A Modification to Vertical Distribution of Tidal Flow Reynolds Stress in Shallow Sea

Tidal flow is a periodic movement of unsteady and non-uniform, which has acceleration and deceleration process obviously, especially in coastal shallow waters. Many researches show that vertical distribution of tidal flow Reynolds stress deviated from linear distribution. The parabolic distribution of the tidal flow Reynolds stress was proposed by Song et al. （2009）. Although the model fills better with field observations and indoor experimental data, it has the lower truncated series expansion of tidal flow Reynolds stress, and the description of the distribution is not very comprehensive By introducing the motion equation of tidal flow and improving the parabolic distribution established by Song et al. （2009）, the cubic distribution of the tidal flow Reynolds stress is proposed. The cubic distribution is verified well by field data （Bowden and Fairbairn, 1952; Bowden et al., 1959; Rippeth et al., 2002） and experimental data （Anwar and Atkins, 1980）, is consistent with the numerical model results of Kuo et al. （1996）, and is compared with the parabolic distribution of the tidal flow Reynolds stress. It is shown that this cubic distribution is not only better than the parabolic distribution, but also can better reflect the basic features of Reynolds stress deviating from linear distribution downward with the tidal flow acceleration and upward with the tidal flow deceleration, for the foundation of further study on the velocity profile of tidal flow.

Vertical Distribution of Tidal Flow Reynolds Stress in Shallow Sea

Based on the results of the tidal flow Reynolds stresses of the field observations, indoor experiments, and numerical models, the parabolic distribution of the tidal flow Reynolds stress is proposed and its coefficients are determined theoretically in this paper. Having been well verified with the field data and experimental data, the proposed distribution of Reynolds stress is also compared with numerical model results, and a good agreement is obtained, showing that this distribution can well reflect the basic features of Reynolds stress deviating from the linear distribution that is downward when the tidal flow is of acceleration, upward when the tidal flow is of deceleration. Its dynamics cause is also discussed preliminarily and the influence of the water depth is pointed out from the definition of Reynolds stress, turbulent generation, transmission, and so on. The established expression for the vertical distribution of the tidal flow Reynolds stress is not only simple and explicit, but can also well reflect the features of the tidal flow acceleration and deceleration for further study on the velocity profile of tidal flow.

Internal solitary wave generation by the tidal flows beneath ice keel in the Arctic Ocean

A series of non-hydrostatic,non-linear numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the generation and evolution of internal solitary waves(ISWs)through the interaction of a barotropic tidal current with an ice keel in the Arctic Ocean.During the interaction process,the internal surge was generated at first,and then the wave gradually steepened due to non-linearity during its propagation away from the ice keel.The internal surge eventually disintegrated into multi-modal and rank-ordered ISW packets with the largest having an amplitude of O(10)m.Sensitivity experiments demonstrated that the ISWs’amplitudes and energy were proportional to the varying ice keel depths and barotropic tidal fl ow amplitudes,but were insensitive to the changing ice keel widths.Typical ISWs can enhance the turbulent dissipation rate of O(10^(-6))W/kg along their propagation path.Further,heat entrainment induced by the wave-ice interaction can reach O(10)MJ/m per tidal cycle.This study reveals a particular ISW generation mechanism and process in the polar ice environment,which could be important in impacting the energy transfer and heat balance in the Arctic Ocean.

Weather induced subtidal flows through multiple inlets of an arctic microtidal lagoon

Estuarine processes in the arctic lagoons are among the least studied but important subjects, especially considering the rapid warming of arctic water which may change the length of ice-free period in the summer. In this paper, wind-driven exchange flows in the micro-tidal Elson Lagoon of northern Alaska with multiple inlets of contrasting widths and depths are studied with in situ observations, statistical analysis, numerical experiments, a regression model on the basis of dynamics, and remote sensing data. Water velocity profiles were obtained from a bottom deployed acoustic Doppler current profiler(ADCP) in the northwestern Eluitkak Pass connecting the Beaufort Sea to the Elson Lagoon during a 4.9 day ice-free period in the summer of 2013. The subtidal flow is found correlated with wind(R^2 value ～96%). Frequently occurring east, northeast and north winds from the arctic atmospheric high-and low-pressure systems push water from the Beaufort Sea into the lagoon through the wide inlets on the eastern side of the lagoon, resulting in an outward flow against the wind at the narrow northwestern inlet. The counter-wind flow is a result of an uneven wind forcing acting through the asymmetric inlets and depth,an effect of "torque" or vorticity. Under northwest wind, the exchange flow at the northwestern inlet reverses its direction, with inward flows through the upwind northwestern inlet and outward flows through the downwind eastern inlets. A regression model is established based on the momentum equations and Taylor series expansions. The model is used to predict flows in July and August of 2015 and July of 2017, supported by available Landsat satellite images. About 73%–80% of the time the flows at Eluitkak Pass are out of Elson Lagoon for the summer of 2015 and 2017. Numerical experiments are conducted to corroborate the findings and illustrate the effects under various wind conditions. A quasi-steady state balance between wind force and surface pressure gradient is confirmed.

Analytical Solution for 3D Tidal Flow with Vertically Varying Eddy Viscosity

In this study, a 3D idealized model of tidal flow, in which the tidal elevation and velocities are solved analytically, is developed. The horizontal eddy viscosity is neglected, and the vertical eddy viscosity used in the study is assumed to be independent of time and only varies as a parabolic function in the vertical direction. The analytical solution is obtained in a narrow rectangular bay, with the topography varying only across the bay. The model results are compared with the field observations in the Xiangshan Bay. The results show that the influence of varying vertical eddy viscosity mainly has two aspects. On one hand, it amplifies the magni- tude of the tidal elevation, particularly the amplitude near the head of the bay. On the other hand, it adjusts the axial velocity profile, resulting in an obvious frictional effect. Furthermore, the tidal elevation and velocities are more sensitive to the magnitude of the eddy viscosity near the bottom than the structure in the upper water layer.

NUMERICAL SOLUTION FOR TIDAL FLOW IN OPENING CHANNEL USING COMBINED MACCORMACK-FINITE ANALYSIS METHOD

A new numerical scheme for solving the tidal flow in an opening channel using the advective-diffusion shallow-water equations as the governing equations is proposed based on the combination of the MacCormack and the finite analysis methods. In the present scheme, the finite analysis method is used to discretize the momentum equation and the MacCormack technique is used to discretize the continuity equation in a single grid system. The matrix of the discretized momentum equation is characterized by predominantly main diagonal elements, which ensures favorable convergence and stability for the numerical simulation by the combined method. To verify the present method, hydraulics simulation is carried out for a section down mainstream of the Huangpu River. The computational results agree with the measured data. By use of orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system, the methods can be easily extended to the numerical simulation of the tidal flow in a tortuous channel.

A REAL-TIME MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR TWO DIMENSIONAL TIDAL FLOW AND WATER QUALITY

A real-time mathematical model for two dimensional tidal flow and water quality is presented in this paper. The control-volume-based-finite-difference method and the 'power interpolation distribution' advocated by Patankar [4] have been employed, and new boundary condition for tidal flow is recommended. The model is un- conditionally stable and convergent, and able to deal with irregular estuarine topography and movable boundary problems. Practical application of the model is illustrated by an example for the Swatou Bay. A fair agreement be- tween the values measured and computed demonstrates the validity of the model developed.

AN IMPROVED EFFICIENT SEMI-IMPLICIT FINITE ELEMENT SCHEME FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL TIDAL FLOW COMPUTATIONS

In a recent paper, an efficient semi-implicit finite element scheme for 2-dimensional tidal flow computations is proposed. In that scheme, each term of the governing equations, rather than each dependent variable, is ex- panded in terms of the unknown nodal values. Simpson's rule ix used for numerical integration to make the mass matrix diagonal. The friction terms are represented semi-implicitly to improve stability, but no additional compu- tational effort is required. The shortcomings of this scheme are that the time-stepping scheme is only first-order ae- curate and artificial smoothing is required to control the numerical noise. In this paper, the previous scheme is im- proved by including the eddy viscosity terms in the governing equations to replace artificial smoothing in noise con- trol and the time-stepping scheme is modified to make it second-order accurate. These improvements can be achieved with only a slight increase in computational effort. The test cases used previously to validate the former scheme are again employed to test the present scheme.

Numerical Simulation of Flow Field in Tidal Estuary Using Body-Fitted Coordinate System

On the basis of the physical mechanism, a body-fitted coordinate system is developed. By using this system the boundaries in simulation and in real are fitted well, and simulation with great accuracy is achieved. A computation example indicates that compared to traditional two-dimensional computation methods, the body-fitted simulation has an advantange of better coincidence with the real and can be adopted in simulating flow fields in tidal estuaries.

Numerical Investigation of Flow Motion and Performance of A Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine Subjected to A Steady Current

Horizontal axis tidal turbines have attracted more and more attentions nowadays, because of their convenience and low expense in construction and high efficiency in extracting tidal energy. The present study numerically investigates the flow motion and performance of a horizontal axis tidal turbine with a supporting vertical cylinder under steady current. In the numerical model, the continuous equation and incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved, and the volume of fluid method is employed to track free surface motion. The RNG k-ε model is adopted to calculate turbulence transport while the fractional area/volume obstacle representation method is used to describe turbine characteristics and movement. The effects of installation elevation of tidal turbine and inlet velocity on the water elevation, and current velocity, rotating speed and resultant force on turbine are discussed. Based on the comparison of the numerical results, a better understanding of flow structure around horizontal axis tidal turbine and turbine performance is achieved.

Observed characteristics of tidal currents and mean flow in the northern Yellow Sea

Several bottom-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) moorings were deployed in the northern Yellow Sea (NYS) during the four seasons of 2006–2007 and also the summertime of 2009. A synthesis analysis on the time-continuous records was performed to examine the characteristics and variations of tidal currents and mean flow over the observation period at these stations. Tidal currents accounted for ~75% of the total kinetic energy, with the absolute dominance of M2 constituent. Visible vertical variations of tidal flow were found on all sites, featured by the decrease of amplitude, increase of rotation rate as well as a decreasing trend of the phase for M2 component with depth. A notable exception was in the central NYS, where the maximum tidal currents occurred in the upper or middle layers (~20–40 m) instead of near the surface (<10 m). The observed mean flow was relatively weak, smaller than 15 cm/s. Velocity on the northern end of Yellow Sea Trough (YST) was characterized by low magnitude and an obvious layered structure vertically. In the Bohai Strait (BS) and the northern slope area, the currents weakened and the flow direction presented a major trend to deflect counterclockwise with depth in most observations. Summertime cyclonic circulation around the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM), its intensification on the frontal zone and the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) for the winter season were all evident by our direct current measurements. However, the details of water exchange through the BS appeared partly diff erent from the traditionally-accepted pattern. The vertical diff erences of tidal and mean flow were larger in summer than that in winter, implying the influence of thermal structure to the local currents. Aff ected by the water stratification, mean flow usually reached its maximum near the thermocline in spring and summer, while showing a nearly uniform vertical distribution during winter.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 2-D TIDAL FLOW AND WATER QUALITY UNDER THE CURVILINEAR COORDINATES

This paper presents a numerical method to simulate the 2-D tidal flow and water quality under the curvilinear coordinates. In order to overcome the computational difficulties in natural rivers, such as the complicated boundary figures, the great disparity between length and width of computational domain, etc. , boundary-fitted grid is used, the irregular domain in physical plane is transformed into a rectangular domain in transformed plane, and the depth-averaged momentum equations and mass equation are rewritten and discretized based on the finite volume techniques in curvilinear coordinates. Practical application of the method is illustrated by an example for the Dachangzhen Section of the Yangtze River. A fair agreement between the values measured and computed demonstrates the validity of the method developed.

Modified Saint-Venant equations for flow simulation in tidal rivers

Flow in tidal rivers periodically propagates upstream or downstream under tidal influence. Hydrodynamic models based on the Saint-Venant equations （the SVN model） are extensively used to model tidal rivers. A force-corrected term expressed as the combination of flow velocity and the change rate of the tidal fevel was developed to represent tidal effects in the SVN model. A momentum equation incorporating with the corrected term was derived based on Newton＇s second law. By combing the modified momentum equation with the continuity equation, an improved SVN model for tidal rivers （the ISVN model） was constructed. The simulation of a tidal reach of the Qiantang River shows that the ISVN model performs better than the SVN model. It indicates that the corrected force derived for tidal effects is reasonable; the ISVN model provides an appropriate enhancement of the SVN model for flow simulation of tidal rivers.

ON THE EXCHANGE FLOW IN TIDAL RIVERS AND SHALLOW ESTUARIES

An analytic model is developed to investigate the barotropic tidally driven residual exchange flow in shallow estuaries. Ebb dominated flow in deep channel and flood dominated flow on the shoals produced by the model are consistent with some observations in tidal rivers and shallow estuaries . Analysis shows that this type of exchange flow is caused by the combined effect of nonlinearity and the lateral variation of the depth. The inward flux is mainly due to the surface elevation of the wave . A seaward residual pressure gradient has to be maintained to drive the water outward for mass balance. Since the surface elevation in an estuary has only small lateral variation , the depth integrated pressure force is mainly dependent on the depth whose value in the channel is larger than that on the shoals. As a result, theretum flow in the channel is larger than that on the shoals. An ebb-flood flow spstem is thus generated.

柱体流激振动能量俘获理论与技术研究若干进展

潮流能分布广泛,且储量巨大,具备巨大的规模化开发利用价值.流激振动是一种常见的流固耦合现象,通过柱体流激振动能够在流速较低时实现有效的能量转换,基于柱体流激振动的能量俘获技术在未来具备广阔的工程应用前景.近年来,针对柱体结构流激振动特性和能量俘获性能,出现了大量的实验和数值仿真研究工作.文章全面阐述了多种截面形式的单个柱体、柱群结构流激振动能量俘获理论与技术方面的研究进展:对于单个圆柱流激振动能量俘获,目前已基本揭示了被动湍流控制器参数、系统阻尼、雷诺数和边界条件等因素对能量俘获性能的影响规律,基本完成了理论和技术积累;对于非圆截面柱体流激振动能量俘获,已初步明确特定来流攻角、系统质量比、系统阻尼、系统刚度和雷诺数条件下三角形、四边形、多边形与异形等多种截面形式柱体的流激振动作用机理和能量俘获能力;对于柱群的流激振动能量俘获,各柱体振子之间存在流场干涉,需要合理设计柱体排布形式、柱体间距和系统阻尼等参数,实现流体能量俘获最大化.通过综述国内外流激振动能量俘获理论和技术方面的研究进展,对今后该问题的研究进行了力所能及的展望,期望促进流激振动能量俘获理论的发展和流激振动能量转换装置的工程应用.

基于多功能耦合的潮汐流稻田湿地生态净化系统研究

构建了基于多功能耦合的潮汐流稻田湿地生态净化系统,处理罗氏沼虾陆基养殖尾水,研究水质净化效果、CH_(4)排放情况、稻田节肢动物多样性和水稻生长状况,并探讨潮汐流稻田湿地系统的综合效益.结果表明:潮汐流稻田湿地能够有效地净化陆基水产养殖尾水,对溶解性无机氮和总氮的平均去除率分别为54.3%和44.9%,对溶解性无机磷和总磷的平均去除率分别为42.9%和43.0%;潮汐流稻田湿地的CO_(2)和CH4排放通量与常规稻田相比分别减少了5.4%和92.5%;与处于淹水期的常规稻田相比,潮汐流稻田湿地的产甲烷功能基因mcrA基因丰度减少了82.3%;潮汐流稻田湿地提高了节肢动物多样性及其天敌的种类数以及天敌多度/害虫多度,抑制了害虫爆发,具有较好的综合效益.

地铁潮汐客流下变编组列车不成对运行图优化

方向不均衡分布的潮汐客流在大城市的地铁系统中较为常见,新兴的变编组技术为应对潮汐客流提供了新方法。为解决潮汐客流下客流需求与运力难以匹配的问题,针对布置双端车辆段的双向线路,考虑车底在线路两端折返线进行在线解编联挂作业,协调列车时刻表、编组方案与车底周转计划,编制变编组下列车不成对运行图。从列车到发时刻、客流、车底周转和折返线占用4个方面设置约束,以最小化乘客和企业总成本与出入段作业接续占比加权和为目标,构建变编组下的不成对运行图优化模型。综合运用变邻域搜索算法和贪心算法对模型进行求解,前者更新运行图中的车次到发时刻和车底编组,后者求解对应的车底周转计划。为验证模型有效性,对具有潮汐客流特征的北京地铁八通线一期工程线路进行案例分析。研究结果表明:早高峰时段列车解编、联挂作业分别主要发生在大、小客流方向终点站;变编组较单一大编组和多编组分别降低了8.28%和4.82%的乘客和企业双方总成本,在保证服务质量的同时节约了走行车公里和运用车数;变编组较多编组减少了26.02%的出入段作业接续占比和20.51%的车底出入段作业次数,通过在线解编联挂作业有效减少了编组类型对车底接续的影响,提高了车辆利用率。研究成果可为列车编组方案的选择和变编组的运营组织提供依据。

Three-Dimensional Tidal Model and Its Application to Numerical Simulation of Water Quality in Coastal Waters

The turbulence mechanism plays an important part in the mixing process and momentum transfer of turbulence. A three-dimensional Prandtl mixing length tidal model has been developed to simulate tidal flows and water quality. The eddy viscosities and diffusivities are computed from the Prandtl mixing length model. In order to model the water quality of an estuary or coastal area many interdependent processes need to be simulated. These may be conveniently separated into three main groups: transport and mixing processes, biochemical interaction of water quality variables and the utilization and re-cycling of nutrients by living matter. The model simulates full oxygen and nutrient balance, primary productivity and the transport, reaction mechanism and fate of pollutants over tidal time-scales. The model is applied to numerical simulation of tidal flows and water quality in Dalian Bay. The model has been calibrated against a limited data set of historical water quality observations and in general demonstrates excellent agreement with all available data.

补充碳源强化潮汐流人工湿地脱氮效果的研究

针对人工湿地处理农村生活污水现存问题,构建了以加气混凝土、火山岩和砾石作为组合基质的潮汐流人工湿地(TFCW),探究进水碳氮比(C/N)对其去除污染物的影响;以河南省两种常见的农业废弃物(玉米芯和小麦秸秆)浸出液作为碳源,探究补充碳源对TFCW去除污水中污染物的强化效果。结果表明:提高进水C/N可以不同程度地增强TFCW对化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的去除率,但对氨氮的去除率影响不显著。玉米芯和小麦秸秆系列固体碳源浸出液前期释碳速率较快,结合浸出液的可生化性与反硝化性能,确定热处理玉米芯浸出液适合作为补充碳源。热处理玉米芯浸出液作为补充碳源能够使TFCW对各污染物处理达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。TFCW在农村地区的运用具备一定可行性,制备的固体碳源浸出液作为TFCW的补充碳源,能为农村地区人工湿地高效脱氮提供一种经济化方案。

潮流作用下环礁断面的流动特征研究

本文首先通过循环水槽试验测量分析了正向和反向潮流影响下概化环礁断面的流动特性,试验结果表明:在正向流和反向流作用时,礁坪上仅存在亚临界流,并可观察到经典的壁面有界流动流速剖面特征;沿礁的平均水位与各个测线上的流速随潮流幅值的增大而增大。本文随后采用雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程并结合标准的k-ωSST湍流模型建立数值水槽,进一步研究了多种水动力与礁型因素影响下前后礁外礁缘处的流速变化规律。数值模拟结果表明:后礁外礁缘处的平均流速均大于前礁外礁缘处;平均流速随潮流幅值的增大而增大,随礁坪水深、礁坪宽度、潟湖宽度和礁前斜坡坡度的增大而减小;最后基于数值模拟结果提出了预测各种因素影响下前后礁外礁缘处流速的幂函数型经验公式。