course of historical development,they persistently threaten human health and safety.Even today,despite the developments in medical science,we cannot escape the fear and suffering caused by infectious diseases.Whether in ancient or modern times,the source of infection,route of transmission,and a susceptible population are the three key conditions for the prevalence and spread of infectious diseases.All factors closely related to these three conditions can affect the prevalence of infectious diseases.China is one of the cradles of world civilization.The ancient people accumulated a great deal of experience and lessons in the long struggle against infectious diseases.In the face of the current threat posed by widespread infectious disease,it is imperative to review and summarize ancient Chinese ideas and health policies on epidemic prevention and control to inspire contemporary efforts in the prevention and control of infectious disease.The combination of prevention-oriented epidemic prevention ideology and traditional medicine provides valuable insights,especially for impoverished and medically underserved regions.

Expert consensus on One Health for establishing an enhanced and integrated surveillance system for key infectious diseases

China has been continuously improving its monitoring methods and strategies to address key infectious diseases(KIDs).After the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003,China established a comprehensive report-ing system for infectious diseases(IDs)and public health emergencies.The relatively lagging warning thresholds,limited warning information,and outdated warning technology are insufficient to meet the needs of comprehensive monitoring for modern KIDs.Strengthening early monitoring and warning capabilities to enhance the public health system has become a top priority,with increasing demand for early warning thresholds,information,and tech-niques,thanks to constant innovation and development in molecular biology,bioinformatics,artificial intelligence,and other identification and analysis technologies.A panel of 31 experts has recommended a fourth-generation comprehensive surveillance system targeting KIDs(41 notifiable diseases and emerging IDs).The aim of this surveil-lance system is to systematically monitor the epidemiology and causal pathogens of KIDs in hosts such as humans,animals,and vectors,along with associated environmental pathogens.By integrating factors influencing epidemic spread and risk assessment,the surveillance system can serve to detect,predict,and provide early warnings for the occurrence,development,variation,and spread of known or novel KIDs.Moreover,we recommend comprehensive ID monitoring based on the fourth-generation surveillance system,along with a data-integrated monitoring and early warning platform and a consortium pathogen detection technology system.This series of considerations is based on systematic and comprehensive monitoring across multiple sectors,dimensions,factors,and pathogens that is sup-ported by data integration and connectivity.This expert consensus will provides an opportunity for collaboration in various fields and relies on interdisciplinary application to enhance comprehensive monitoring,prediction,and early warning capabilities for the next generation of ID surveillance.This expert consensus will serve as a reference for ID prevention and control as well as other related activities.

Bioactivities,Mechanisms,Production,and Potential Application of Bile Acids in Preventing and Treating Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases are a global public health problem,with emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases on the rise worldwide.Therefore,their prevention and treatment are still major challenges.Bile acids are common metabolites in both hosts and microorganisms that play a significant role in controlling the metabolism of lipids,glucose,and energy.Bile acids have historically been utilized as first-line,valuable therapeutic agents for related metabolic and hepatobiliary diseases.Notably,bile acids are the major active ingredients of cow bezoar and bear bile,which are commonly used traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)with the therapeutic effects of clearing heat,detoxification,and relieving wind and spasm.In recent years,the promising performance of bile acids against infectious diseases has attracted attention from the scientific community.This paper reviews for the first time the biological activities,possible mechanisms,production routes,and potential applications of bile acids in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases.Compared with previous reviews,we comprehensively summarize existing studies on the use of bile acids against infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that are leading causes of global morbidity and mortality.In addition,to ensure a stable supply of bile acids at affordable prices,it is necessary to clarify the biosynthesis of bile acids in vivo,which will assist scientists in elucidating the accumulation of bile acids and discovering how to engineer various bile acids by means of chemosynthesis,biosynthesis,and chemoenzymatic synthesis.Finally,we explore the current challenges in the field and recommend a development strategy for bile-acid-based drugs and the sustainable production of bile acids.The presented studies suggest that bile acids are potential novel therapeutic agents for managing infectious diseases and can be artificially synthesized in a sustainable way.

Identification of Early Warning Signals of Infectious Diseases in Hospitals by Integrating Clinical Treatment and Disease Prevention

The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased in recent years,posing a significant threat to human health.Hospitals typically serve as frontline institutions for detecting infectious diseases.However,accurately identifying warning signals of infectious diseases in a timely manner,especially emerging infectious diseases,can be challenging.Consequently,there is a pressing need to integrate treatment and disease prevention data to conduct comprehensive analyses aimed at preventing and controlling infectious diseases within hospitals.This paper examines the role of medical data in the early identification of infectious diseases,explores early warning technologies for infectious disease recognition,and assesses monitoring and early warning mechanisms for infectious diseases.We propose that hospitals adopt novel multidimensional early warning technologies to mine and analyze medical data from various systems,in compliance with national strategies to integrate clinical treatment and disease prevention.Furthermore,hospitals should establish institution-specific,clinical-based early warning models for infectious diseases to actively monitor early signals and enhance preparedness for infectious disease prevention and control.

Climate change and the emergence and exacerbation of infectious diseases:A review

Experts expressed severe concerns over the possibility of increasing burden of infectious diseases as the planet’s climate began to change years ago.There have been increased rates of climate-related catastrophes and as global temperatures rise,emergence of certain viruses has become a serious concern.Vectors are susceptible to changing temperatures as they exhibit innate responses to thermal stress to increase survivability.Climate change impacts virus reservoirs,increasing transmission rates of vectors.Vector-borne diseases have already witnessed increasing numbers compared to before.Certain non-endemic areas are encountering their first-ever infectious disease cases due to increasing temperatures.Tick-borne diseases are undergoing transformations provoking a heightened prevalence.Food-borne illnesses are expected to increase owing to warmer temperatures.It is important to recognize that climate change has a multivariable impact on the transmission of viruses.With climate change comes the potential of increasing interspecies interactions promoting jumps.These factors must be considered,and an informed strategy must be formulated.Adaptation and mitigation strategies are required to curb these diseases from spreading.Despite significant evidence that climate change affects infectious diseases,gaps in research exist.We conducted this review to identify the potential role climate change plays in the emergence of new viruses.

Influencing factors and preventive measures of infectious complications after intestinal resection for Crohn’s disease

The incidence of Crohn’s disease(CD)has increased in recent years,with most patients requiring intestinal resection.Complications after intestinal resection for CD can lead to poor prognosis and recurrence,among which infectious complic-ations are the most common.This study aimed to investigate the common risk factors,including medications,preoperative nutritional status,surgery-related factors,microorganisms,lesion location and type,and so forth,causing infectious complications after intestinal resection for CD,and to propose corresponding preventive measures.The findings provided guidance for identifying suscept-ibility factors and the early intervention and prevention of infectious complic-ations after intestinal resection for CD in clinical practice.

美国《Emerging Infectious Diseases》2023年第8期有关人兽共患病论文摘译

P1506日本溃疡棒状杆菌感染的临床特点//Akihiko Yamamoto,Toru Hifumi,Manabu Ato,等,溃疡棒状杆菌是一种与白喉杆菌密切相关的细菌,一些溃疡杆菌菌株产生的毒素与白喉杆菌毒素相似。溃疡菌在环境中到处可见,被认为是对牲畜和野生动物最有害的病原体之一。

美国《Emerging Infectious Diseases》2023年第6期有关人兽共患病论文摘译

P1091神经莱姆病后持续症状与血液中IFN-α水平升高的相关性//Sergio A.Hernández,Katarina Ogrinc,Mi?a Korva,等神经莱姆病(LNB)患者尽管接受抗生素药物治疗,仍可能会经历持续的症状。本文对79例LNB患者的血清和脑脊液(CSF)中20种免疫介质进行为期1年的检测,来验证这些症状是否由适应性免疫反应异常引起。在研究初期,大多数介质高度集中在CSF感染的部位。

Optimal Treatment Strategy for Infectious Diseases with Two Treatment Stages

In this paper, a disease transmission model with two treatment stages is proposed and analyzed. The results indicate that the basic reproduction number is a critical threshold for the prevalence of the disease. If the basic reproduction number is less than one, the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Otherwise, the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Therefore, besides the basic reproduction number, a new marker for characterizing the seriousness of the disease, named as dynamical final infective size, is proposed, which differs from traditional final size because the proposed model includes the natural birth and death. Finally, optimization strategies for limited medical resources are obtained from the perspectives of basic reproduction number and dynamical final infective size, and the real-world disease management scenarios are given based on these finding.

Modellings of Infectious Diseases and Cancers under Wars and Pollution Impacts in Iraq with Reference to a Novel Mathematical Model and Literature Review

Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various pathogens cause human disease, research in microbial pathogenesis also addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. Answering fundamental questions regarding host-microbe interactions requires an interdisciplinary approach, including microbiology, genomics, informatics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, environment and interaction between host and microbe. Studies investigating the direct effects of pollutants on respiratory tract infections are very vast, but those interested in the role of a pre-existing disease and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses are few. In an experimental study at concentrations of air pollutants found in urban environments, frank toxicological responses are rarely observed, however, exposure to secondary stress like the respiratory challenge with infectious bacteria can exacerbate the response of the experimental host. The models like experimental, mechanical, and mathematical are the most abstract, but they allow analysis and logical proofs in a way that other approaches do not permit. The present review is mostly concerned with these model representations particularly with a novel mathematical model explaining the interaction between pathogen and immunity including the equivalence point.

美国《Emerging Infectious Diseases》2017年第11期有关人兽共患病论文摘译

P1784 2015年美国纽约州纽约市由嗜肺军团菌流行株引起的军团菌病暴发//Pascal Lapierre,Elizabeth Nazarian,Yan Zhu,等2015年夏天,美国纽约州纽约市发生了美国有史以来规模最大、最致命的军团菌病疫情。共发生138例病例,其中16例死亡,均与南布朗克斯的一个冷却塔有关。对环境样本和临床分离株的分析表明,暴发前、暴发期和暴发后散发的军团菌病病例可溯源自1株进化缓慢的原始菌株。

Fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases:Pros and cons

BACKGROUND Fecal calprotectin is a valuable biomarker for assessing intestinal inflammation in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.However,its role,pros,and cons in various conditions must be comprehensively elucidated.AIM To explore the role of fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases,including its advantages and limitations.METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed,PubMed Central,Google Scholar,and other scientific research engines until February 24,2024.The review included 88 research articles,56 review articles,six metaanalyses,two systematic reviews,two consensus papers,and two letters to the editors.RESULTS Fecal calprotectin is a non-invasive marker for detecting intestinal inflammation and monitoring disease activity in pediatric conditions such as functional gastrointestinal disorders,inflammatory bowel disease,coeliac disease,coronavirus disease 2019-induced gastrointestinal disorders,gastroenteritis,and cystic fibrosis-associated intestinal pathology.However,its lack of specificity and susceptibility to various confounding factors pose challenges in interpretation.Despite these limitations,fecal calprotectin offers significant advantages in diagnosing,monitoring,and managing pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.CONCLUSION Fecal calprotectin holds promise as a valuable tool in pediatric gastroenterology,offering insights into disease activity,treatment response,and prognosis.Standardized protocols and guidelines are needed to optimize its clinical utility and mitigate interpretation challenges.Further research is warranted to address the identified limitations and enhance our understanding of fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.

美国《Emerging Infectious Diseases》2020年第1期有关人兽共患病论文摘译

P262017-2018年美国急性呼吸系统疾病期间带薪休假和远程工作作为出勤的决定因素//Faruque Ahmed,Sara Kim,Mary Patricia Nowalk,et al我们评估了2017-2018年流感季节期间,19~64岁员工在急性呼吸系统疾病(ARI)发病后3d内出勤的决定因素。总工作天数包括在通常工作场所工作的天数和远程工作的天数。

美国《Emerging Infectious Diseases》2018年第10期有关人兽共患病论文摘译

P1795中国甲型流感病毒(H7N9)的分子进化、多样性和适应性//Jing Lu,Jayna Raghwani,Rhys Pryce,等2016-2017年,抗原性差异或高致病性甲型流感(H7N9)病毒的出现和流行的大幅上升,引起了人们对这些病毒可能引起人兽共患病的关注。

Compliance of Physicians with Standard Precautions of Handling Patients with Infectious Respiratory Disease

Background: Standard precautions (SPs) are the minimum infection prevention practices that aim to protect Health care workers (HCWs) including physicians and prevent them from transmitting the infections to their patients. Purpose: To assess the level of compliance of physicians with standard precautions of handling patients with infectious respiratory disease. Method: A cross sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted in two tertiary level hospitals named M Abdur Rahim Medical College and Hospital, Dinajpur, Bangladesh and Rajshahi Medical College and Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh to assess the level of compliance of physicians with standard precautions. Purposive sampling technique was applied as per inclusion criteria and data was collected by face to face interview from 285 physicians. Statistical analysis of the results was done by SPSS and a p value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Result: The study revealed that maximum physicians (76.5%) handling patients with infectious respiratory disease had a moderate level of compliance with standard precautions. 78.6% of the physicians had moderate level of awareness about standard precautions. Only 20.35% of the physicians had training on infection control. 94.4% of the respondents didn’t know the component of standard precaution and most of the physicians were not aware of the sequence of wearing and removing the different components of PPEs. Conclusion: The study result implies that with increased awareness, the compliance of the physicians with standard precautions increased. The main reasons of non-compliance with standard precautions were found to be lack of resources, lack of regular training and excess workload.

Characterisation and separation of infectious bursal disease virus-like particles using aqueous two-phase systems

Infectious bursal disease(IBD)causes considerable economic losses in the commercial poultry industry worldwide.The principal way to control IBD virus(IBDV),the causative agent of IBD,is still through vaccination programs.Virus-like particles(VLPs)are recognised as a safe and potent recombinant vaccine platform.This research work explores the characterisation and separation of infectious bursal disease virus-like particles(IBD-VLPs)from crude feedstock.Various characteristics were studied with highperformance size-exclusion chromatography(HP-SEC),sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)analyses.Subsequently,the separation of IBD-VLPs using polyethylene glycol(PEG)/sodium citrate-based aqueous two-phase systems(ATPSs)was conducted and optimised.Moreover,a scale-up study of the best ATPS constituted of 15%PEG 6000,11%sodium citrate and 10%crude feedstock was performed to compare the separation performance of IBD-VLPs with and without centrifugation-assisted.The results indicated that the optimised ATPS with centrifugation-assisted for both 5 g and 50 g systems showed good recovery of IBDVLPs of>97%in the interphase between the PEG-rich top and salt-rich bottom phases.These optimised systems also showed high removal efficiencies of impurities of>95%.The results demonstrated that aqueous two-phase extraction could be a promising technology for efficient VLPs separation.