Time Delay Characteristic of Industrial Wireless Networks Based on IEEE 802.15.4a

The IEEE 802.15.4a standard provides a framework for low-data-rate communication systems,typically sensor networks.In this paper,we established a realistic environment for the time delay characteristic of industrial network based on IEEE 802.15.4a.Several sets of practical experiments are conducted to study its various features,including the effects of 1） numeral wireless nodes,2） numeral data packets,3） data transmissions with different upper-layer protocols,4） physical distance between nodes,and 5） adding and reducing the number of the wireless nodes.The results show that IEEE 802.15.4a is suitable for some industrial applications that have more relaxed throughput requirements and time-delay.Some issues that could degrade the network performance are also discussed.

Statistical Properties and Confidence Limits about the Mean Time between the Failures (MTBF) in Failure-free Period Life Test (FFPLT)

On the basis of strict mathematical description about Failure_Free Period Life Test (FFPLT), the statistical properties of the tests and optimal confidence limit of the parameter are discussed in detail and corresponding calculating formulae are found out.

The Study of Relaxation Time in Test of 940 nm Semiconductor Laser

Conventional test of the peak wavelength of a laser used to be applied immediately after a device is injected current. However, the results can not be considered as an accurate description to temperature characteristic. This passage puts forward a concept of relaxation time in wavelength texts, mainly based on the experiment of 940 nm strain quantum well laser, confirming that under constant current, wavelength will get through a process of rising, and then, reach the limit. This process brings the effect on spectral characteristics of a device which cannot be ignored and the accumulated heat in relaxation time will gradually impact the emission wavelength of the laser, even crest split to form bimodal phenomenon.

A study on characteristic indexesof railway ballast bed underhigh-frequency radar

Purpose–In this paper,a high-frequency radar test system was used to collect the data of clean ballast bed and fouled ballast bed of ballasted tracks,respectively,for a quantitative evaluation of the condition of railway ballast bed.Design/methodology/approach–Based on original radar signals,the time–frequency characteristics of radar signals were analyzed,five ballast bed condition characteristic indexes were proposed,including the frequency domain integral area,scanning area,number of intersections with the time axis,number of timedomain inflection points and amplitude envelope obtained by Hilbert transform,and the effectiveness and sensitivity of the indexes were analyzed.Findings–The thickness of ballast bed tested at the sleep bottom by high-frequency radar is up to 55 cm,which meets the requirements of ballast bed detection.Compared with clean ballast bed,the values of the five indexes of fouled ballast bed are larger,and the five indexes could effectively show the condition of the ballast bed.The computational efficiency of amplitude envelope obtained by Hilbert transform is 140 s$km
1,and the computational efficiency of other indexes is 5 s$km
1.The amplitude envelopes obtained by Hilbert transform in the subgrade sections and tunnel sections are the most sensitive,followed by scanning area.The number of intersections with the time axis in the bridge sections was the most sensitive,followed by the scanning area.The scanning area can adapt to different substructures such as subgrade,bridges and tunnels,with high comprehensive sensitivity.Originality/value–The research can provide appropriate characteristic indexes from the high-frequency radar original signal to quantitatively evaluate ballast bed condition under different substructures.

Characteristic Analysis of Transient Electromagnetic Disturbance Data in Substation

Characteristic analysis of transient electromagnetic disturbance data is very important. In this paper, the time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics of transient electromagnetic disturbance caused by switching operations in substations are analyzed. Two methods are adopted in time-domain analysis. One method is histogram and the other one is normality test. An appropriate procedure for the normality test is proposed. Furthermore, the method used in frequency- domain analysis is to obtain overall envelope. These statistical characteristic analysis methods are showed to be of great value in analyses of the measured samples. The simulation results showed that these methods are effective.

Research on characters of surrounding rock in complex geology conditions and supporting time

The methods combined by test, field monitoring and theoretical analysis were adopted to do the systemic research on the rock mass from micro-structure to macro-deformation, and rheological model of Jinchuan rock mass was established to discuss the reasonable supporting time. Resuhs show that supporting after suitable stress and displacement release can benefit for the long-term stability of surrounding rock.

Space-time evolution rules of acoustic emission location of unloaded coal sample at different loading rates

By using MTS815 rock mechanics test system,a series of acoustic emission(AE) location experiments were performed under unloading confining pressure,increasing the axial stress.The AE space-time evolution regularities and energy releasing characteristics during deformation and failure process of coal of different loading rates are compared,the influence mechanism of loading rates on the microscopic crack evolution were studied,combining the AE characteristics and the macroscopic failure modes of the specimens,and the precursory characteristics of coal failure were also analyzed quantitatively.The results indicate that as the loading rate is higher,the AE activity and the main fracture will begin earlier.The destruction of coal body is mainly the function of shear strain at lower loading rate and tension strain at higher rate,and will transform from brittleness to ductility at critical velocities.When the deformation of the coal is mainly plasticity,the amplitude of the AE ringing counting rate increases largely and the AE energy curves appear an obvious ''step'',which can be defined as the first failure precursor point.Statics of AE information shows that the strongest AE activity begins when the axial stress level was 92-98%,which can be defined as the other failure precursor point.As the loading rate is smaller,the coal more easily reaches the latter precursor point after the first one,so attention should be aroused to prevent dynamic disaster in coal mining when the AE activity reaches the first precursor point.

Development and Application of DC Partial Discharge Test System

Direct current (DC) partial discharge (PD) test has drawn extensive attention from world-wide electric power research institutes in recent years. However, presently, no DC PD detection device on the market has the statistical function. Thus, we developed a test system for PD detection under DC voltage, which is characterized by strong anti-jamming capability, continuous high-speed real-time data acquisi- tion and effective, complete detection of DC PD signals. The DC PD mechanism, as well as the measuring principles, software system, and hardware design of the test equipment were introduced. Adopting typical electrode pairs, we tested the statistical spectrum of PD under DC voltage. The main difference in statistical spectrums between parallel plate electrodes and needle-plate electrodes was that the time interval between two consecutive discharges for needle-plate electrodes has obviously larger variation range than that for parallel plate electrodes, which could be the convincing proof for distinguishing the type of electrodes under DC PD. Practical results indicate that the proposed sys- tem can measure time domain signals of DC PD of oil-paper insulation effectively and promptly, and it can be used to determine and detect defects in DC power transmission equipment.

复杂电能信号谐波时频域特征分析及其对电能计量影响

为准确分析复杂电能信号谐波时频域特性对电能计量的影响,提出了一种零值搜索-短时傅里叶变换时频域电压、电流信号幅度和相位分析算法,利用信号波形过零特征,自适应调整短窗傅里叶变换的时域窗宽,解决了电网频率波动导致的相位累积效应对相位分析的影响,算法的幅值分析误差为10-3、相位分析误差小于1°;建立了复杂电能信号时频域数据表征模型和4类时频域全局化特征矩阵提取算法,解决了时频域特性表征与提取的问题;以典型非线性动态负荷中频炉为分析案例,分析给出了其4类时频域全局化特征,并建立了畸变波形动态电能测试信号特征模型,通过辅助实验验证了4个时频域全局化特征对电能表动态超差的影响,提出了对国际和国内标准修改的建议。

干湿循环与加载先后顺序对砂泥岩混合料压缩特性的影响

为研究干湿循环与加载先后顺序对砂泥岩混合料压缩特性的影响,针对不同干湿循环次数、浸水时间和水温处置下的砂泥岩混合料,开展先干湿循环后加载、先加载后干湿循环的单向压缩试验。结果表明,两种试验方法所得砂泥岩混合料压缩量均随干湿循环次数增加、浸水时间增长、水温增高而增大;压缩量与干湿循环次数呈对数关系、与浸水时间呈幂函数关系、与水温呈线性关系,并推导出相应的压缩量计算公式;试验结果及理论分析均得出先干湿循环后加载的压缩量大于先加载后干湿循环的压缩量。

风浪流耦合作用下锚泊式海上试验平台的水动力特性试验

为了研究国家海洋试验场的“国海试1”平台与锚泊优化方案是否满足设计要求,采用物理模型试验方法,制作1∶30试验平台模型,在国家海洋技术中心海洋动力环境实验室开展百余组不同波高、波周期、波向的不规则波、定常风和等效均匀流联合作用下,两点式躺地链系泊状态下的模型运动响应研究。对比分析试验结果与对应试验平台的设计指标,结果表明:同样海况下,风浪与潮流同向时,试验平台的运动响应更剧烈;流速1.14 m/s、4级海况时,试验平台最大横摇角为10.41°,“国海试1”平台无法开展正常的吊装工作;流速1.14m/s、6级海况时,试验平台最大横摇角为15.07°,“国海试1”平台搭载的试验测试设备无法正常工作;流速1.14 m/s、8级海况时,试验平台最大横摇角为20.21°,平台存在安全隐患,应采取避险措施;“国海试1”满足抗7级风浪的设计要求。该研究成果验证了改进后的国家海洋综合试验场“国海试1”平台满足抗7级海况的设计要求。因此,建议“国海试1”平台在6级海况下应停止试验作业,8级海况下应采取必要的避险措施。该研究为同类新型海洋平台水动力研究提供了参考。

冲击响应特性在轨地过渡电阻检测中的应用

[目的]城市轨道交通线路杂散电流的危害越来越不容忽视。杂散电流不易检测,轨地过渡电阻的大小是影响杂散电流最关键的因素,因此,通过检测轨地过渡电阻的大小来判断杂散电流的影响程度,是治理杂散电流的有效方法。[方法]基于EMTP(电磁暂态程序)软件,搭建了轨道电路分布参数仿真模型。采用单一控制变量法,分别得到了分布电容、分布电感、钢轨纵向电阻、轨地过渡电阻对冲击阻抗时变特性曲线的影响规律。提出利用冲击阻抗时变比值曲线来判断轨地过渡电阻是否符合要求的方法,并对成都某条城市轨道交通线路进行了实际测量,对该方法进行了验证。[结果及结论]7~20μs时间段内,仅轨地过渡电阻1个参数对冲击阻抗时变特性造成影响。可利用此特征下的冲击阻抗时变特性来反映轨地过渡电阻情况,并对轨地过渡电阻值是否满足规范要求进行有效判断。实测结果表明,该检测方法具有可行性和实用性。

变压器油中工频电弧特性及变压器防爆研究综述

变压器内部短路电弧故障是变压器最严重的故障之一,极有可能引发变压器油箱的变形、变压器油的泄露,进而导致火灾,造成恶劣影响。研究变压器防爆技术对于保障电力系统的运行安全和人员生命财产安全具有重要意义。该文总结现有的油中工频电弧试验技术,包括电容电感谐振法、变压器(发电机)短路法和其他等效方法;归纳已获得的油中工频电弧的电压、电流、气泡温度、产气、压力、光谱等特性;总结目前建立的电弧故障下的油箱压力仿真模型,分析各类模型的优缺点;讨论现有的变压器防爆原理及防爆技术。在此基础上,进一步探讨目前迫切需要研究的重点,对进一步深入研究油中工频电弧特性、压力仿真模型、变压器燃爆机理和防爆技术具有重要的参考价值。

配电电缆冷缩中间接头受潮特性研究

为探究现阶段配电电缆冷缩中间接头的受潮特性,本文首先制作了带接头的未受潮试样,通过加速受潮老化平台对试样进行受潮处理,然后采用极化/去极化电流(PDC)测试系统分别测试未受潮和受潮2、4、6、8周时中间接头的极化/去极化电流,最后计算其直流电导率,并使用支路辨识方法得到三条R-C支路的时间常数。结果表明:直流电导率在接头受潮到一定程度后才会发生变化,而第三支路时间常数随着受潮程度加重而不断减小,这是由于水分降低界面电荷迁移阻力,使得界面极化时间减小所致,因此第三支路时间常数可灵敏反映电缆中间接头的受潮程度,可作为判断电缆中间接头受潮程度的特征参数。

青藏高原东南三江流域黄土类堆积体斜坡地震作用下的动力响应试验研究——以四川巴塘下归洼滑坡为例

青藏高原东南三江流域广泛存在堆积体斜坡,该类斜坡极易演化为滑坡灾害。以四川巴塘下归洼斜坡为例,通过振动台模型试验研究地震诱发的堆积体滑坡动力响应特征与破坏模式。试验结果表明,在地震作用初期,由于孔隙被挤密,斜坡的自振频率增大;在茂县波激励下,斜坡肩部动力响应最强烈。高幅值茂县波激励下,因斜坡整体刚度降低,放大效应减弱。Hibert谱描述了地震波在斜坡中的传播特征,向斜坡顶部传播时,地震波高频能量显著增强,地震波经过堆积层后,放大效应减弱。在足以致使堆积层滑动的强震作用下,坡表一定深度下动力响应呈现一致剧烈现象,斜坡上部会形成“脱离体”,“脱离体”在地震作用下上下颠簸运动;在临滑时,坡表出现最强烈的动力响应。斜坡的破坏模式为:地震初期,在重力和地震耦合作用下,坡表土体剥落;随地震幅值增加,坡肩与堆积层发生明显相对位移,堆积层表面出现裂缝;最终,坡脚发生明显相对位移,随后堆积层偏离基岩加速滑塌。基于地震信号特征的斜坡堆积层滑落过程可分为三阶段:(1)稳定阶段;(2)临滑阶段;(3)滑移阶段。

地震作用下桩板墙-锚索组合支护基覆型边坡的动力响应特性

地震作用下,惯性力方向对组合结构、土体、岩体的平衡状态影响显著。为深入理解桩板墙组合支护结构-基覆型边坡相互作用特性,以西南地区一隧道进口端基覆型高陡边坡为原型,开展一组简谐波加载下组合结构加固边坡的大型振动台模型试验,考虑惯性力方向对桩-土、格构锚索-坡体时程特性展开分析。结果表明:(1)惯性力作用下格构锚索-土体相互作用与桩-土相互作用表现出近似的时程一致性规律,但坡面加固结构惯性力峰值沿高程存在的相位差不可忽视。(2)结构与边坡土体的相互作用大小取决于相对惯性运动,桩-基岩相互作用由悬臂段变形状态决定。(3)惯性力达到临空面峰值,动土压力达到峰值,桩-土位移差达到正向峰值,桩身呈现外倾的主动破坏状态,锚固段前侧受力因外倾而挤压增大,因而悬臂段采用库仑主动土压力进行设计需结合桩土状态进行修正。(4)简谐波作用下,坡体惯性力及变形是组合支挡结构沿高程受力分布特性的关键因素,组合结构设计时需重点关注坡脚应力集中区及坡顶惯性力放大区。本研究可为组合结构抗震加固设计提供理论支撑。

基于法拉第效应的宽频光学电流传感器研制及其性能研究

当前智能电网和新型电力系统中存在大量高频暂态电流分量。高频暂态电流是反映电力系统扰动及故障过程的重要信息,对其波形、频率、幅值等信息参数进行实时观测是预防和确保电网安全稳定运行的前提。而传统电流测量方式存在频带窄、易受电磁干扰、绝缘配合难度大等问题,难以对暂态电流进行有效检测。故提出并设计了一种具有抗干扰能力的螺线管式宽频光学电流传感器,基于传感器性能测试平台,研究了传感器的灵敏度、线性度以及频率特性,结果表明目前传感器的灵敏度为62.57 mV/A且带宽可以达到1 MHz以上;此外搭建了直流电弧实验平台对直流电弧进行了测量。试验结果表明,该传感器可实现对直流至高频电弧分量的有效测量,其测量结果与标准电流探头的线性相关度可达0.9971,多次实验结果表明相关系数的相对变化率小于2%,具有一定工程使用价值。

应对变电站二次直流失电的超高压输电线路相间保护方案

变电站二次直流失电会导致本站继电保护装置等设备失去供电电源而无法动作,本站出线发生故障时需要依靠上级变电站的远后备保护进行切除。针对变电站二次直流失电情况下超高压输电线路发生相间短路故障时保护远后备灵敏度不足的问题,提出了一种应对变电站二次直流失电的超高压输电线路相间保护方案。首先,根据超高压电网相间故障时负序电流的自然分布特性,探讨了反时限负序过流保护的远后备应用可行性和相间距离保护的补充特性,确定了相间故障远后备保护的构成思路。接着,研究了助增系数和负序电流对反时限负序过流保护整定时间定值的影响,讨论了临界助增系数的确定方法和反时限负序过流保护的时间定值整定方法。然后,提出了反时限负序过流保护为主、相间距离保护为辅的应对变电站二次直流失电的超高压输电线路相间保护方案。最后,以IEEE 39节点系统和某实际500 kV电网作为仿真算例,对所提方案的有效性进行验证。

钢桥疲劳裂纹几何特征对涡流检测信号影响规律研究

针对常规钢桥面板疲劳裂纹检测手段只能贴合表面进行检测的问题,引入涡流检测方法,实现对钢桥面板表面疲劳裂纹的检测。搭建了涡流检测实验平台,设计研发了涡流检测探头,对不同尺寸疲劳裂纹进行横向扫查,研究了不同长度、宽度和深度特征的疲劳裂纹对检测信号的影响规律。并建立有限元仿真模型,模拟疲劳裂纹扫查过程,验证了钢桥面板疲劳裂纹涡流检测方法的可靠性,为后续疲劳裂纹尺寸精准测量提供依据。实验结果显示:设计的空心圆柱形检测探头能够实现最小尺寸为长度60 mm、宽度0.2 mm、深度5 mm的表面裂纹缺陷的定位检测;检测信号的幅度变化值与裂纹长度、宽度、深度在一定范围内均成正相关,裂纹长度和深度对检测信号影响较大,裂纹宽度对检测信号影响较小。

基于SPEI的中国干旱多尺度时空特征分析

干旱作为影响社会经济发展的自然灾害之一,探究中国干旱时空变化特征,对干旱预防和策略制定具有重要意义。以1979-2020年中国7个区域的标准降水蒸散指数(SPEI)网格数据作为基础,应用干旱频率和强度指标,结合改进的Mann-Kendall检验(MMK)方法和滑动时间窗口法,分析不同时间尺度(1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月)下的中国干旱时空特征。结果表明:在空间上,青藏高原、内蒙草原地区、西北荒漠地区、东北湿润半湿润温带地区的干旱程度更为突出;干旱频率随SPEI时间尺度增大而减小,随干旱等级(SPEI-3、SPEI-6以及SPEI-12尺度)的增加而减少;中国空间趋势变化为西北荒漠地区、青藏高原、内蒙草原地区、华中华南湿润亚热带地区北部、华北湿润半湿润暖温带地区南部、东北湿润半湿润温带地区具有显著干旱化趋势,青藏高原和东北湿润半湿润温带地区均具有明显的干湿差异。在时间上,西北荒漠地区的SPEI-1~SPEI-12尺度、青藏高原的SPEI-1~SPEI-12尺度、内蒙草原地区的SPEI-1~SPEI-12尺度、东北湿润半湿润温带地区的SPEI-6和SPEI-12尺度、华中华南湿润亚热带地区SPEI-1、SPEI-3和SPEI-12尺度的干旱较为突出。研究结果可为中国干旱预防和影响评估提供一定参考依据。