Vitreoretinal surgeons'experience and time interval from pars-plana vitrectomy to cataract extraction

AIM:To identify the association of the vitreoretinal surgeons'experience with the time interval between parsplana vitrectomy(PPV)and cataract extraction(CE).METHODS:Eyes with prior PPV and following CE were included in this retrospective cohort study.The years of practice and the annual case volume were used to describe the surgeons'experience.Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between surgeons'experience and the time interval adjusted for the patients age,gender,intraocular tamponade,and case complexity.RESULTS:Of 132430 eyes,1445 eyes were included in this study.In multivariable linear regression analysis,cases performed by surgeons with>20 practice years had longer time intervals compared with surgeons with<10 practice years after adjusted for other variables(β=0.329,95%CI:0.113 to 0.549,P=0.003).No difference in time interval was detected for comparing the lowest with the highest volume groups(β=0.089,95%CI:-0.164 to 0.343,P=0.343).The surgeons'practice years were not directly with the volume.For complicated surgery,the higherpractice-year surgeons had longer time interval than lowerpractice-year surgeons.CONCLUSION:The time intervals from PPV to CE is longer in higher-practice-year surgeons.The surgeons'practice years may have a greater effect on the time interval than annual case volume in high-complexity cases.Matching the complexity of vitreoretinal diseases with the surgeons'practice year should be considered.

Discussion of the Horizontal Intensity of Late Quaternary Fault Activity Along the Tianjingshan Fault Zone in Different Time Intervals and Fault Segments

By computing and classifying the data of gully offset obtained from field surveys along the Tianjingshan fault zone and estimating the ages of three types of gullies,the strike-slip rates along the fault zone are discussed in different time intervals and fault segments.The results suggest that the intensity of activity along the fault zone is not strong,but the differences between different time intervals and fault segments since the late Pleistocene have been obvious.The average rates range from 0.23 mm/a to 1.62 mm/a.The largest average rate is 1.40 mm/a,which occurred in the early and middle of late Pleistocene along the western segment of the fault zone.Since the late stage of the late Pleistocene,the center of faulting activity of the fault zone has shifted to the middle segment,and the average slip rates range have changed from 1.30 mm/a to 1.63 mm/a.

Time Intervals of the Electron Transitions between the Energy States in the Hydrogen Atom Calculated in a Non-Probabilistic Way

Definitions of the mechanical parameters entering the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom allowed us to calculate the time intervals connected with the electron transitions between the nearest-neighbouring energy levels in the atom. This is done in a strictly non-probabilistic way. The time results are compared with those derived earlier on the basis of the classical Joule-Lenz law for the energy emission adapted to the case of the electron transfer in the quantum systems. A similar formalism has been next applied to the harmonic oscillator and a particle moving in the one-dimensional potential box.

Identifying,exploring,and interpreting time series shapes in multivariate time intervals

We introduce a concept of episode referring to a time interval in the development of a dynamic phenomenon that is characterized by multiple time-variant attributes.A data structure representing a single episode is a multivariate time series.To analyse collections of episodes,we propose an approach that is based on recognition of particular patterns in the temporal variation of the variables within episodes.Each episode is thus represented by a combination of patterns.Using this representation,we apply visual analytics techniques to fulfil a set of analysis tasks,such as investigation of the temporal distribution of the patterns,frequencies of transitions between the patterns in episode sequences,and co-occurrences of patterns of different variables within same episodes.We demonstrate our approach on two examples using real-world data,namely,dynamics of human mobility indicators during the COVID-19 pandemic and characteristics of football team movements during episodes of ball turnover.

Mapping soil organic matter content using Sentinel-2 syntheticimages at different time intervals in Northeast China

Mapping soil organic matter(SOM)content has become an important application of digital soil mapping.In this study,we processed all Sentinel-2 images covering the bare-soil period(March to June)in Northeast China from 2019 to 2022 and integrated the observation results into synthetic materials with four defined time intervals(10,15,20,and 30 d).Then,we used synthetic images corresponding to different time periods to conduct SOM mapping and determine the optimal time interval and time period beforefinally assessing the impacts of adding environmental covariates.The results showed the following:(1)in SOM mapping,the highest accuracy was obtained using day-of-year(DOY)120 to 140 synthetic images with 20 d time intervals,as well as with different time intervals,ranked as follows:20 d>30 d>15 d>10 d;(2)when using synthetic images at different time intervals to predict SOM,the best time period for predicting SOM was always within May;and(3)adding environmental covariates effectively improved the SOM mapping performance,and the multiyear average temperature was the most important factor.In general,our results demonstrated the valuable potential of SOM mapping using multiyear synthetic imagery,thereby allowing detailed mapping of large areas of cultivated soil.

The burden of upper motor neuron involvement is correlated with the bilateral limb involvement interval in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:a retrospective observational study

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by the involvement of both upper and lower motor neurons.Early bilateral limb involvement significantly affects patients'daily lives and may lead them to be confined to bed.However,the effect of upper and lower motor neuron impairment and other risk factors on bilateral limb involvement is unclear.To address this issue,we retrospectively collected data from 586 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with limb onset diagnosed at Peking University Third Hospital between January 2020 and May 2022.A univariate analysis revealed no significant differences in the time intervals of spread in different directions between individuals with upper motor neuron-dominant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and those with classic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.We used causal directed acyclic graphs for risk factor determination and Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the association between the duration of bilateral limb involvement and clinical baseline characteristics in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.Multiple factor analyses revealed that higher upper motor neuron scores(hazard ratio[HR]=1.05,95%confidence interval[CI]=1.01–1.09,P=0.018),onset in the left limb(HR=0.72,95%CI=0.58–0.89,P=0.002),and a horizontal pattern of progression(HR=0.46,95%CI=0.37–0.58,P<0.001)were risk factors for a shorter interval until bilateral limb involvement.The results demonstrated that a greater degree of upper motor neuron involvement might cause contralateral limb involvement to progress more quickly in limb-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.These findings may improve the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with limb onset and the prediction of patient prognosis.

Adaptive path planning for unmanned aerial vehicles based on bi-level programming and variable planning time interval

This paper presents an adaptive path planner for unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） to adapt a real-time path search procedure to variations and fluctuations of UAVs’ relevant performances, with respect to sensory capability, maneuverability, and flight velocity limit. On the basis of a novel adaptability-involved problem statement, bi-level programming （BLP） and variable planning step techniques are introduced to model the necessary path planning components and then an adaptive path planner is developed for the purpose of adaptation and optimization. Additionally, both probabilistic-risk-based obstacle avoidance and performance limits are described as path search constraints to guarantee path safety and navigability. A discrete-search-based path planning solution, embedded with four optimization strategies, is especially designed for the planner to efficiently generate optimal flight paths in complex operational spaces, within which different surface-to-air missiles （SAMs） are deployed. Simulation results in challenging and stochastic scenarios firstly demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed planner, and then verify its great adaptability and relative stability when planning optimal paths for a UAV with changing or fluctuating performances.

Climate warming shifts the time interval between flowering and leaf unfolding depending on the warming period

The timing of flowering(FL)and leaf unfolding(LU)determine plants’reproduction and vegetative growth.Global warming has substantially advanced FL and LU of temperate and boreal plants,but their responses to warming differ,which may influence the time interval between FL and LU(ΔLU-FL),thereby impacting plant fitness and intraspecific physiological processes.Based on twigs collected from two flowering-first tree species,Populus tomentosa and Amygdalus triloba,we conducted a manipulative experiment to investigate the effects of winter chilling,spring warming and photoperiod on theΔLU-FL.We found that photoperiod did not affect theΔLU-FL of Amygdalus triloba,but shortenedΔLU-FL by 5.1 d of Populus tomentosa.Interestingly,spring warming and winter chilling oppositely affected theΔLU-FL of both species.Specifically,low chilling accumulation extended theΔLU-FL by 3.8 and 9.4 d for Populus tomentosa and Amygdalus triloba,but spring warming shortened theΔLU-FL by 4.1 and 0.2 d℃^(-1).Our results indicate that climate warming will decrease or increase theΔLU-FL depending on the warming periods,i.e.,spring or winter.The shifted time interval between flowering and leaf unfolding may have ecological effects including affecting pollen transfer efficiency and alter the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystem.

AN EXPLICIT COMPLETE SQUARE CONSERVATIVE SCHEME WITH ADJUSTABLE TIME INTERVALS

In this paper,a kind of explicit difference scheme to solve nonlinear evolution equations,perfectly keeping the square conservation by adjusting the time step interval,is constructed,from the comprehensive maintenance of the ad- vantages of the implicit complete square conservative scheme and the explicit instantaneous square conservative scheme. The new schemes are based on the thought of adding a small dissipation,but it is different from the small dissipation method.The dissipative term used in the new schemes is not a simple artificial dissipative term,but a so-called (time) harmonious dissipative term that can compensate for the truncation errors from the dissociation of the time differential term.Therefore,the new schemes may have a high time precision and may acquire a satisfactory effect in numerical tests.

General time interval multidimensional BSDEs with generators satisfying a weak stochastic-monotonicity condition

This paper establishes an existence and uniqueness result for the adapted solution of a general time interval multidimensional backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE), where the generator g satisfies a weak stochastic-monotonicity condition and a general growth condition in the state variable y, and a stochastic-Lipschitz condition in the state variable z. This unifies and strengthens some known works. In order to prove this result, we develop some ideas and techniques employed in Xiao and Fan [25] and Liu et al. [15]. In particular, we put forward and prove a stochastic Gronwall-type inequality and a stochastic Bihari-type inequality, which generalize the classical ones and may be useful in other applications. The martingale representation theorem, Itô’s formula, and the BMO martingale tool are used to prove these two inequalities.

Deterministic and complete hyperentangled Bell states analysis assisted by frequency and time interval degrees of freedom

Hyperentangled Bell states analysis(HBSA)is an essential building block for certain hyper-parallel quantum information processing.We propose a complete and deterministic HBSA scheme encoded in spatial and polarization degrees of freedom(DOFs)of two-photon system assisted by a fixed frequency-based entanglement and a time interval DOF.The parity information the spatial-based and polarization-based hyper-entanglement can be distinguished by the distinct time intervals of the photon pairs,and the phase information can be distinguished by the detection signature.Compared with previous schemes,the number of the auxiliary entanglements is reduced from two to one by introducing time interval DOF.Moreover,the additional frequency and time interval DOFs suffer less from the collective channel noise.

An On-Line Modeling Based Kalman Filtering Process for Time-Interval-Variable Sequences with Application to Astronomic Surveying

The problem of variable sampling time interval which appears in application of Kalman Filtering is analyzed and the corresponding filtering process with or without present transition matrix is suggested, then an application experiment for astronomical surveying is introduced. In this process, the known stochastically variable sampling time intervals play the roles as deterministic input sequences of the state-space description, and the corresponding matrix and (if needed) state transition matrix can be established by performing real-time and structure-linear system identification.

Static softening behaviors of 7055 alloy during the interval time of multi-pass hot compression

Multipass plain strain compression test of 7055 alloy was carried out on Gleeble 1500D thermomechanical simulator to study the effect of interval time on static softening behavior between two passes. Microstructural features of the alloy deformed with delay times varying from 0 to 180 s after achieving a reduction of ,-~52 % in the 13 stages was investigated through TEM and EBSD observations. The 14th pass of peak stresses after different delay times were gained. The peak stress decreases with the interstage delay time increasing, but the decreasing trend is gradually slower. Static recovery, metadynamic recrystallization, and/or static recrystallization can be found in the alloy during two passes. The recovery and recrystallization degree increases with longer interstage delay time. The static recovery is the main softening mechanism. Subgrain coalescence and subgrain growth together with particle-stimulated nucleation are the main nucleation mechanisms for static recrystallization.

Enhancing Task Assignment in Crowdsensing Systems Based on Sensing Intervals and Location

The popularity of mobile devices with sensors is captivating the attention of researchers to modern techniques,such as the internet of things(IoT)and mobile crowdsensing(MCS).The core concept behind MCS is to use the power of mobile sensors to accomplish a difficult task collaboratively,with each mobile user completing much simpler micro-tasks.This paper discusses the task assignment problem in mobile crowdsensing,which is dependent on sensing time and path planning with the constraints of participant travel distance budgets and sensing time intervals.The goal is to minimize aggregate sensing time for mobile users,which reduces energy consumption to encourage more participants to engage in sensing activities and maximize total task quality.This paper introduces a two-phase task assignment framework called location time-based algorithm(LTBA).LTBA is a framework that enhances task assignment in MCS,whereas assigning tasks requires overlapping time intervals between tasks and mobile users’tasks and the location of tasks and mobile users’paths.The process of assigning the nearest task to the mobile user’s current path depends on the ant colony optimization algorithm(ACO)and Euclidean distance.LTBA combines two algorithms:(1)greedy online allocation algorithm and(2)bio-inspired traveldistance-balance-based algorithm(B-DBA).The greedy algorithm was sensing time interval-based and worked on reducing the overall sensing time of the mobile user.B-DBA was location-based and worked on maximizing total task quality.The results demonstrate that the average task quality is 0.8158,0.7093,and 0.7733 for LTBA,B-DBA,and greedy,respectively.The sensing time was reduced to 644,1782,and 685 time units for LTBA,B-DBA,and greedy,respectively.Combining the algorithms improves task assignment in MCS for both total task quality and sensing time.The results demonstrate that combining the two algorithms in LTBA is the best performance for total task quality and total sensing time,and the greedy algorithm follows it then B-DBA.

Relativistic Reduction of the Electron-Nucleus Force in Bohr’s Hydrogen Atom and the Time of Electron Transition between the Neighbouring Quantum Energy Levels

The aim of the paper is to get an insight into the time interval of electron emission done between two neighbouring energy levels of the hydrogen atom. To this purpose, in the first step, the formulae of the special relativity are applied to demonstrate the conditions which can annihilate the electrostatic force acting between the nucleus and electron in the atom. This result is obtained when a suitable electron speed entering the Lorentz transformation is combined with the strength of the magnetic field acting normally to the electron orbit in the atom. In the next step, the Maxwell equation characterizing the electromotive force is applied to calculate the time interval connected with the change of the magnetic field necessary to produce the force. It is shown that the time interval obtained from the Maxwell equation, multiplied by the energy change of two neighbouring energy levels considered in the atom, does satisfy the Joule-Lenz formula associated with the quantum electron energy emission rate between the levels.

Non-Probabilistic Approach to the Time of Energy Emission in Small Quantum Systems

The energy emitted by an electron in course of its transition between two quantum levels can be considered as a dissipated energy. This energy is obtained within a definite interval of time. The problem of the size of the time interval necessary for transitions is examined both on the ground of the quantum approach as well as classical electrodynamics. It is found that in fact the emission time approaches the time interval connected with acceleration of a classical velocity of the electron particle from one of its quantum levels to a neighbouring one.

Impact of interval between neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery in rectal cancer patients

BACKGROUND Epidemiologically,in China,locally advanced rectal cancer is a more common form of rectal cancer.Preoperative neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy can effectively reduce the size of locally invasive tumors and improve disease-free survival(DFS)and pathologic response after surgery.At present,this modality has become the standard protocol for the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer in many centers,but the optimal time for surgery after neoadjuvant therapy is still controversial.AIM To investigate the impact of time interval between neoadjuvant therapy and surgery on DFS and pathologic response in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.METHODS A total of 231 patients who were classified as having clinical stage II or III advanced rectal cancer and underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery at the National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from November 2014 to August 2017 were involved in this retrospective cohort study.The patients were divided into two groups based on the different time intervals between neoadjuvant therapy and surgery:139(60.2%)patients were in group A(≤9 wk),and 92(39.2%)patients were in group B(>9 wk).DFS and pathologic response were analyzed as the primary endpoints.The secondary endpoints were postoperative complications and sphincter preservation.RESULTS For the 231 patients included,surgery was performed at≤9 wk in 139(60.2%)patients and at>9 wk in 92(39.8%).The patients’clinical characteristics,surgical results,and tumor outcomes were analyzed through univariate analysis combined with multivariate regression analysis.The overall pathologic complete response(pCR)rate was 27.2%(n=25)in the longer time interval group(>9 wk)and 10.8%(n=15)in the shorter time interval group(≤9 wk,P=0.001).The postoperative complications did not differ between the groups(group A,5%vs group B,5.4%;P=0.894).Surgical procedures for sphincter preservation were performed in 113(48.9%)patients,which were not significantly different between the groups(group A,52.5%vs group B,43.5%;P=0.179).The pCR rate was an independent factor affected by time interval(P=0.009;odds ratio[OR]=2.668;95%CI:1.276-5.578).Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression analysis showed that the longer time interval(>9 wk)was a significant independent prognostic factor for DFS(P=0.032;OR=2.295;95%CI:1.074-4.905),but the time interval was not an independent prognostic factor for overall survival(P>0.05).CONCLUSION A longer time interval to surgery after neoadjuvant therapy may improve the pCR rate and DFS but has little impact on postoperative complications and sphincter preservation.

Relation between the Intervals ΔE and Δt Obtained in the De-Excitation Process of Electrons in Metals

A relation between the intervals of energy and time, derived in a former paper and associated with the electron transitions on the Fermi surface of a metal, is examined in comparison with the experimental data. These data are obtained from the de-excitation process of electrons in metals. A comparison between theory and experiment demonstrated that the new relation between energy and time is fitted much better for the experimental results than the well-known relation due to the Heisenberg theory.

含风力发电的配电网自适应分时段无功优化

针对含风力发电的配电网中风电机组出力的间歇性和系统负荷的波动性,提出了自适应分段优化策略,通过分时段优化实现无功动态调节。该策略根据风机出力和负荷的波动程度确定各时段最佳持续时间。在此基础上,计及运行环境的变化和决策者需求,提出了一种新的含决策偏好因子的分段优化方法。以降低网络损耗和电压偏差为目标,建立了含风力发电的配电网多目标无功优化模型,并采用多目标粒子群优化算法(multi-objective particle swarm optimization,MOPSO)求解。以改进的IEEE30节点系统为例进行仿真计算,仿真结果验证了所提方法和模型的有效性。

A Regional Air-Sea Coupled Model and Its Application over East Asia in the Summer of 2000

A regional air-sea coupled model, comprising the Regional Integrated Environment Model System （RIEMS） and the Princeton Ocean Model （POM） was developed to simulate summer climate features over East Asia in 2000. The sensitivity of the model＇s behavior to the coupling time interval （CTI）, the causes of the sea surface temperature （SST） biases, and the role of air-sea interaction in the simulation of precipitation over China are investigated. Results show that the coupled model can basically produce the spatial pattern of SST, precipitation, and surface air temperature （SAT） with five different CTIs respectively. Also, using a CTI of 3, 6 or 12 hours tended to produce more successful simulations than if using 1 and 24 hours. Further analysis indicates that both a higher and lower coupling frequency result in larger model biases in air-sea heat flux exchanges, which might be responsible for the sensitivity of the coupled model＇s behavior to the CTI. Sensitivity experiments indicate that SST biases between the coupled and uncoupled POM occurring over the China coastal waters were due to the mismatch of the surface heat fluxes produced by the RIEMS with those required by the POM. In the coupled run, the air-sea feedbacks reduced the biases in surface heat fluxes, compared with the uncoupled RIEMS, consequently resulted in changes in thermal contrast over land and sea and led to a precipitation increase over South China and a decrease over North China. These results agree well observations in the summer of 2000.