Suspended particulate mercury associated with tidal fluxes in a lagoon environment impacted by cinnabar mining activity(northern Adriatic Sea)

The Isonzo River has been demonstrated to be a continuing point source of mercury（Hg）in the Gulf of Trieste although the Idrija mine was last active in 1996. The present study aims to investigate the role of the suspended particulate matter（SPM） associated with tidal fluxes to disperse particulate Hg（PHg） into the Grado coastal lagoon system. PHg concentrations（avg. 3.11 ± 2.62 μg/g, d.w.）, notwithstanding the ebb or flood tides, were significantly higher than the local sediment background（0.13 μg/g）. The relative affinity of Hg for the particulate phase in surface waters was confirmed by higher average distribution coefficient（Kd） values（5.6–6.7）. PHg contents showed the highest values in ebb tide conditions, thus suggesting their origin from the erosion of tidal flats and saltmarshes of the lagoon. When compared to river discharge, high PHg surface concentrations in flood tide are related to rainfall events occurring within the river basin. Results can be used to make an indicative assessment of the amount of Hg bound to SPM which is transported in and out of the lagoon basin following the action of tidal fluxes. A simple estimation provides a negative budget for the Grado lagoon sub-basin which loses between 0.14 and 1.16 kg of PHg during a tidal semi-cycle. This conclusion is in agreement with the evidence of morphological deterioration which has emerged from recent studies on the lagoon environment, and which testifies to a current sedimentary loss from the lagoon into the northern Adriatic Sea.

Tidal Energy Fluxes and Bottom Boundary Layer Energy Dissipation in the Bering Sea

The spatial distribution of the energy flux, bottom boundary layer （BBL） energy dissipation, surface elevation amplitude and current magnitude of the major semidiurnal tidal constituents in the Bering Sea are examined in detail. These distributions are obtained from the results of a three-dimensional numerical simulation model （POM）. Compared with observation data from seven stations, the root mean square errors of tidal height are 2.6 cm and 1.2 cm for M2 and N2 respectively, and those of phase-lag are 21.8~ and 15.8~ respectively. The majority of the tidal energy flux off the deep basin is along the shelf edge, although some of this flux crosses the shelf edge, especially in the southeast of the shelf break. The total M2 energy dissipation in the Bering Sea is 30.43 GW, which is about 10 times of that of N2 and $2. The semidiurnal tidal energy enters mainly to the Bering Sea by Samalga Pass, Amukta Pass and Seguam Pass, accounting more than 60% of the total energy entering the Being Sea from the Pacific.

Assessment of Tidal Range Energy Resources Based on Flux Conservation in Jiantiao Bay, China

La Rance Tidal Range Power Station in France and Jiangxia Tidal Range Power Station in China have been both long-term successful commercialized operations as kind of role models for public at large for more than 40 years. The Sihwa Lake Tidal Range Power Station in South Korea has also developed to be the largest marine renewable power station with its installed capacity 254 MW since 2010. These practical applications prove that the tidal range energy as one kind of marine renewable energy exploitation and utilization technology is becoming more and more mature and it is used more and more widely. However, the assessment of the tidal range energy resources is not well developed nowadays. This paper summarizes the main problems in tidal range power resource assessment, gives a brief introduction to tidal potential energy theory, and then we present an analyzed and estimated method based on the tide numerical modeling. The technical characteristics and applicability of these two approaches are compared with each other. Furthermore, based on the theory of tidal range energy generation combined with flux conservation, this paper proposes a new assessment method that include a series of evaluation parameters and it can be easily operated to calculate the tidal range energy of the sea. Finally, this method is applied on assessment of the tidal range power energy of the Jiantiao Harbor in Zhejiang Province, China for demonstration and examination.

新形势下我国江河入海水通量监测实践与对策建议

针对我国入海河口生态环境问题突出、江河入海污染物总量不明的问题,梳理了我国江河入海水通量监测的历史,分析了我国江河入海水通量评估工作的现状以及“十四五”生态环境监测和海洋环境保护等规划的要求,提出污染物排海总量不明的主要原因是江河入海水通量监测未取得突破,具体表现在江河污染物入海通量未得到有效掌握、江河入海水通量监管体系未得以构建运行、江河入海水通量监测技术未得到建立和规范。结合在辽河口海洋环境在线监测试验基地开展的江河入海流量在线监测系统设计研究、江河入海水通量监测技术研发、江河入海水通量监测技术标准化研究、辽河入海水通量监测试验等工作,建议总结分析我国已开展的江河入海水通量监测试验工作,深入开展江河入海水通量监测顶层设计,加强江河入海水通量监测关键技术方法研究。

长江口南槽悬沙纵向和横向输运过程与机制研究

河口悬沙输运对于最大浑浊带形成发育、地貌演变、港口航道安全、水质以及生态系统健康至关重要。本文基于2017年洪季长江口南槽拦门沙海域4站位同步观测的沉积动力数据,采用Scully和Sommerfield改进的通量机制分解法来获取垂向各层平流通量和潮泵通量及累积动态变化,以确定平流和潮汐泵送对悬沙净通量的相对贡献,探讨纵向和横向的水沙输运时空格局和动力机制,弥补了传统通量机制分解法仅限计算时空平均值的缺陷。研究发现:(1)洪季长江口南槽拦门沙海域大潮期间存在横向余环流,小潮期间出现表层向海、底层向陆的纵向余环流;(2)平流和潮泵作用是影响净输运的关键因素,南槽拦门沙海域由平流作用主导、悬沙向海净输运,横向上向西南边滩输运,为南汇边滩围垦区向海淤长提供物源,且靠近主槽区域横向悬沙通量对沉积过程的贡献与纵向通量相当;(3)潮泵输运在河口滞流点和拦门沙海域均较显著,泵送的大小和方向与径潮流相互作用和底床物源有关,纵向上由大潮期间向陆泵送占优转为小潮期间的向海净输运占优。综上,南槽拦门沙海域近底层悬沙呈现由浅滩向主槽辐聚的格局,浅滩区域的近底层悬沙净输运受潮泵作用控制,且对整个水柱悬沙输运贡献显著,可能是拦门沙形成和最大浑浊带发育的重要机制。

An approach to estimate tidal dissipation with single-point high-frequency ground wave radar data

Using the single-point ground wave （GW） radar data at Shensi Station and the water level data at three stations （Shengsi, Luchaogang and Daishan）, the authors obtained the flow vectors from the radial velocity of GW radar observation, and calculate four sub-tidal harmonic constants （O1, K1, M2 and S2）. The tidal characteristics derived from the GW radar dataset agreed well with those from the tidal gauge data. The authors also analyzed the tidal energy flux and tidal energy dissipation rate. There was a good relationship between the tidal energy dissipation rate and topography. The study showed a good way to calculate tidal energy dissipation rate using GW radar data.

Analysis and Prediction of Influence Imposed on Jiaozhou Bay Tidal Currents and Tidal Energy of M_2 Tidal System by Jiaozhou Bay Reclamation

The 3-D ECOMSED ocean model was applied to establish a time-dependent boundary model for Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), in which the operator-splitting technique was used and the ‘dry and wet’ method was introduced. The influence caused by JZB reclamation on the surface level, residual currents, tidal system and tidal energy of M2 tidal system were predicted and analyzed. The results show that JZB reclamation has slight impact on the M2 tidal system, in which the variation of amplitude and phase is less than 1%.The changes of the currents and residual currents in Qian Bay and near the reclamation areas are greater, but in other areas the changes are smaller, in which the currents have a change of around 1%, while the residual currents change ranges from 1.82%–9.61%. After reclamation, the tidal energy fluxes increase by 2.62%–5.24% inside and outside the JZB mouth, but decrease by 20.21%–87.23% near Qian Bay and the reclamation area.

Tidal energy budget in the Zhujiang(Pearl River) Estuary

Tidal energy budget in the Zhujiang（Pearl River） Estuary（ZE） is evaluated by employing high-resolution baroclinic regional ocean modeling system（ROMS）. The results obtained via applying the least square method on the model elevations are compared against the tidal harmonic constants at 18 tide stations along the ZE and its adjacent coast. The mean absolute errors between the simulation and the observation of M_2, S_2, K_1 and O_1 are 4.6, 2.8, 3.2 and 2.8 cm in amplitudes and 9.8°, 15.0°, 4.6° and 4.6° in phase-lags, respectively. The comparisons between the simulated and observed sea level heights at 11 tide gauge stations also suggest good model performance. The total tidal energy flux incoming the ZE is estimated to be 343.49 MW in the dry season and larger than 336.18 MW in the wet season, which should due to higher mean sea level height and heavier density in the dry season. M_2, K_1, S_2, O_1 and N_2, the top five barotropic tidal energy flux contributors for the ZE,import 242.23（236.79）, 52.97（52.08）, 24.49（23.96）, 16.22（15.91） and 7.10（6.97） MW energy flux into the ZE in dry（wet） season, successively and respectively. The enhanced turbulent mixing induced by eddies around isolated islands and sharp headlands dominated by bottom friction, interaction between tidal currents and sill topography or constricted narrow waterways together account for the five energy dissipation hotspots, which add up to about 38% of the total energy dissipation inside the ZE.

Heavy metals in suspended matters during a tidal cycle in the turbidity maximum around the Changjiang(Yangtze) Estuary

In order to discuss the content distributions and fluxes of heavy metals in suspended matters during a tidal cycle in the turbidity maximum around the Changjiang （Yangtze） Estuary, the contents of heavy metals （Zn, Pb, Cd, Co and Ni） have been analyzed. During a tidal cycle, the average contents of heavy metals are in the order of Zn〉Ni〉Pb〉Co〉〉Cd. The average contents in ebb tide are generally higher than that in flood tide. However, at the inshore Sta. 11, influenced by the contamination from the nearby waste treatment plant, the average contents of Zn and Ni in flood tide are higher than those in ebb fide and at the offshore Sta. 10, the content of Cd in flood tide higher than that in ebb tide due to marine-derived materials. The five heavy metals, mainly terrigenous, are transported towards east-northeast, and settle down with suspended matters in the area between Sta. 11 and Sta. 10. Influenced by marine-derived materials, the flux value of Cd does not alter significantly with obviously changing in flux direction towards northwest. The source of heavy metals, the salinity of water and the concentration of suspended matters are the main factors controlling the content distributions of heavy metals during a tidal cycle. There is a positive correlation between the contents of heavy metals （Zn, Pb, Co and Ni） and the salinity of water, while the opposite correlation between the contents and the concentrations of suspended matters. Because of marine-derived materials, the content of Cd is not correlated with the concentration of suspended matters and the salinity of water.

澳门地区东侧水域夏季余流及通量的时空变化特征

基于澳门地区东侧水域两座河口原型观测试验站夏季15 d的连续观测资料,分析了潮周期垂向平均欧拉余流、拉格朗日余流和斯托克斯余流时空变化特征的同时,将其概念推广到垂向潮汐动力影响下的分层余流分析中.研究显示,夏季澳门地区东侧南、北端水域整体涨落潮流态一致,南侧水域潮动力显著大于北侧;半月时段内,北侧水域潮流物质整体输移方向指向西北,南侧指向东南,拉格朗日余流流速分别为2.2 cm/s和5.1 cm/s,略小于欧拉余流.受海面西南季风影响,南、北侧水域表层欧拉余流、拉格朗日余流和斯托克斯余流流向均为东北向.潮周期垂向平均余流在洪水期指向外海侧,非洪水期北侧水域指向近岸,南侧水域指向伶仃洋河口东侧.海面风主导东南侧水域的斯托克斯漂移强度,对东北侧水域影响不明显,洪水期径流动力增强会削弱海面风引起的漂移作用;但南、北侧水域表层潮流物质输运强度和方向都与海面风密切相关.基于余流流态结合净潮通量分析显示,夏季澳门地区水道出口以下水域存在较为稳定的逆时针余环流,初步分析其原因主要是:珠江河口外海侧强劲的东北向沿岸流引起澳门地区东侧水域形成自东向西的补偿流所致.夏季,该独特的动力结构会截获上游东四口门下泄的部分水沙进入澳门地区水道,导致澳门地区水道滩槽淤积和水体交换不畅.

内伶仃洋水域洪枯季余流及净潮通量时空变化特征

基于内伶仃洋水域4座观测站洪、枯季半月的连续观测资料,分析了该水域余流和净通量时空变化特征,探讨主要动力因子的作用规律。研究显示,内伶仃洋水域半月水深平均余流流速洪季不超过10 cm/s,枯季不超过5 cm/s,洪、枯季总体指向外海侧方向。湾顶水域水沙通量洪、枯季均呈自西向东净输运,且与径流动力呈强正相关。主槽水域接纳东、西两侧浅滩水沙后始终朝西南外海输送。西滩水域洪季水沙朝外海方向净输出,枯季变为朝西北侧上游方向净输送,洪、枯季均与径流动力呈强正相关;淇澳岛北侧西滩水域洪、枯季水沙通量均处于净输入状态,导致该水域不断淤浅。采用多元线性回归法对主槽水域表层余流与主要动力因子进行拟合分析,显示潮汐动力始终驱使表层水沙朝上游方向净输运,径流动力作用方向洪季指向外海、枯季指向上游,海面风则驱使表层水沙与自身方向保持一致;拟合公式中的常数反应了地转科氏力等综合作用下的内伶仃洋水域表层水沙西南向输运规律,且枯季较洪季更为明显。

渤黄东海潮能通量与潮能耗散

利用同化高度计资料和沿岸验潮站资料对潮汐数值模式进行同化,根据同化后的数值模式结果,对渤黄东海中的潮能通量和潮能耗散进行了研究。M2分潮从太平洋进入渤黄东海的潮能为122.499GW,占4个主要分潮进入总量的79%。黄海是半日分潮潮能耗散的主要海区。全日分潮则主要耗散在东海。全日分潮在遇到陆坡的阻挡以后有一部分潮能沿着冲绳海槽向西南传播,并有一部分潮能反射回太平洋,其中O1分潮通过C3断面反射回太平洋的潮能,约占其传入东海潮能的44%。

珠江河口潮能通量与耗散

珠江河口三角洲是我国一个极其复杂的大尺度河口系统，具有独特的河网体系和河口湾。为探讨珠江河口三角洲的潮能通量和潮能耗散机制，基于SELFE模型，建立了珠江河网一河口湾的三维数值模型，计算了河网一河口湾区的潮能通量和潮能耗散。研究表明：珠江河口的潮能通量平面上表现出主槽大，滩地较小；在总能耗中，底摩擦能耗最大，其次是垂向扩散耗散能耗，水平扩散能耗最小；存在‘门’、分汊汇流区和弯曲河道区等典型的高能耗区，高能耗区的单位面积能耗比附近水域的高数倍甚至1．2个数量级。

印度尼西亚海域潮波的数值研究

基于ROMS模式构建了模拟区域为(15.52°S-7.13°N,110.39°~134.15°E)水平分辨率为2′的潮波数值模式,分别模拟了印尼海域M2、S2、K1、O1四个主要分潮。模拟结果与29个卫星高度计交叠点上的调和常数进行比较,符合较好。M2分潮的振幅均方根差为3.4cm,迟角均方根差为5.9°;S2分潮的振幅均方根差为1.7cm,迟角均方根差为6.3°;K1分潮振幅均方根差为1.1cm,迟角均方根差为5.8°;O1分潮振幅均方根差为1.2cm,迟角均方根差为4.4°。M2、S2、K1、O1分潮向量均方根差分别为3.8cm、2.4cm、1.9cm和1.3cm,模拟结果的相对偏差在10%左右。根据计算结果分析了印尼海域的潮汐特征及潮能传播规律,结果显示:爪哇海以外的印尼海域主要为不规则半日潮区;全日潮潮能主要由太平洋传入印尼海域,而半日潮潮能则是从印度洋传入印尼海域。

从潮能通量变化看6000a以来长江口的迁移

引入潮能通量变化的概念，将河口区沉积动力环境、泥沙运移与能量变化联系起来，以东中国海三维高精度潮波模拟为基础，对长江口演变进行研究。模拟结果表明，全新世最大海侵以来，科氏力造成的潮能通量变化在长江口、杭州湾、舟山群岛及其外侧始终为负，减少的方向为西北；其负值区界于东经124°以西及北纬28°以北。说明科氏力的作用是使泥沙在长江和杭州湾口及其外侧邻近海域沉积，且沉积体向东南方向发育；在现代长江口外海区沉积动力环境条件下，长江口向东南迁移的范围不会越过东经124°、北纬28°这一界线。舟山群岛造成的潮能通量变化与科氏力的作用一致，但其作用量较小，仅为科氏力的1／50，影响范围也较局限。

长江口滨岸潮滩重金属源汇通量估算

根据2002～2003年长江口滨岸潮滩16个站位1年的沉积物重金属含量、粒度和密度等季节性测试数据,结合其他文献的沉积物累积速率资料,初步估算了长江口滨岸潮滩重金属的源汇通量。结果表明,2002年徐六泾以下的河口地区,沉积物中Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr的年滞留量分别为3425t/a、2751t/a、3451599t/a、69505t/a、14045t/a和3176t/a,石洞口排污口和黄浦江仍然是这几种重金属的主要污染输入来源之一。潮滩能有效滞留河口水体中的重金属,在长江口0m线以上的潮滩沉积物中,Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr的年沉降量分别占到整个河口区重金属沉降量的24.3%、27.6%、32.3%、32.4%、20.5%和23.2%。从潮滩重金属的沉降通量来看,南汇边滩的沉降通量最大,长江口南岸潮滩明显高于长江口北支潮滩,说明位于排污口下游的滩地能有效削减入海重金属污染负荷。

西北太平洋的潮能通量与耗散

利用基于FVCOM(Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model)模式同化沿岸验潮站数据的高分辨率潮汐数值模型结果,分析研究了包含中国近海、日本海和鄂霍次克海在内的西北太平洋海域全日、半日分潮的潮能通量与耗散。西北太平洋的潮波能量分3支,分别传入鄂霍次克海、东海和南海。传入东海的半日潮波能量是传入南海的3倍左右;传入南海的全日潮波能量是传入东海的5倍多。传入中国东部海域的M2分潮能中,有64.3%耗散在东海,32.4%耗散在黄海,仅有3.2%耗散在渤海;而K1分潮能中分别有48.2%、31.4%及7.1%耗散在东海、黄海及渤海。进入南海的潮能中,仅有32.7%的M2分潮能和38.3%的K1分潮能耗散在南海的北部海域,另有23.9%的M2分潮能进入并耗散在台湾海峡,其余则进入南海南部。传入日本海的太平洋潮能很少。鄂霍次克海消耗的全日潮能是半日潮能的2倍。

潮汐河口断面悬沙通量组分模式及其在长江口的应用

断面泥沙通量估算的误差主要来源于计算方法、测点布局等,通量模式应该建立在通量估算统计误差最小的原则基础之上.在断面网格设计中采用统计误差最小的等面积单元网格,在泥沙通量估算中采用泥沙组分浓度,在流速变量插值上垂向采用对数函数插值,横向采用第一边界三次方样条函数插值.这样建立的潮汐河口悬沙断面通量组分模式较以往的任何模式更完善,断面通量估算的误差最小.将该模式应用于长江河口南港断面悬沙通量估算及其输移机制分析,断面泥沙通量表现为大潮期大进大出、大出大于大进;小潮期小进小出、小出大于小进;主要输移机制是拉格朗日输移和潮泵.

渤海海峡水动力分布特征研究

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