Online dynamic measurement of saturation-capillary pressure relation in sandy medium under water level fluctuation

An online dynamic method based on electrical conductivity probe, tensiometer and datataker was presented to measure saturation-capillary pressure （S-p） relation in water-light nonaqueous phase liquid （LNAPL） two-phase sandy medium under water level fluctuation. Three-electrode electrical conductivity probe （ECP） was used to measure water saturation. Hydrophobic tensiometer was obtained by spraying waterproof material to the ceramic cup of commercially available hydrophilic tensiometer. A couple of hydrophilic tensiometer and hydrophobic tensiometer were used to measure pore water pressure and pore LNAPL pressure of the sandy medium, respectively. All the signals from ECP and tensiometer were collected by a data taker connected with a computer. The results show that this method can finish the measurement of S-R relation of a complete drainage or imbibition process in less than 60 min. It is much more timesaving compared with 10-40 d of traditional methods. Two cycles of water level fluctuation were produced, and four saturation-capillary pressure relations including two stable residual LNAPL saturations of the sandy medium were obtained during in 350 h. The results show that this method has a good durable performance and feasibility in the porous medium with complicated multiphase flow. Although further studies are needed on the signal stability and accuracy drift of the ECP, this online dynamic method can be used successfully in the rapid characterization of a LNAPL migration in porous media.

Influence of Hydrodynamic Pore Pressure Damage on the Performance of Hot-Mixed Renewable Asphalt Mixture

For evaluating the water stability of hot-mixed renewable asphalt mixture(HRM),the traditional methods are all tested under still water conditions.Except for damage in still water conditions,the hydrodynamic pore pressure generated by the tire driving on the surface water has a great impact.Thus,the RAP contents of the HRMs were designed at 0%,30%,45%and 60%with AC-25 gradation.Then,the self-designed evaluation methods of water stability and dynamic modulus were studied.Finally,the mechanism of the influence of hydrodynamic pore pressure damage on HRMs was studied.The results show that the water stability of HRM containing 30%RAP is equivalent to that of 45%RAP,and the water stability of HRM containing 60%RAP decreases significantly.The Contabro test after MIST treatment can be used as an evaluation method for hydrodynamic pore pressure damage on HRM.Low-speed,heavy-load traffic and larger RAP content have greater damage to the mixture after hydrodynamic pore pressure damage.The performance differences between the aged bitumen and pure bitumen,as well as the aged minerals and new minerals,are continuing to be enlarged in hydrodynamic pore pressure conditions,finally affecting the water stability and dynamic modulus of the HRMs.

Nonlinear Dynamic Response of a Fixed Offshore Platform Subjected to Underwater Explosion at Different Distances

In this paper,the dynamic response of a fixed offshore platform subjected to the underwater explosion(UNDEX)and probable events following it have been investigated.The pressure load due to UNDEX in a specified depth has been applied with a model that considers the effect of blast bubble fluctuations into account.The effect of water on the natural frequency and Fluid-Structure interaction has been modeled as equivalent added mass formulation.The effect of explosion distance on platform response is studied.In this regard,three cases of near,medium,and far-distance explosions are considered.For a case study,a real fixed offshore jacket platform,installed in the Persian Gulf,has been examined.Only the UNDEX pressure load is considered and other dynamic loads such as surface water waves and winds have been neglected.Dead loads,live loads and hydrostatic pressure has been considered in the static case based on the design codes.The results indicated that in near-distance explosions,the UNDEX pressure load can locally damage parts of the platform that are located at the same level as that of explosive material and it can destabilize the platform.In the medium to far distance explosion,a very large base shear was applied to the platform because more elements were exposed to the UNDEX load compared to the near-distance explosion.Therefore,precautionary measures against UNDEX such as risk assessment according to design codes are necessary.As a result of this,member strengthening against explosion may be required.

Attenuation-type and failure-type curve models on accumulated pore water pressure in saturated normal consolidated clay

Based on dynamic triaxial test results of saturated soft clay, similarities of variations between accumulated pore water pressure and accumulated deformation were analyzed. The Parr＇s equation on accumulated deformation was modified to create an attenuation-type curve model on accumulated pore water pressure in saturated normal consolidation clay. In this model, dynamic strength was introduced and a new parameter called equivalent dynamic stress level was added. Besides, based on comparative analysis on variations between failure-type and attenuatiun-type curves, a failure-type curve model was created on accumulated pore water pressure in saturated normal consolidation clay. Two models can take cycle number, coupling of static and dynamic deviator stress, and consolidation way into consideration. The models are verified by test results. The correlation coefficients are more than 0.98 for optimization of test results based on the two models, and there is good agreement between the optimized and test curves, which shows that the two models are suitable to predict variations of accumulated pore water pressure under different loading cases and consolidation ways. In order to improve prediction accuracy, it is suggested that loading cases and consolidation ways should be consistent with in-situ conditions when dynamic triaxial tests are used to determine the constants in the models.

Application of high-pressure water jet technology and the theory of rock burst control in roadway

This paper puts forward using high-pressure water jet technology to control rock burst in roadway, and analyzes the theory of controlling rock burst in roadway by the weak structure zone model. The weak structure zone is formed by using high-pressure water jet to cut the coal wall in a continuous and rotational way. In order to study the influence law of weak structure zone in surrounding rock, this paper numerically analyzed the influence law of weak structure zone, and the disturbance law of coal wall and floor under dynamic and static combined load. The results show that when the distance between high-pressure water jet drillings is 3 m and the diameter of drilling is 300 mm, continuous stress superposition zone can be formed. The weak structure zone can transfer and reduce the concentrated static load in surrounding rock, and then form distressed zone. The longer the high-pressure water jet drilling is, the larger the distressed zone is. The stress change and displacement change of non-distressed zone in coal wall and floor are significantly greater than that of distressed zone under dynamic and static combined load. And it shows that the distressed zone can effectively control rock burst in roadway under dynamic and static combined load. High-pressure water jet technology was applied in the haulage gate of 250203 working face in Yanbei Coal Mine, and had gained good effect. The study conclusions provide theoretical foundation and a new guidance for controlling rock burst in roadway.

Soil pressure and pore pressure for seismic design of tunnels revisited: considering water-saturated, poroelastic half-space

This paper describes a systematic study on the fundamental features of seismic soil pressure on underground tunnels, in terms of its magnitude and distribution, and further identifi es the dominant factors that signifi cantly infl uence the seismic soil pressure. A tunnel embedded in water-saturated poroelastic half-space is considered, with a large variety of model and excitation parameters. The primary features of both the total soil pressure and the pore pressure are investigated. Taking a circular tunnel as an example, the results are presented using a fi nite element-indirect boundary element(FE-IBE) method, which can account for dynamic soil-tunnel interaction and solid frame-pore water coupling. The effects of tunnel stiffness, tunnel buried depth and input motions on the seismic soil pressure and pore pressure are also examined. It is shown that the most crucial factors that dominate the magnitude and distribution of the soil pressure are the tunnel stiffness and dynamic soil-tunnel interaction. Moreover, the solid frame-pore water coupling has a prominent infl uence on the magnitude of the pore pressure. The fi ndings are benefi cial to obtain insight into the seismic soil pressure on underground tunnels, thus facilitating more accurate estimation of the seismic soil pressure.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Study on Water Flow in a Hollow Helical Pipe

Although curved pipes are used in a wide range of applications, flow in curved pipes is relatively less well known than that in straight ducts. This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics study of isothermal laminar single-phase flow of water in a hollow helical pipe at various Reynolds numbers. The ranging of Reynolds numbers of fluid was from 703.2 to 1687.7. The three dimensional governing equations for mass and momentum have been solved. It was found that with increasing Reynolds number and creation of centrifugal forces, a high velocity and pressure region occurs between two tubes, at the outer side of the hollow helical pipe walls. Friction factor decreases as the tendency for turbulence increases.

Characteristics of Saturated Soft Clay in Dynamic Deformation

-This paper presents the research results of dynamic pore water pressure and the characteristics of dynamic deformation of saturated soft clay and the factors affecting the dynamic pore water pressure and dynamic deformation. Dynamic triaxial compression tests are carried out and the soil samples used in the tests are remoulded clay from the seabed of the Bohai Bay. The paper also deals with the dynamic deformation mechanism of saturated soft clay foundation without drain. A calculation model for permanent dynamic deformation of saturated soft clay foundation has been established.

Dynamic failure of dry and fully saturated limestone samples based on incubation time concept

This paper outlines the results of experimental study of the dynamic rock failure based on the comparison of dry and saturated limestone samples obtained during the dynamic compression and split tests. The tests were performed using the Kolsky method and its modifications for dynamic splitting. The mechanical data(e.g. strength, time and energy characteristics) of this material at high strain rates are obtained. It is shown that these characteristics are sensitive to the strain rate. A unified interpretation of these rate effects, based on the structuraletemporal approach, is hereby presented. It is demonstrated that the temporal dependence of the dynamic compressive and split tensile strengths of dry and saturated limestone samples can be predicted by the incubation time criterion. Previously discovered possibilities to optimize(minimize) the energy input for the failure process is discussed in connection with industrial rock failure processes. It is shown that the optimal energy input value associated with critical load, which is required to initialize failure in the rock media, strongly depends on the incubation time and the impact duration. The optimal load shapes, which minimize the momentum for a single failure impact, are demonstrated. Through this investigation, a possible approach to reduce the specific energy required for rock cutting by means of high-frequency vibrations is also discussed.

A simplified dynamic method for field capacity estimation and its parameter analysis

This paper presents a simplified dynamic method based on the definition of field capacity. Two soil hydraulic characteristics models, the Brooks-Corey （BC） model and the van Genuchten （vG） model, and four soil data groups were used in this study. The relative drainage rate, which is a unique parameter and independent of the soil type in the simplified dynamic method, was analyzed using the pressure-based method with a matric potential of -1/3 bar and the flux-based method with a drainage flux of 0.005 cm/d. As a result, the relative drainage rate of the simplified dynamic method was determined to be 3% per day. This was verified by the similar field capacity results estimated with the three methods for most soils suitable for cultivating plants. In addition, the drainage time calculated with the simplified dynamic method was two to three days, which agrees with the classical definition of field capacity. We recommend the simplified dynamic method with a relative drainage rate of 3% per day due to its simple application and clearly physically-based concept.

Analysis of Dynamic Stability of Ocean Gravity Structure Foundations

Based on unified equivalent harmonic loading on seabed foundation and energy approach suggested by the authors, the development of dynamic pore water pressure and stability of soil foundation for the vibration of ocean gravity structures excited by random wave loading are analysed. It may be seen that the present method for the study of dynamic problems of ocean gravity structure soil foundations is more reasonable and convenient.

Spatial and temporal variation process of seabed dynamic response induced by the internal solitary wave

Internal solitary wave(ISW)is often accompanied by huge energy transport,which will change the pore water pressure in the seabed.Based on the two-dimensional Biot consolidation theory,the excess pore water pressure in seabed was simulated,and the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of excess pore water pressure was studied.As the parameters of both ISW and seabed can affect the excess pore water pressure,the distribution of pore water pressure showed both dissipation and phase lag.And parametric studies were done on these two phenomena.Due to influenced by the phase lag of excess pore water pressure,the penetration depth under the site of northern South China Sea with total water depth 327 m,induced by typical internal solitary wave increased by 26.19%,53.27%and 149.86%from T_(0)to T_(0.5)in sand silt,clayey silt and fine sand seabed,respectively.That means the effect of ISW on seabed will be underestimated if we only take into accout the penetration depth under ISW trough,especially for fine sand seabed.In addition,the concept of“amplitude-depth ratio”had been introduced to describe the influence of ISW on seabed dynamic response in the actual marine environment.In present study,it is negatively correlated with the excess pore water pressure,and an ISW with smaller amplitude-depth ratio can wide the range of lateral impacts.Our study results help understand the seabed damage induced by the interaction between ISW and seabed.

Experimental and CFD Simulations of Pressure Loss through Perforated Plates

This paper presents the experimental pressure loss of water flow through perforated plates with geometry similar to the ones of the bottom end piece of a Pressurized Water Reactors （PWR） fuel element. Geometric features like the number, pattern and diameter of holes were evaluated as well as different inlet chamfers. The recovering pressure profile downstream of the plates was also measured. The experimental results were compared with numerical modeling performed with the commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） code CFX 11.0. The analysis of the results shows that the standard k-e turbulence model presents the best compromise between computing time and accuracy for the calculation of the total pressure loss through the perforated plates tested.

细粒含量对石墨尾矿液化特性的影响

尾矿坝是一种高势能危险源,在地震作用下易发生液化致使坝体失稳溃坝,影响尾矿坝的使用安全。采用动三轴试验方法,以黑龙江省鸡西市石墨尾矿为对象,研究三种循环应力比(CSR)下细粒含量(F_(c))对石墨尾矿液化特性的影响规律;应用Ishibashi孔压模型对孔压增长过程进行模拟;同时研究固结比、围压以及饱和度对石墨尾矿液化特性的影响规律。研究结果表明,随细粒含量的增加,石墨尾矿的抵抗变形能力提高,孔压增长速率减慢,抗液化能力增强;随着CSR的增大,石墨尾矿的抵抗变形能力降低,孔压增长速率加快,抗液化能力减弱;Ishibashi孔压模型可以很好地模拟石墨尾矿液化过程中孔压的发展,对于不同细粒含量下的石墨尾矿非常适用。结果还表明,随着固结比及围压的增加,石墨尾矿的液化将逐渐被抑制,使其抗液化能力增强;随着饱和度的增加,可促进石墨尾矿的液化,使其抗液化能力减弱;CSR越小,各种因素对液化特性的影响效果越明显。研究结果可为石墨尾矿坝的液化研究提供科学合理的理论依据。

Simulation study on combustion system of tankless gas water heater

This paper simulates the combustion system of a regular tankless gas water heater under different static pressure conditions.The simulation results are in accordance with the test results.It proves that the used physical and mathematical models are reasonable.The results show that the flame height and the excess air ratios depend on the system pressure drop but not on the absolute pressure at the combustion chamber.The pressure drop and the amount of combustion air have an inverse relationship with CO generation,and they also impact on the temperature and velocity fields.To reduce CO emission,a stronger fan is needed to provide extra pressure head to ensure that enough combustion air is introduced into the system.This study provides a useful research tool to develop products through computational fluid dynamic analysis and laboratory testing.

高压水射流胶粉替代炭黑补强天然橡胶的研究

将高压水射流胶粉(简称水射流胶粉)部分替代炭黑N330用于天然橡胶(NR)胶料中,并分别采用干法和湿法混炼工艺,研究水射流胶粉用量对NR胶料性能的影响。结果表明:随着水射流胶粉用量的增大,填料分散性提高,胶料的t_(90)呈缩短趋势,F_(L)、F_(max)、密度、硬度和定伸应力减小,拉伸强度和拉断伸长率先增大后减小,抗湿滑性能和滚动阻力降低;与干法混炼胶料相比,湿法混炼胶料的填料分散性更好,物理性能更优;当水射流胶粉用量为10份并采用湿法混炼工艺时,胶料的综合性能最佳。

不同库水模型对面板堆石坝动力特性和地震响应的影响

面板堆石坝目前已成为水利工程中的主要坝型之一,研究不同库水模型对其动力特性和地震响应的影响具有重要的实际意义。以某混凝土面板堆石坝为例,主要探讨了不同库水模型对面板堆石坝自振特性的影响,并对库水可压缩性、不同库水位对面板堆石坝动水压力分布规律及动力响应的影响进行了分析。结果表明:坝体蓄水后堆石料的弹性模量增大,使面板堆石坝满库时的基频高于空库时的基频;与不考虑动水压力相比,考虑动水压力作用会降低坝体基频,但总体上不同库水模型对面板堆石坝基频的影响并不显著;库水可压缩性对面板堆石坝的动力特性和地震响应的影响不显著;当水位较高时,不考虑动水压力计算出的坝体动力响应会产生较大误差,且随着库水位的升高,动水压力对面板堆石坝动力响应的影响越来越明显。

列车荷载作用下CRTS Ⅲ型板式无砟轨道层间离缝水力特性研究

在雨水充沛或排水不畅地区,积水会造成无砟轨道层间离缝扩展显著加速。针对含层间离缝的CRTS Ⅲ型板式无砟轨道的水力特性问题,建立列车荷载与水耦合作用下的CRTS Ⅲ型板式无砟轨道-离缝积水双向瞬态流固耦合计算模型,揭示无砟轨道层间离缝内动水压力和水流速度的分布及其峰值的变化规律,并分析列车轴重、行车速度、离缝形态及积水深度对动水压力和水流速度的影响。研究结果表明:随着列车的趋近与远离,层间离缝内固定点处的动水压力与水流速度呈周期性的正负交替变化;动水压力沿着离缝出口方向逐渐减小,其峰值发生在离缝尖端处,而水流速度沿着离缝出口方向逐渐增大,其峰值发生在离缝出口处;动水压力与水流速度峰值随列车轴重增加而线性增大,轴重每增加1 t,动水压力和水流速度峰值分别增加2.850 kPa、0.085 m/s;动水压力峰值与车速呈二次方增大关系,而在车速小于300 km/h时水流速度峰值与车速基本上呈线性关系,超过该车速后流速增长趋势较之前更大;动水压力、水流速度峰值与离缝开口量呈反比关系;动水压力与水流速度峰值都随着离缝深度和离缝积水深度增加而显著增大,且两者都与离缝深度呈3次多项式增大关系,与离缝积水深度呈2次方增大关系。研究结果可为CRTS Ⅲ型板式无砟轨道在列车荷载与水耦合作用下的层间离缝扩展分析以及养护维修工作提供依据和参考。

Forward-headed structure change of acetic acid–water binary system by stimulated Raman scattering

The acetic acid-water binary system is a classical hydroxy-carboxy mixed system, while new and interesting phenomena appear under stimulated Raman scattering(SRS).Compared with the weaker signal of the acetic acid-water binary system obtained in spontaneous Raman scattering, SRS provides a finer band and a relatively distinct structural transition point.The structural transformation points are respectively at 30% and 80% by volume ratio under the condition of spontaneous Raman spectroscopy, while they are respectively at 15% and 25% under the condition of SRS.This phenomenon is attributed to the generation of laser induced plasma and shockwave induced dynamic high pressure environment during SRS.

动水作用下岩体裂隙中颗粒运动规律的试验研究

动水作用下岩体裂隙中的颗粒运动是引起渗透破坏的常见原因。针对天然岩石裂隙的随机性与隐蔽性,采用三维Weierstrass-Mandelbrot分形函数构建随机裂隙通道,并采用3D打印方法获得透明裂隙模型实体,使用微流体控制仪开展动水作用下颗粒在裂隙中的运动试验,分析裂隙粗糙程度、颗粒粒径与裂隙开度的比值(简称粒径隙宽比)、渗流水压力对颗粒在裂隙中起动、运移的影响规律,进而推断岩体裂隙发生渗透破坏的可能性。研究结果表明:颗粒在岩石裂隙中的运动规律与裂隙粗糙程度、水压力、颗粒粒径隙宽比3个因素有关。裂隙粗糙程度越大,或颗粒粒径隙宽比越大,颗粒越不容易开始运动,即裂隙发生渗透破坏的可能性越低。同时,水压力是颗粒运动的主导因素,颗粒粒径隙宽比对颗粒运动的影响与水压力有关。存在一特定水压力临界值,未达到该水压力时,颗粒粒径隙宽比对平均运动速度的影响不明显,超过该水压力后,影响程度显著增大,且该临界水压力值的大小与裂隙粗糙程度有关,裂隙越粗糙,临界水压力越大。