The rule of sediment transport on the Nanhui tidal flat in the Changjiang Estuary

The Nanhui tidal flat is located in the area of slow current where the ebb currents from the Changjiang Estuaryand the Hangzhou Bay converge and the flood current from the sea diverges into the estuary and the bay. The flat extends seaward in tongue shape and has a wide and gentle surface with a marked difference of tidal levels on its two sides, which results in the sediment longitudinal transport on the flat. The water-sediment conditions are diverse at different locations. The velocity and sediment concentration in intertidal zone are higher during the flood tide than those during the ebb tide. The net sediment transport is landward, resulting in a large amount of deposition of sediments on the shoal. However, the ebb current is the dominant one in deep-water area where the net sediment transport is seaward. There exist two circulation systems in plane view on the shoal and in its adjacent deep-water area, which results in the sediment exchanges between the flat and channel and between the estuary and the bay. The landward storm waves erode shoal face, causing the rise of water level on the flat, originating the formation of the vertical circulation system of the sediment transport, and consequently * accelerating the evolution process of the tidal flat.

Heavy metals and phosphorus in tidal flat sediments of the Yangtze estuary

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd), and phosphorous (P) were determined in surface tidal flat sediments of the Yangtze estuary and Shanghai coast. Results demonstrate that there were significant differences among the accumulation of the heavy metals in sediments, following the order: Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. The spatial distribution and chemical forms of heavy metals in tidal flat sediments were closely related to the distribution of pollution resources (outlet of sewage) and the local sedimentary and hydrodynamic conditions. The dominated form of non-residual heavy metals is bound to Fe/Mn oxides, and the next form is bound to carbonates. Moreover, contents of total P in sediments range from 18.0 μmol.g?1 to 31.4 μmol.g?1 along the coastline, speciation of P in sediments was different, most of P in tidal flat sediments is associated with calcium phases (as Ca-P) similar to marine sediments.

Changes in Sedimentation Rate of Tidal Flat and Environmental Significance at Qidong Foreland of the Yangtze Estuary

The sedimentation rate is an important environmental parameter to understand the evolution of coastal geomorphology. The tidal flat around Qidong foreland is located in the junction between Yangtze Estuary and Jiangsu coast,where the land-ocean interactions are strong and highly sensitive to environmental changes. The QDZ-1 core sediments collected at Qidong foreland was analyzed for137 Cs dating and grain size.The results showed that silt is the main sedimentary type with a trend of gradually fining from the bottom to the top,conforming to the sedimentation characteristic of the silt muddy tidal flat. The sedimentation rate could be divided into three distinct stages: 1963 to 1986 was 2. 61 cm/yr,1963 to 2011 was 1. 82 cm/yr,and 1986 to 2011 was 1. 10 cm/yr. Based on these,further explanation was made for the significance of environmental changes. According to the estimation of sedimentation rate,the impact of extreme environmental change was reflected by the sudden increase in sand proportion at the depth of 172. 5 cm. Since the introduction of Spartina alterniflora in the 1970 s,it has played an important role in tidal flat development. The tidal flat has a high sedimentary rate during this time. With continuous accretion of the tidal flat,low tidal flat turns to high tidal flat,the sedimentation rate gradually declines,and tidal flat sedimentation appears.

THE TIDAL FLATS MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE COASTAL LAND RECLAMATION IN SHANGHAI

More than 904.2 km2 of the flats are above the theorotical datum level with progressive rate of 20-200 m/a to the sea in Shanghai. Since the reclaimed land is vital important to the city, multiple approaches to accelerating siltation are proposed in the paper according to detailed study of dynamics, sedimentary structure and landform evolution based on plentiful in situ data. It is of great significance to utilize tidal flats and reclamation of land in Shanghai.

Numerical Tidal Current Modeling Using Fine Boundary-Fitted Grids for Tidal Flats

Fine grids with small spacing in boundary-fitted coordinates are normally used to treat the computation of fluid dynamics for estuarine areas and tidal flats. However, the adoption of Cartesian components of velocity vectors in this kind of non-orthogonal coordinates will definitely result in a difficulty in solving implicitly the transformed momentum equations, and also complicate the wet-dry point judgement used for flood areas. To solve this problem, equations in terms of generalized contravariant velocity vectors in curvilinear coordinates are derived in the present study, by virtue of which, an Alternative-Direction-Implicit numerical scheme in non-orthogonal grids would then be easily obtained, and wet-dry point judgement would as well be largely simplified. A comparison is made between the explicit scheme and implicit scheme, showing that the present model is accurate and numerically stable for computations of fluid dynamics for estuarine areas and tidal flats.

Distributions of sediments of the tidal flats in response to dynamic actions,Yangtze （Changjiang） Estuary

Sediment samples with high spatial resolution （432 samples in total） and flow data were collected on the tidal flats in the mouth-bar region of the Yangtze Estuary. The data was collected in July 2005, July 2006 and May 2007. The samples were analyzed with a particle sizer, resulting in the sediment distribution. The grain sizes and related parameters were analyzed. The results were presented in a ternary diagram. The sediment mainly consisted of sand, silty sand, sandy silt, sand-silt-clay, silt and clayey silt. And sand skeletons and clay matrices were found. At Nanhui Shoal, silt skeletons could be identified as well. Furthermore, the results were discussed per shoal. Although some depth dependencies were found per shoal, no general relation was found. The results are as follows： sediment located at these tidal flats of the Yangtze Estuary was mainly composed of sand, silty sand and silt. The median grain size in sediment was relatively complex with a range from 2.5 φ to 8 φ. The distributions of sorting coefficients ranging from 1 to 2 were in agreement with median sizes. It was suggested that sediment of the tidal flats was coarser and better sorted or finer and worse sorted. The skewness in sediment distribution varied from 0.1 to 0.8. In addition, the distributions of sorting coefficient and skewness in sediment at Chongming Eastern Shoal, Hengsha Eastern Shoal and Jiuduan Shoal were of similar characteristics because there were closely positive correlated relationships among these parameters. However, due to the location difference between Nanhui Southern Shoal and Eastern Shoal, the values of sorting coefficient and skewness had relatively large distinctions. The tracks of sediment transport could be described based on the distributions of sediment, which might reveal sediment transport controlled by two dominant hydrodynamic factors of current and wave. It was appreciable that coarser sediment with lower sorted coefficient was affected by dominant ebb current action and intense wave action resulted from rapidly dissipated wave energy. Moreover, due to the effects of obstructed branches, guided current and broken wave actions of the Deep Water Channel Project, grain-size in sediment located at two sides of the groyne was of uneven distribution characteristics.

Magnetic properties of tidal flat sediments of the Yangtze Estuary and its relationship with particle size

This paper considers the magnetic properties of tidal flat sediments of the Yangtze Estuary and its relationship with particle size. The results indicate that magnetite of multi-domain (MD)/pseudo-single domain (PSD) in size dominates the magnetic properties of the samples. In addition to detrital magnetite, spherical magnetic particles are found in the magnetically strongest sediments near Shidongkou sewage outlet, which are ascribed to the product of industrial pollution. Particle size plays a strong role on the magnetic properties of the sediments. Magnetic susceptibility (x) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) are positively correlated with the proportion of the fraction of 8-16 μm. However, magnetic parameters indicating fine-grained ferrimagnetic minerals, e.g. susceptibility of anhysteric remanent magnetization (X ARM), are highly correlated with the fine fraction of <4 μm and even the fraction of <32 μm. The results indicate that, whenX is used as a proxy for pollutant content, it is necessary to consider the possible influence of particle size on it. Due to the significant relationship betweenX ARM and the fine component proportion,X ARM can be applied to the normalization of pollutant content for particle size effect.

Denitrification in Chongming east tidal flat sediment, Yangtze estuary, China

From July 2003 to July 2004, samples were collected on Chongming Island east tidal flat every two months. The research showed that the nitrous oxide (N2O) production rate was very low in the water, Chongming east tidal flat (CM) sediment was the N2O source of the water. Sediment N2O natural production rate was between -0.08 and 1.74 μmolN·m-2·h-1. N2O natural production rate was higher in the summer. The difference of the N2O natural production rate in the different tidal flats, the correlation between the N2O natural production rate and the denitrification rate, and those with the temperature and DO indicate that middle tidal flat sediment denitrification was the main process of the N2O production, while in the low tidal flat sediment, the production of the N2O came from several processes of the nitrogen cycling. Tidal flat sediment denitrification reaction was stronger in summer and winter but relatively lower in the late autumn and early spring. Seasonal change of the sediment denitrification rate was wide, from 1.12 to 33.34 μmolN·m-2·h-1. Temperature, DO and the coactions of them had the prominent effect on the tidal flat sediment denitrification.

Denitrification in tidal flat sediment, Yangtze estuary

Sediment denitrification rates at six Yangtze River estuary tidal flat locations(mudflats and salt marshes)were measured from July 2003 to October 2004.In winter and summer,spatial distribution of denitrification rates was not great in the Yangtze estuary,while in spring and autumn,denitrification rates had a great spatial distribution because of the human activity effect.The temporal change of denitrification rates was greater.They ranged from 0.2 to 36.4 umolN·m^(-2)·h^(-1),and were higher in the summertime.The annual average of sediment denitrification rate was 18.2±12.3 mu molN · m^(-2)· h^(-1)in the middle tidal flat and 15.1 ±9.45 mu molN·m^(-2)·h^(-1)in the low tidal flat in the Yangtze estuary.Data analysis indicated that the temperature was the primary factor controlling the process of denitrification(significant positive correlation,P<0.01);at the same time,the content of sediment total nitrogen(TN)and the molar ratio of sediment carbon and nitrogen(C/N)had significant positive correlation(P<0.05)and negative correlation(P<0.05)with denitrification rates,respectively.In the Yangtze estuary,increasing of water salinity had no significant inhibition of denitrification because of the wide change range of water salinity.

Distribution and forms of phosphorus in tidal flat sediments of the Yangtze Estuary and coast

The distribution and forms of phosphorus (P) were investigated in the tidal flat sediments of the Yangtze Estuary and coast. The total P contents in surface sediments range from 18.0 to 31.4 μmol · g-1 along the southern coast. The spatial and temporal distribution of P in tidal flats is closely related to the location and pollution resources, especially in association with the variation of hydrodynamic conditions. Significant variations in the forms of P in different sites were observed. P bonded with Ca(Ca-P) is the dominant mineral form in all surface sediments, organic P(Org-P) is lower. Most P is of unstable form, suggesting that P has larger potential activity. P accumulation is the main behavior process between water and sediment in the coastal environment of the Yangtze Estuary.

Seasonal dynamics of meiofaunal distribution in the Dagu River Estuary, Jiaozhou Bay, China

Sediment samples were collected in the intertidal zone of the Dagu River Estuary, Jiaozhou Bay, China in April,July and October 2010 and February 2011 for examining seasonal dynamics of meiofaunal distribution and their relationship with environmental variables. A total of ten meiofaunal taxa were identified, including free-living marine nematodes, benthic copepods, polychaetes, oligochaetes, bivalves, ostracods, cnidarians, turbellarians,tardigrades and other animals. Free-living marine nematodes were the most dominant group in both abundance and biomass. The abundances of marine nematodes were higher in winter and spring than those in summer and autumn. Most of the meiofauna distributed in the 0–2 cm sediment layer. The abundance of meiofauna in hightidal zone was lower than those in low-tidal and mid-tidal zones. Results of correlation analysis showed that Chlorophyll a was the most important factor to influence the seasonal dynamics of the abundance, biomass of meiofauna and abundances of nematodes and copepods. CLUSTER analysis divided the meiofaunal assemblages into three groups and BIOENV results indicated that salinity, concentration of organic matter, sediment sorting coefficient and sediment median diameter were the main environmental factors influencing the meiofaunal assemblages.

The fractal characteristic change in the Huanghe River Estuary due to the hydrodynamic conditions’variation

The study area lies in the subaqueous delta, which came into being in 1964 - 1976. Oneoil-field road has been built for exploring petroleum to form a wave barrier. The hydrodynarnic conditions on the north side of the road are relatively violent, on the contrary the hydrodynarnic conditions on the south side of the road are nearly placid. This makes the study area a natural laboratory for studying the influence of the hydrodynarnic conditions on the fractal characteristics of the tidal flat. Selecting an area is named Case Ⅰ on the side of stronger hydrodynarnic activities and an area is named Case Ⅱ on the other side. Measuring the topography and sampling and analyzing the granulometrical composition, it is found that the hydrodynarnic conditions have fatal influence on the surface fractal dimensions and the granulometrical fractal dimensions of the area. In Case Ⅰ , which has strong hydrodynarnic conditions, the surface fractal dimensions are obviously larger than those of Case Ⅱ , and the granulometrical fractal dimensions are relatively smaller than those of Case Ⅱ , the surface fractal dimensions of Case Ⅰ decrease quickly with the increase of grid size; the granulometrical fractal dimensions are disperse, while the hydrodynarnic conditions of Case Ⅱ are just reverse. A sampling line and a core sampling on each side of the road are selected. It is found that on the south side of the road the granulometrical fractal dimensions vary regularly in the line and with the depth, the farther apart from the road, the smaller the fractal dimensions, and the deeper the sampling position the larger the fractal dimensions, while granulometrical fractal dimensions on the north side of the road have no such regularity pattern. The mechanism of the influence of the hydrodynarnic conditions on the fractal characteristics is discussed.

Phosphorous Forms in Sediments and Their Distribution in the Yangtze Estuary and Coastal Areas

Based on analyses of surface and core sediments in the tidal flats of the Yangtze Estuary and coastal areas, the present study reveals phosphorous forms existing in sediments and their distributions. The results show that phosphorus in tidal flat sediments in the study area mainly consists of inorganic phosphorous forms, involving DP, Fe-P, Al-P, and Ca-P and organic phosphorous forms, in which Ca-P and OP are dominant compositions. This finding indicates that spatial distributions of various phosphorous forms are related to sedimentary environments in water and grain sizes of sediments, and are influenced by sewage discharges and effluents from aquacultivation in the coastal areas.

滦河口退养还滩工程引起的径潮相互作用变化分析

围垦养殖对河口海岸的水动力和水环境带来了潜在危害,因此,在围垦区逐渐开始实施退养还滩工程以修复河口的水动力环境。但是,目前对于退养还滩工程引起的水动力变化还缺少完善的评价和研究。以滦河口退养还滩工程为研究对象,构建二维水动力数值模型,从水动力场、纳潮能力和行洪能力三个方面研究还滩工程对滦河口径潮作用特征的影响。结果表明:滦河口退养还滩工程区域面积约300 hm^(2),河口断面扩宽造成了河口内水动力条件的变化。径流动力明显减弱,洪季河道内下泄流速最大降幅约为61.82%;潮流动力显著增强,枯季时潮流上溯流速增加0.25 m/s;径潮作用平衡位置向上游移动。河口纳潮能力显著增强,枯季大潮期间涨潮历时延长了12.5%,涨潮周期纳潮通量增长了219.8%。河口行洪能力明显提高,河道内洪季最大水面降幅达45.8%,水力坡度逐渐减缓,主动力轴线流速明显降低。退养还滩工程有利于河口的防洪御潮及生态环境改善,建议进一步加大实施力度。

钱塘江河口尖山滩地短期演变及其影响因素

滩槽冲淤演变是潮汐河口研究关注的重点问题之一。尖山河段位于钱塘江河口的过渡段,受径流和潮流共同作用,滩地冲淤变化幅度大、主槽摆动频繁。以往研究多局限于物理模型或数值模拟,缺乏与现场实测资料的对比分析。因此,以尖山滩地2020~2021年的实测地形数据为基础,结合近期水动力过程,分析滩面坡度、地形冲淤和典型断面高程的变化,并研究径潮动力对近期滩地演变的影响。结果表明,滩地呈现阶段性冲淤交替,汛前滩地成台阶状分布,横向存在多级陡坎;汛中近岸边滩大幅冲刷,离岸心滩略有淤积;汛后滩地普遍淤涨,近岸水流集中形成冲刷潮水沟。下泄径流和上溯潮流是尖山滩地演变的主要控制因素,径潮动力与滩地相互作用,形成“洪冲潮淤、大冲大淤”的形态格局。

黄河口滩涂翼内茧型藻的分离鉴定及盐度适应性分析

从黄河口滩涂泥样中分离得到11株底栖微藻,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,这11株微藻与翼内茧型藻属的藻株亲缘关系更近。为了解这11株微藻的盐度适应性,首先比较了这11株微藻在两个极端盐度(5、80)下的生长情况,并筛选出3株藻株(HaF、HaI和HaB)用于比较不同盐度(5、25、45、65、85)对藻株生长、光合潜力及生化组分的影响。研究表明,在实验盐度下,藻株HaF、HaI和HaB生长的最适盐度分别为25、25和45,在该盐度条件下,这3株藻株具有最高的比生长速率和光合色素含量。3株藻株的叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm和ETRm)均随着培养时间的延长而逐渐降低,HaF、HaI藻株的光合潜力在各盐度条件下变化显著。HaF、HaI和HaB藻株的总脂含量均在盐度为5时最高,分别为68.231%、60.125%和63.324%;HaF、HaI和HaB藻株的总多糖含量在盐度为85时最高,分别为9.784%、8.132%和10.302%。研究结果表明,来自滩涂分离的翼内茧型藻具有广范的盐度适应性。本研究结果可为深入研究滩涂藻类盐度适应性机制提供参考。

径流与涌潮对钱塘江尖山潮滩演变的影响分析

潮滩湿地具有生态系统服务、海岸防护等重要功能,认识其在涌潮与径流作用下的潮滩演变特征,对保护钱塘江涌潮区域湿地至关重要。基于钱塘江尖山潮滩151张地形及径流、水位、泥沙和遥感数据,探究潮滩演变特征与驱动机制。结果表明:(1)尖山潮滩呈动态平衡,在观测区,枯季淤积速率为0.01 m/d,坡度降至1‰后稳定;洪季崩岸速率达3 m/d,崩退宽度达113 m,但洪季后以0.05 m/d的速率恢复。(2)洪季潮滩处的涌潮略强于枯季,洪水促进河势分汊,而涌潮主要通过南汊输沙,减少了北汊潮滩处泥沙输送。(3)钱塘江流量是控制潮滩年内季节性冲淤变化的关键因素,潮滩变化速率与流量、初始高程及潮差呈多元线性关系。(4)洪水改变河势,潮滩泥沙供应减少,含径流的退潮流冲刷增强使其崩岸退缩,但当水流冲刷减小、涌潮与涨潮流输沙占优时,潮滩迅速淤积。

新世纪以来珠江河口滩涂演变及保护对策探讨

珠江河口滩涂演变对河势稳定、生态保护和粤港澳大湾区经济社会发展具有重要意义。对新世纪以来珠江河口滩涂演变特征研究显示:-5 m以浅滩涂面积大幅减少,由1999年的1062 km^(2)锐减为2019年的799 km^(2),伶仃洋和黄茅海河口湾平均侵蚀厚度分别为1.06 m和0.29 m。内伶仃洋西滩呈现高滩侵蚀、低滩淤积的滩面坦化和底质粗化现象,-3 m以浅高滩面积缩减9.6%,最大侵蚀厚度达1.57 m。流域来沙减少、潮汐动力增强、波浪掀沙作用增强、人类活动干扰是近期高滩侵蚀的主要原因。提出了口门调水补沙、河口湾治导带修复、高滩保滩固沙、疏浚土资源化利用的治理对策,为新时期滩涂保护提供参考。

围填海工程对九龙江河口纳潮量影响研究

纳潮量是海湾可以接纳的潮水体积,对维护海湾良好的生态环境至关重要。文章首先针对围填海工程所在厦门九龙江河口的自然条件进行了分析。其次,分别采用传统计算方法、实测水文资料统计以及经充分验证的二维潮流数值模型对九龙江河口现状条件下的纳潮量进行了统计计算。最后,采用数值模拟手段对厦门港海沧港区围填海工程建成后九龙江河口水流特征、潮位变化和纳潮量变化进行了模拟计算,并采用传统计算与数值模拟相结合的方法对其进行了合理性分析。研究结果表明:海沧港区围填海工程面积约为2.95 km^(2),工程实施后九龙江河口纳潮量减少率约为4.3%。

Extraction of Morphometric Bedform Characteristics from Profiling Sonar Datasets Recorded in Shallow Coastal Waters of China

The morphological characteristics of small-scale bedforms were measured by means of an acoustic profiling sonar on the Dafeng tidal flat, Jiangsu, in 2009, and in the Jiulong Estuary, Xiamen, in 2010, respectively. The ＂multi-threshold value＂ method was utilized to reveal the morphological undulations along which bedforms were present. Analyses of the datasets obtained show that： （1） sand ripples can have irregular shapes, and （2） changes in bedform morphology are small within a single tidal cycle but may be significant over several tidal cycles. Fractal and variogram analyses of the seabed roughness revealed the existence of a significant relationship between current speed and the fractal dimension of the seabed roughness. As current speed increases, seabed roughness increases with a trend of smaller-scale bottom structures being replaced by larger-scale structures. Furthermore, the surface of the larger-scale bottom structures can either become smooth due to the absence of smaller-scale features or become rougher due to the presence of superimposed smaller-scale structures.