Influences of Nitrogen Level on Carbon Metabolism of Spring Maize

[Objective]To study the effect of supplies of nitrogen level on spring maize leaf blade carbon metabolism.[Method]In this experiment,field trail and biochemistry analysis were used to study the effect of the diference-nitrogen level on the content of chlorophyl and carboxylase activity of RuBP and PEP in the leaf of spring maize during main growing period.[Result]Applying proper amount of N could keep relative higher content of chlorophyl and higher activity of carboxylase of RuBP and PEP in the leaf of spring maize,insufficient or excessive（N 400 kg/hm^2） of nitrogenous fertilizer has the adverse effect.[Conclusion]In this experiment,applying 300 kg/hm^2 amount of N could keep relative higher content of chlorophyl and higher activity of carboxylase of RuBP and PEP in the leaf of spring maize during main growing period.It was important to strengthens the leaf blade photosynthesis ability,promote the yield formation and postpone the decline of leaf blade.

Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Methods on Enzyme Activities in Leaves at Late Growth Stage of Spring Maize

[Objective] This paper aimed at exploring the effects of different nitrogen application methods on the enzyme activities of leaves at ear position in late growth stage of maize. [Method] By pot experiment, the superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity, peroxidase （POD） activity, malonyl dialdehyde （MDA） content and soluble protein content were determined. [Result] At the filling stage and ripening stage, with the increasing of nitrogen application rate, MDA content gradually decreased, while SOD activity, POD activity and soluble protein content increased. MDA content with two topdressing nitrogen was lower than that with one top dressing nitrogen at the same nitrogen application rate, while SOD activity, POD activity and soluble protein content with two topdressing nitrogen were higher than that with one topdressing nitrogen. [Conclusion] Different nitrogen application methods have relatively significant effects on the MDA content, SOD activity, POD activity and soluble protein content, which is of certain directive significance for preventing spring maize prematuration.

Studies on the Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution of Natural Outcrop Springs in Wudalianchi

Objective] The research aimed to study the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of 30 natural outcrop springs in Wudalianchi, which provides a theoretical basis for the sustainable development and utilization and protection of Wudalianchi natural mineral resources. [Method] Choosing the 30 natural outcrop spring representatives in different regions, samples were collected in low water period, normal water period, wet period respectively, and the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and other contaminants in the samples were determined. Besides, the pollution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in Wudalianchi natural outcrop spring were analyzed. [Result] The 30 natural outcrop spring in Wudalianchi area were seriously polluted by nitrogen. Total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were the main forms of nitrogen pollution. The content of total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen were low. [Conclusion] The natural outcrop spring is mainly caused by agricultural non-point source pollution.

Differences of yield and nitrogen use efficiency under different applications of slow release fertilizer in spring maize

Excessive or insufficient application of fertilizer has raised broader concerns regarding soil and environmental degradation.One-time application of slow release fertilizer (SF) has been widely used to reduce yield gap with potential maize yield and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE).A 2-year field experiment (2018–2019) was conducted to evaluate the effects of SF rates from 0 to 405 kg N ha^(–1) (named F0,SF225,SF270,SF315,SF360,and SF405) and 405 kg N ha^(–1) of common fertilizer(CF405) on the grain yield,biomass and N accumulation,enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism,NUE and economic analysis.Results indicated that the highest grain yields,NUEs and economic returns were achieved at SF360in both varieties.The enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism,pre-and post-silking accumulation of biomass and N increased with increasing SF rate,and they were the highest at SF360 and SF405.The grain yield at SF360had no significant difference with that at SF405.However,the N partial factor productivity,N agronomic efficiency and N recovery efficiency at SF360 were 9.8,6.6 and 8.9% higher than that at SF405.The results also indicated that the average grain yields,NUE and economic benefit at SF405 were 5.2,12.3 and 18.1% higher than that at CF405.In conclusion,decreasing N rate from 405 kg ha^(–1)(CF) to 360 kg ha^(–1)(SF) could effectively reduce the yield gap between realized and potential maize yields.The N decreased by 11.1%,but the yield,NUE and economic benefit increased by 3.2,22.2 and 17.5%,which created a simple,efficient and business-friendly system for spring maize production in Jiangsu Province,China.

Nitrogen Gas Saturation in Karst Springs Varies Throughout the Day

This experiment examined the fluctuations in nitrogen gas supersaturation throughout the day in three karst springs (upper, side, and lower) at McNenny State Fish Hatchery, rural Spearfish, Lawrence County, South Dakota, USA. Total gas pressures, oxygen percent saturation, and nitrogen percent saturation were recorded six times/day on eight days over a 26-day period in each of the three springs. Total gas pressure did not vary significantly throughout the day in any of the springs. However, percent oxygen and nitrogen saturation were significantly different throughout the day in all three springs. The highest mean (SE) nitrogen supersaturation value of 118.5 (1.1)% was observed in the lower spring at 07:00. The lowest mean nitrogen supersaturation values were 114.5 (1.1)% at 13:00 in the upper spring, and 114.2 (0.2)% and 113.1 (0.7)% at 15:00 in the side and lower spring, respectively. At 118% nitrogen supersaturation, gas bubble disease is likely to occur in fish, resulting in potentially high levels of mortality if untreated spring water was used for fish production. The results of this study indicate the importance of recording nitrogen gas levels at sunrise or early in the morning, when nitrogen is highest and oxygen is lowest, to obtain accurate and reproducible data.

Remote Sensing Inversion of Nitrogen Nutrition Status of Apple Tree Leaves during Stopping Period of Spring Shoots

The nutrient inversion model of apple leaves was established by spectral analysis technology to provide technical support for the fine management of apple trees.In Shuangquan Town,Changqing District,Jinan City,Shandong Province,the Fuji apple trees with stopping period of spring shoots were taken as research objects.The spectral reflectance and nitrogen content of apple leaves were measured by ASD Field Spec 4 portable ground object spectrometer.Analyzed the correlation between leaf nitrogen content and spectral reflectance.The sensitive wavelengths with high correlation coefficient were select by fractional differential algorithm,and the optimal vegetation index was constructed and screened out.Partial Least Square Regression(PLSR),Support Vector Machine(SVM)and Random Forests(RF)method were used to construct an inversion model of leaf nitrogen content.The results show that the RF model based on fractional differential second-order treatment is the best inversion model for the nitrogen content of leaves during stopping period of spring shoots.The modeling accuracy determination coefficient R2 reached 0.891,RMSE was 0.0841,and RPD was 2.1396.The determination coefficient R2 of the fitting results of the verification set was 0.617,RMSE was 0.1251,and RPD was 1.7105.The inversion model established by RF method is effective in monitoring the nitrogen content in apple leaves,which provides a theoretical basis for monitoring the growth of apple by hyperspectral technology.

Impacts of Fertilization Alternatives and Crop Straw Incorporation on N_2O Emissions from a Spring Maize Field in Northeastern China

Spring maize is one of the most popular crops planted in northeastem China. The cropping systems involving spring maize have been maintaining high production through intensive management practices. However, the high rates of nitrogen （N） fertilizers application could have introduced a great amount of nitrous oxide （N2O） into the atmosphere. It is crucial for sustaining the maize production systems to reduce N2O emissions meanwhile maintaining the optimum yields by adopting alternative farming management practices. The goal of this study was to evaluate effects of alternative fertilization and crop residue management practices on N2O emission as well as crop yield for a typical maize field in northeastern China. Field experiments were conducted during the 2010-2011 maize growing seasons （from early May to late September） in Liaoning Province, northeastern China. N2O fluxes were measured at the field plots with six different treatments including no N fertilizer use （CK）, farmers＇ conventional N fertilizer application rate （FP）, reduced N fertilizer rate （OPT）, reduced N fertilizer rate combined with crop straw amendment （OPTS）, slow-release N fertilizer （CRF）, and reduced N fertilizer rate combined with nitrification inhibitor （OPT＋DCD）. The static chamber method combined with gas chromatography technique was employed to conduct the measurements of N2O fluxes. The field data showed that N2O emissions varied across the treatments. During the maize growing season in 2010, the total N2O emissions under the treatments of CK, FP, OPT, OPTS, and CRF were 0.63, 1.11, 1.03, 1.26, and 0.98 kg N ha-1, respectively. The seasonal cumulative N2O emissions were 0.54, 1.07, 0.96, 1.12, and 0.84 kg N ha1, respectively, under CK, FP, OPT, OPTS, and OPT＋DCD in 2011. In comparison with FP, CRF or OPT＋DCD reduced the N2O emissions by 12 or 21%, respectively, while the crop yields remained unchanged. The results indicate that the reduction of N-fertilizer application rate in combination with the slow-release fertilizer type or nitrification inhibitor could effectively mitigate N2O emissions from the tested field. The incorporation of crop residue didn＇t show positive effect on mitigating N2O emissions from the tested cropping system. The field study can provide useful information for the on-going debate on alternative N fertilization strategies and crop straw management in China. However, further studies would be needed to explore the long-term impacts of the alternative management practices on a wide range of environmental services.

Accumulation Pattern of Gliadin Fractions α, β, γ, ω and Regulation of Nitrogen

Gliadin, the major storage protein in endosperm, affects grain quality in spring wheat by its content and composition. Eighteen cultivars differing in HMW-GS were used in the study to approach the accumulation pattern of gliadin fractions α, β, γ, ω and regulation of three kinds of nitrogen source. The results showed that the content of gliadin in grains increased gradually along with the process of grain-filling, but the accumulation intensity and final content differed evidently among cultivars with different HMW-GS composition. Of all the subunit types used here, cultivars with subunits 7＋9 and 2＋12 had smaller accumulation intensity and lower final content. During grain-filling, 4 gliadin fractions had the same increase trend, but differed in accumulation course. The dynamic trends of gliadin accumulation were similar in different nitrogen treatments whose effects on initial amount, accumulation intensity and final level of accumulation varied with cultivars. Of three nitrogen fertilizer types, the amide-form nitrogen source was better to the formation and accumulation of gliadin as well as its four fractions.

Revising Nitrogen Recommendations for Wheat in Response to the Need for Support of Variable-Rate Nitrogen Application

Sampling studies in North Dakota conducted from 1994 to 2003 showed that variable-rate N application could be practically directed with zone soil sampling. Results from variable-rate N studies using zone soil sampling were often less than rewarding due in part to the use of a whole-field predicted yield-based formula for developing the N recommendation in each zone. Nitrogen rate studies on spring wheat and durum were established in 2005 through 2009 with the objective to reexamine N recommendations and construct a new system if necessary. The results of the study and archived wheat N response data showed that the state should be divided into three separate N response regions. Within each region historic yields from low to high productivity were defined. The gross N rate was determined using the return-to-N concept developed in the US corn-belt states but with additional consideration for wheat protein value The gross N rate is then modified by credits for previous crop, soil test N from zone soil sampling, tillage systems, excessive straw from the previous year, relative susceptibility to nitrate leaching or denitrification. Finally, the user is encouraged to use common sense and consider whether particular fields have characteristics that require more or less N fertilizer than suggested by the recommendation formulas.

Environmentally Smart Nitrogen (ESN)——Potential for Improving Modern Crop Production and N-Use Efficiency

Environmentally smart nitrogen(ESN)is polymer coated urea that is designed to release N in synchrony with crop requirements.Research on ESN was initiated in field crops in Ontario,Canada in 2006,initially on timothy,spring wheat and winter wheat and later(till date)on bromegrass,grass mixtures(timothy,bromegrass,orchardgrass),other forages(barley,silage corn,oat,MasterGraze corn and sorghum Sudangrass)and canola.In winter wheat,in three out of six years ESN gave^0.6 MT/ha higher grain yield than urea.In spring wheat,in a relatively warm year with well-distributed rainfall,ESN produced 1 MT/ha higher grain yield than urea;averaged over three years,two-thirds N from urea and one-third N from ESN could be recommended.Two-thirds N from urea and one-third N from ESN gave^0.75 MT/ha extra seed yield as compared to urea alone at 180 kg N/ha in canola during 2016 to 2018.The entire N in winter/spring wheat could be applied in seed rows at seeding as ESN without any detrimental effect.The highest barley forage yields were recorded by urea at 50 kg N/ha+ESN at 20 kg N/ha which produced 1.2 MT/ha more forage yield than urea at 70 kg N/ha.Partial substitution of N from urea with ESN improved forage dry matter yield of timothy and MasterGraze corn.In MasterGraze corn 100 kg N/ha from urea+ESN(3:1 on N basis)equaled that with urea at 150 kg N/ha in dry matter yield,%protein and relative feed value(RFV),but not in silage corn and sorghum Sudangrass.At equal rates of N,single/fall application of ESN in timothy and bromegrass gave equal yield to urea applied in two splits in spring/summer.Spring wheat grain yields were the same with fall/spring application of ESN.ESN/urea+ESN(3:1 on N basis)increased the grain/forage protein content in almost all crops by 1%-2%points at an extra cost of only$6.0-10.5/ha(with urea+ESN in 3:1 ratio on N basis).The results indicate that ESN could improve both crop yields and quality,make better use of N/or increase N-use efficiency.The paper summarizes results from over 10 years and the results could be applicable globally under situations of high N losses from readily available N sources such as urea.

冬春季生态沟渠对农田径流污染物的净化效果分析

为有效提高冬春季沟渠的净化效率,在原有土质沟渠中增设耐寒植物黑麦草浮毯与填料透水坝构建生态沟渠,分析生态沟渠对农田径流中主要污染物的削减率,对比沿程不同处理段对污染物的净化效果,估算植物吸收对于污染通量降低总量的贡献。结果显示:在冬春季节,生态沟渠对总氮(TN)、硝氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)和悬浮物(SS)的总削减率均值分别为29.06%、54.93%、20.76%、54.08%和49.85%。透水坝段的TN和NO_(3)^(-)-N沿程削减率最高;植物浮毯+透水坝段的TP和COD沿程削减率最高;植物浮毯段的SS沿程削减率最高,其对NO_(3)^(-)-N、TP和COD也有较好的净化效果。在降水量达到10 mm以上的9 d内,TN和TP的污染通量降低总量分别为11.43和0.27 kg;黑麦草吸收的氮、磷量分别约占污染通量降低总量的20.6%和55.6%。大雪融化后气温降至0℃以下,可能引起土壤冻融作用,雪水径流中的氮、磷浓度显著升高,此时生态沟渠对径流中氮、磷的净化效果不明显,可利用周边河塘暂存雪水径流,后续结合生态措施对污染物实施强化处理。

秸秆覆盖量和施氮量对陇中春小麦的产量效应模拟

为量化分析秸秆覆盖量和施氮量对旱地春小麦的产量效应和协同作用,在APSIM模型中,设置秸秆覆盖量和施氮量2因素5个变化梯度,组合交叉设计25个处理,利用模型模拟25个处理的春小麦产量;于2016—2018年在甘肃省定西市安定区开展小麦大田试验,得到早播(ESW)、正常播(NSW)、晚播(LSW)春小麦产量的实测值,利用APSIM模型模拟2016—2018年春小麦的产量,将模拟值与实测值进行对比,对模型的适用性和模拟精度进行分析;对春小麦产量与秸秆覆盖量、施氮量的耦合关系进行二次多项回归和通径分析,利用Matlab计算春小麦的最大产量及对应的秸秆覆盖量和施氮量。结果表明:不同处理下产量的模拟值与实测值均位于15%置信带内,模型模拟精度较高,归一化均方根误差值为4.64%~12.22%,表明该模型在研究区具有良好的适用性;秸秆覆盖量和施氮量的增长对春小麦的产量效应为正效应,相应关系表现为开口向下的二次抛物线变化关系;ESW、NSW和LSW模拟情景下,春小麦最大产量分别为3548.64、3149.59、2507.58 kg/hm^(2);ESW模式下,最佳秸秆覆盖量和施氮量分别为7062.04、194.91 kg/hm^(2);NSW模式下,最佳秸秆覆盖量和施氮量分别为8211.31、218.81 kg/hm^(2);LSW模式下,最佳秸秆覆盖量和施氮量分别为6215.15、162.01 kg/hm^(2)。

不同氮效率春玉米品种临界氮浓度稀释曲线建立与验证

采用田间定位试验,以山西省晋中地区春玉米各生育时期地上部干物质量与植株氮浓度的变化规律,建立春玉米临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,为实现春玉米绿色增产与氮素管理提供理论依据。本研究以玉米品种‘郑单958’和‘大丰26’为试验材料,设4个施氮量处理:0 kg(N)∙hm^(−2)(N0)、120 kg(N)∙hm^(−2)(N120)、240 kg(N)∙hm^(−2)(N240)和360 kg(N)∙hm^(−2)(N360),于2014—2016年在山西农业大学东阳试验基地开展3年定位施氮试验,在春玉米拔节期(V6)、抽雄期(VT)、灌浆期(R2)和成熟期(R6)采集植株样品,分析两个春玉米品种在不同施氮量处理下地上部干物质量、籽粒产量(以下简称“产量”)和各生育时期植株氮浓度,以不同生育时期干物质累积量和植株氮浓度,建立并验证两个春玉米品种的临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型。结果表明,‘郑单958’氮素利用率高于‘大丰26’。两个春玉米品种在适宜施氮量条件下,各生育时期地上部干物质量和产量均随施氮量增加呈增加趋势,地上部干物质量在N240和N360处理间差异不显著,产量在N240处理达最大值;植物氮浓度随施氮量增加而增加,随春玉米生育进程推进与地上部干物质量呈幂指数关系。依据春玉米地上部干物质量(Md)与其对应的植株氮浓度(CN)变化关系,建立两个春玉米品种的临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型:‘郑单958’CN=30.457Md−0.292,‘大丰26’CN=33.249Md−0.333。相比‘大丰26’的模型参数,‘郑单958’的模型参数a降低8.40%,参数b降低12.31%;‘郑单958’和‘大丰26’模型均方根误差(RMSE)分别为1.71 g∙kg^(−1)和1.54 g∙kg^(−1),标准化均方根误差(n-RMSE)分别为9.25%和8.27%,表明模型稳定性较好。氮营养指数在同一生育时期随施氮量增加呈上升趋势,随生育时期推进呈先增加后降低趋势,与各生育时期的相对干物质量呈显著线性相关,与相对产量呈显著的一元二次曲线关系。本研究建立的晋中地区两个春玉米品种临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型及各生育时期氮营养指数,可用于春玉米生育时期营养状况的诊断和评估,结合施氮量与产量的关系,推荐该试验区域‘郑单958’施氮量为189.16~224.08 kg∙hm^(−2),‘大丰26’施氮量为199.72~214.67 kg∙hm^(−2)。

海南岛温泉气体地球化学特征研究

为了查明海南岛温泉气体的起源,探讨海南岛温泉与琼北新生代火山活动的关系,通过对海南岛温泉气体成分和氮(N)同位素组成进行分析研究。结果表明:海南岛温泉气体以N 2为主,含量都在87%以上,个别样品达到90%以上,且均有CO_(2)共存。海南岛温泉气体δ^(15)N值均大于0,且断裂带集中地区的样品,其δ^(15)N值普遍偏大,而断裂带相对稀疏地区的样品,其δ^(15)N值相对较低,说明温泉气体主要受断裂带控制,主要来源为地壳和大气。此外,海南岛温泉气体不论是气体组合还是氦同位素特征,都与腾冲、长白山及五大连池活动火山区地热流体逸出气体明显不同,前者气体组合以N_(2)为主,后者主要以CO_(2)为主,前者He含量高,3He/4He低,而后者He含量低,3He/4He高。综合温泉气体成分和同位素特征,认为海南岛温泉气体主要为地壳和大气来源,少量为幔源混入,其温泉气体释放活动属于正常的断层气体活动,与琼北新生代火山活动关系不大。

减氮对引黄灌区春玉米氮素吸收利用和淋失的影响

为探究不同减氮水平下春玉米产量及氮素吸收利用和氮素淋失损失特征,为宁夏引黄灌区春玉米氮肥合理施用提供理论依据,本研究于2021—2022年在宁夏引黄灌区基于渗漏池进行了连续两年的田间定位试验,以先玉1225为供试玉米品种,设置了5个氮水平,施氮量分别为常规施氮420 kg·hm^(-2)(N-420)、减氮14.29%(N-360)、减氮35.71%(N-270)、减氮57.14%(N-180)、不施氮处理(CK),对春玉米产量、氮素吸收利用和氮素淋失损失量进行测定分析。两年数据均表明,农户常规施肥与减氮14.29%处理籽粒产量没有显著差异(P<0.05),减氮35.71%处理较常规施肥处理产量降低。2021年减氮35.71%、减氮14.29%处理较常规施肥处理籽粒产量分别降低了8.60%和3.59%,2022年减氮35.71%处理籽粒产量较常规施肥处理降低11.46%,而减氮14.29%处理与常规施肥处理相比籽粒产量增加1.42%。氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率、地上部氮素收获指数两年数据均显示减氮35.71%处理高于减氮14.29%处理和常规施肥处理。氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量的增加逐渐降低,与减氮57.14%处理相比,减氮35.71%、减氮14.29%和常规施肥处理分别降低19.57%、33.81%、42.59%。总氮淋失量随施氮量的增加而升高,减氮35.71%、减氮14.29%处理总氮淋失损失量较常规施氮处理降低42.51%和18.09%。各处理氮素淋失中,硝态氮是主要形式,占总氮的45.50%~54.68%。相关性分析表明,施氮量与总氮淋失量呈正相关,随着施氮量的增加,总氮淋失量呈指数型增加(R2=0.9986)。研究表明,与常规施氮量相比,减少35.71%施氮量下,春玉米产量平均减少10.03%,总氮淋失量平均降低42.51%,氮肥表观利用率、农学效率和偏生产力均提高。综合考虑认为,施氮270 kg·hm^(-2)可作为协调引黄灌区春玉米产量和环境安全的合理选择。

氮肥与种植密度对春玉米产量及抗倒伏性能的调控效应

【目的】适宜的密度与氮肥运筹是提高玉米抗倒伏能力、保证高产稳产和提高生产效益的重要措施。探讨不同施氮量与种植密度对春玉米产量及抗倒伏性能的影响,以期为山西春玉米的高产高效栽培及籽粒机收的发展提供理论支撑。【方法】于2018和2019年在山西晋中进行玉米田间试验,供试玉米品种为‘郑单958’。设置4个施氮水平:0、120、180、240 kg/hm^(2) (N0、N1、N2、N3);3个种植密度:60000、75000、90000株/hm^(2)(D1、D2、D3)。调查玉米吐丝期茎秆农艺性状,生理成熟期穗位以下茎秆生物学、力学性状及倒伏率,并测定产量。【结果】随着种植密度和施氮量的增加,玉米产量呈先增加后降低的趋势。在D2密度下达到最高值,两年平均产量为13792 kg/hm^(2),较D1和D3密度下分别增加了4.8%和8.3%。与N0相比,N1、N2和N3处理分别增产24.3%、26.7%和23.9%。N3处理对穗粒数与千粒重无显著影响,但产量低于N1和N2处理。增密导致玉米茎秆变细,株高、穗位上升,玉米第3~6节长粗比增加,穿刺强度、抗压强度、抗弯折力等茎秆力学特性变差。D2和D3密度下两年玉米平均倒伏率较D1分别升高了1.33、3.73个百分点。N1、N2、N3处理两年玉米平均倒伏率较N0分别增加了2.50、3.25、4.80个百分点。适当增氮有利于消减因密度增加导致的生物学、力学特性变差,D2和D3密度下,N2处理第3~6节穿刺强度、抗压强度和抗弯折力维持在较高水平,显著高于N3处理。【结论】合理的氮肥用量可改善因密度增加导致的茎秆细弱、玉米茎秆力学特性变差问题,降低倒伏风险,因而增加产量。在山西中部春玉米种植区,种植密度为75000株/hm^(2)、施氮量180 kg/hm^(2),是玉米产量、茎秆力学特性及抗倒性能和谐的密度肥料组合。

不同施氮量对旱作春小麦农田土壤温室气体排放的影响

本文以长期施氮春小麦农田为研究对象,施氮水平为0、75.0、115.0、190.0 kg·hm^(-2)。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测量土壤温室气体排放通量。在整个生育期,春小麦农田土壤为CO_(2)、N_(2)O排放源和CH_(4)吸收汇。与N0相比,N_(2)和N3处理CO_(2)排放量分别增加了8.57%和19.34%,N1、N_(2)和N3处理土壤N_(2)O累积排放量分别增加了5.91%、72.89%和86.78%;施氮对土壤CH_(4)吸收无显著影响,N_(2)、N3处理综合增温潜势分别增加了11.03%、21.81%(P<0.01);较未种植小麦土壤,种植小麦显著增加了土壤CO_(2)累积排放量,N0、N1、N_(2)和N3处理分别增加了61.29%、24.94%、57.00%和74.03%,显著降低39.44%土壤N_(2)O排放量(P<0.01),对CH_(4)吸收量无显著影响(P<0.05)。结论表明,施氮显著增加了土壤CO_(2)和N_(2)O排放,施氮量为190.0kg·hm^(-2)处理排放量最高;小麦生长增加了土壤CO_(2)排放,降低土壤N_(2)O排放量;CO_(2)排放通量和CH_(4)吸收通量与土壤含水量均呈显著负相关,CH_(4)吸收与土壤温度呈显著正相关。

减氮和控释肥替代对宁夏引黄灌区玉米产量及土壤无机氮的影响

为研究不同施氮模式对宁夏引黄灌区春玉米产量及土壤无机氮变化的影响,以玉米为研究对象,采用完全随机设计,设置不施氮肥处理(CK)、农民常规尿素处理(CF,N 450 kg·hm^(-2))、等量控释肥替代处理(T1,N 450 kg·hm^(-2))、常规减氮处理(T2,N 315 kg·hm^(-2))和减氮控释配施处理(T3,N 315 kg·hm^(-2))5个处理,分析减氮及控释肥处理下玉米产量及土壤无机氮状况。结果表明:连续两年(2021—2022年)减氮和控释施肥处理中,T3处理年均增产效果最显著,且产量构成因子中年均百粒质量和穗粒质量分别显著提高11.83%和28.94%,年均秃尖长显著降低67.87%。不同减氮和控释施肥处理两年均对0~120 cm土壤中NH+4-N的影响不显著,但对土壤NO-3-N和总无机氮的影响显著。收获期,T3处理的NO-3-N和无机氮的平均累积量最低,分别为210.01 kg·hm^(-2)和298.40 kg·hm^(-2)。连续两年减氮和控释施肥结果显示,T3处理较CF处理氮肥回收利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力分别平均显著提高21.93%、10.42 kg·kg^(-1)和21.89 kg·kg^(-1)。研究表明,总施氮量315 kg·hm^(-2)的减氮控释肥配施(T3)方式,是宁夏引黄灌区春玉米在兼顾生态环境效益和经济效益下的最优施肥模式。

黄土高原春玉米氮肥生产力对不同耕作措施的响应:Meta分析

为明确黄土高原不同耕作措施(覆盖种植、秸秆还田、深松耕和免耕)对春玉米氮肥偏生产力(PFP_(N))的影响,探究不同耕作措施下驱动春玉米PFP_(N)变化的因素,本研究采用Meta分析、回归分析和随机森林相结合的方法,以传统耕作措施(裸地种植、无秸秆还田和犁耕)为对照,分析了春玉米PFP_(N)在不同耕作措施下的变化特征。结果表明:与传统耕作措施相比,覆盖、秸秆还田和深松耕分别使春玉米PFP_(N)提高38.8%、10.3%和8.4%,而免耕对春玉米PFP_(N)无显著影响。随机森林模型表明:在覆盖和秸秆还田措施下,年均降雨量和生育期降雨量是影响春玉米PFP_(N)的两个重要因素;在深松耕措施下,年均降雨量和持续时间是影响春玉米PFP_(N)的两个重要因素。亚组与回归分析表明:在年均降雨量≤400 mm、生育期降雨量≤300 mm或年均温度<7℃的区域,覆盖可以使春玉米PFP_(N)提高77.7%~99.5%,且覆盖措施对春玉米PFP_(N)的提高效果与年均降雨量、生育期降雨量和年均温度呈负相关;在年均降雨量400~500 mm或生育期降雨量300~400 mm的条件下,秸秆还田使春玉米PFP_(N)提高10.2%~16.3%;在年均降雨量400~500 mm,深松耕试验持续时间<3 a时,春玉米PFP_(N)可提高14.1%~14.6%。因此,依据区域和气候特征,采用适宜的耕作措施可以进一步提高春玉米PFP_(N),促进旱区作物可持续生产目标的实现。本研究可为提高黄土高原春玉米PFP_(N)以及制定区域可持续发展的农业生产策略提供参考。

基于DNDC模型的旱地春玉米产量对不同施氮水平的响应

【目的】探讨旱地春玉米产量对不同施氮水平的响应及气候条件对春玉米产量影响的敏感性差异。【方法】本文基于DNDC模型,结合张掖市设置的定位施肥试验数据,选取不施氮肥(CK)、低量氮肥(N_(1))、中量氮肥(N_(2))、高量氮肥(N_(3))4个处理,验证DNDC模型在甘肃河西干旱地区的适用性,研究春玉米产量对不同施氮水平的响应机制,并对其敏感性进行分析。【结果】春玉米实测产量随着施氮量的增加先增加后减小,DNDC模型对4种施氮水平下的春玉米产量模拟较好,各处理模拟值与实测值之间决定系数(R^(2))均在0.98以上(P<0.01),标准均方根误差(NRMSE)均在5%以下;敏感性分析显示,年降水量不变时,春玉米产量随温度升高先增后减;年均温度不变时,春玉米产量随年降水量增加呈线性增加关系,但无显著差异。【结论】中氮处理(N_(2))300 kg/hm^(2)时,玉米产量可达16 373 kg/hm^(2),增幅较对照组(CK)增加35.9%,合理施肥可以促进玉米对氮肥的有效利用。