Three-dimensional arbitrarily anisotropic modeling for time-domain airborne electromagnetic surveys

Electrically anisotropic strata are abundant in nature, so their study can help our data interpretation and our understanding of the processes of geodynamics. However, current data processing generally assumes isotropic conditions when surveying anisotropic structures, which may cause discrepancies between reality and electromagnetic data interpretation. Moreover, the anisotropic interpretation of the time-domain airborne electromagnetic （TDAEM） method is still confined to one dimensional （1D） cases, and the corresponding three-dimensional （3D） numerical simulations are still in development. In this study, we expanded the 3D TDAEM modeling of arbitrarily anisotropic media. First, through coordinate rotation of isotropic conductivity, we obtained the conductivity tensor of an arbitrary anisotropic rock. Next, we incorporated this into Maxwell＇s equations, using a regular hexahedral grid of vector finite elements to subdivide the solution area. A direct solver software package provided the solution for the sparse linear equations that resulted. Analytical solutions were used to verify the accuracy and feasibility of the algorithm. The proven model was then applied to analyze the effects of arbitrary anisotropy in 3D TDAEM via the distribution of responses and amplitude changes, which revealed that different anisotropy situations strongly affected the responses of TDAEM.

PC-based artif icial neural network inversion for airborne time-domain electromagnetic data

Traditionally, airborne time-domain electromagnetic （ATEM） data are inverted to derive the earth model by iteration. However, the data are often highly correlated among channels and consequently cause ill-posed and over-determined problems in the inversion. The correlation complicates the mapping relation between the ATEM data and the earth parameters and thus increases the inversion complexity. To obviate this, we adopt principal component analysis to transform ATEM data into orthogonal principal components （PCs） to reduce the correlations and the data dimensionality and simultaneously suppress the unrelated noise. In this paper, we use an artificial neural network （ANN） to approach the PCs mapping relation with the earth model parameters, avoiding the calculation of Jacobian derivatives. The PC-based ANN algorithm is applied to synthetic data for layered models compared with data-based ANN for airborne time-domain electromagnetic inversion. The results demonstrate the PC-based ANN advantages of simpler network structure, less training steps, and better inversion results over data-based ANN, especially for contaminated data. Furthermore, the PC-based ANN algorithm effectiveness is examined by the inversion of the pseudo 2D model and comparison with data-based ANN and Zhody＇s methods. The results indicate that PC-based ANN inversion can achieve a better agreement with the true model and also proved that PC-based ANN is feasible to invert large ATEM datasets.

2.5D forward modeling and inversion of frequency-domain airborne electromagnetic data

Frequency-domain airborne electromagnetics is a proven geophysical exploration method.Presently,the interpretation is mainly based on resistivity-depth imaging and onedimensional layered inversion;nevertheless,it is difficult to obtain satisfactory results for two- or three-dimensional complex earth structures using 1D methods.3D forward modeling and inversion can be used but are hampered by computational limitations because of the large number of data.Thus,we developed a 2.5D frequency-domain airborne electromagnetic forward modeling and inversion algorithm.To eliminate the source singularities in the numerical simulations,we split the fields into primary and secondary fields.The primary fields are calculated using homogeneous or layered models with analytical solutions,and the secondary（scattered） fields are solved by the finite-element method.The linear system of equations is solved by using the large-scale sparse matrix parallel direct solver,which greatly improves the computational efficiency.The inversion algorithm was based on damping leastsquares and singular value decomposition and combined the pseudo forward modeling and reciprocity principle to compute the Jacobian matrix.Synthetic and field data were used to test the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Calculation and application of full-wave airborne transient electromagnetic data in electromagnetic detection

Airborne electromagnetic transient method enjoys the advantages of high-efficiency and the high resolution of electromagnetic anomalies,especially suitable for mining detection around goaf areas and deep exploration of minerals.In this paper,we calculated the full-wave airborne transient electromagnetic data,according to the result of numerical research,the advantage of switch-off time response in electromagnetic detection was proofed via experiments.Firstly,based on the full-wave airborne transient electromagnetic system developed by Jilin University(JLU-ATEMI),we proposed a method to compute the full-waveform electromagnetic(EM)data of 3D model using the FDTD approach and convolution algorithm,and verify the calculation by the response of homogenous half-space.Then,through comparison of switch-off-time response and off-time response,we studied the effect of ramp time on anomaly detection.Finally,we arranged two experimental electromagnetic detection,the results indicated that the switch-off-time response can reveal the shallow target more effectively,and the full-waveform airborne electromagnetic system is an effective technique for shallow target detection.

Comparison of the time-domain electromagnetic field from an infinitesimal point charge and dipole source

An electromagnetic field is generated through the accelerating movement of two equal but opposite charges of a single dipole. An electromagnetic field can also be generated by a time-varying infinitesimal point charge. In this study, a comparison between the electromagnetic fields of an infinitesimal point charge and a dipole has been presented. First, the time-domain potential function of a point source in a 3D conductive medium is derived. Then the electric and magnetic fields in a 3D homogeneous lossless space are derived via the relation between the potential and field. The field differences between the infinitesimal point charge and the dipole in the step-off time, far-source, and near-source zones are analyzed, and the accuracy of the solutions from these sources is investigated. It is also shown that the field of the infinitesimal point charge in the near-source zone is different from that of the dipole, whereas the far-source zone fields of these two sources are identical. The comparison of real and simulated data shows that the infinitesimal point charge represents the real source better than the divole source.

Numerical modeling of the 2D time-domain transient electromagnetic secondary field of the line source of the current excitation

To effectively minimize the electromagnetic field response in the total field solution, we propose a numerical modeling method for the two-dimensional （2D） time- domain transient electromagnetic secondary field of the line source based on the DuFort- Frankel finite-difference method. In the proposed method, we included the treatment of the earth-air boundary conductivity, calculated the normalized partial derivative of the induced electromotive force （Emf）, and determined the forward time step. By extending upward the earth-air interface to the air grid nodes and the zero-value boundary conditions, not only we have a method that is more efficient but also simpler than the total field solution. We computed and analyzed the homogeneous half-space model and the fiat layered model with high precision--the maximum relative error is less than 0.01% between our method and the analytical method--and the solution speed is roughly three times faster than the total-field solution. Lastly, we used the model of a thin body embedded in a homogeneous half-space at different delay times to depict the downward and upward spreading characteristics of the induced eddy current, and the physical interaction processes between the electromagnetic field and the underground low-resistivity body.

Numerical analysis of multicomponent responses of surface-hole transient electromagnetic method

We calculate the multicomponent responses of surface-hole transient electromagnetic method. The methods and models are unsuitable as geoelectric models of conductive surrounding rocks because they are based on regular local targets. We also propose a calculation and analysis scheme based on numerical simulations of the subsurface transient electromagnetic fields. In the modeling of the electromagnetic fields, the forward modeling simulations are performed by using the finite-difference time-domain method and the discrete image method, which combines the Gaver–Stehfest inverse Laplace transform with the Prony method to solve the initial electromagnetic fields. The precision in the iterative computations is ensured by using the transmission boundary conditions. For the response analysis, we customize geoelectric models consisting of near-borehole targets and conductive wall rocks and implement forward modeling simulations. The observed electric fields are converted into induced electromotive force responses using multicomponent observation devices. By comparing the transient electric fields and multicomponent responses under different conditions, we suggest that the multicomponent-induced electromotive force responses are related to the horizontal and vertical gradient variations of the transient electric field at different times. The characteristics of the response are determined by the varying the subsurface transient electromagnetic fields, i.e., diffusion, attenuation and distortion, under different conditions as well as the electromagnetic fields at the observation positions. The calculation and analysis scheme of the response consider the surrounding rocks and the anomalous field of the local targets. It therefore can account for the geological data better than conventional transient field response analysis of local targets.

Three-dimensional numerical modeling of fullspace transient electromagnetic responses of water in goaf

The full-space transient electromagnetic response of water-filled goaves in coal mines were numerically modeled. Traditional numerical modeling methods cannot be used to simulate the underground full-space transient electromagnetic field. We used multiple transmitting loops instead of the traditional single transmitting loop to load the transmitting loop into Cartesian grids. We improved the method for calculating the z-component of the magnetic field based on the characteristics of full space. Then, we established the full- space 3D geoelectrical model using geological data for coalmines. In addition, the transient electromagnetic responses of water-filled goaves of variable shape at different locations were simulated by using the finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method. Moreover, we evaluated the apparent resistivity results. The numerical modeling results suggested that the resistivity differences between the coal seam and its roof and floor greatly affect the distribution of apparent resistivity, resulting in nearly circular contours with the roadway head at the center. The actual distribution of apparent resistivity for different geoelectrical models of water in goaves was consistent with the models. However, when the goal water was located in one side, a false low-resistivity anomaly would appear on the other side owing to the full-space effect but the response was much weaker. Finally, the modeling results were subsequently confirmed by drilling, suggesting that the proposed method was effective.

Fransdimensional Bayesian inversion of timedomain airborne EM data

To reduce the dependence of EM inversion on the choice of initial model and to obtain the global minimum, we apply transdimensional Bayesian inversion to time-domain airborne electromagnetic data. The transdimensional Bayesian inversion uses the Monte Carlo method to search the model space and yields models that simultaneously satisfy the acceptance probability and data fitting requirements. Finally, we obtain the probability distribution and uncertainty of the model parameters as well as the maximum probability. Because it is difficult to know the height of the transmitting source during flight, we consider a fixed and a variable flight height. Furthermore, we introduce weights into the prior probability density function of the resistivity and adjust the constraint strength in the inversion model by changing the weighing coefficients. This effectively solves the problem of unsatisfactory inversion results in the middle high-resistivity layer. We validate the proposed method by inverting synthetic data with 3% Gaussian noise and field survey data.

A Novel Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure for Filter

Electromagnetic bandgap （EBG） materials are periodic structures capable of prohibiting the propagation of electromagnetic waves within a certain band of frequencies. This characteristic of EBG has wide application. The structures to be studied here are mainly planar EBG materials of two dimensions, which are periodic arrays of holes etched in the ground plane of a conventional microstrip line. EBG structures are calculated with finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method in this paper. Technique of the perfectly matched layer is used for the absorption of electromagnetic waves in FDTD. The FDTD method is programmed with the blend of C++ and Matlab languages, which makes the program both simple and fast computing. A kind of new EBG structure is brought out through a lot of experiments and analyses. A filter with wide stop-band and another filter with two stop-bands are designed.

Characteristic Analysis of Transient Electromagnetic Disturbance Data in Substation

Characteristic analysis of transient electromagnetic disturbance data is very important. In this paper, the time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics of transient electromagnetic disturbance caused by switching operations in substations are analyzed. Two methods are adopted in time-domain analysis. One method is histogram and the other one is normality test. An appropriate procedure for the normality test is proposed. Furthermore, the method used in frequency- domain analysis is to obtain overall envelope. These statistical characteristic analysis methods are showed to be of great value in analyses of the measured samples. The simulation results showed that these methods are effective.

地空瞬变电磁法在煤矿采空区中的应用效果分析

煤矿采空区一直是工程中难以解决的重点难题之一,现工程中一般是结合开采资料及煤层分布进行综合分析。由于大型煤矿多采用自然塌落法来处理采空巷道,而非金属类矿山的填充法,随着时间的推移,会出现非常多的塌陷,导致采空区内部情况非常复杂,难以查清。尤其是在老旧的煤矿当中,由于过去技术落后,矿洞测绘资料存在一定的失真,导致很难明确定义现采空区的具体范围,为工程的顺利开展提出了重大的课题。结合黑龙江依兰煤矿(日伪时期的开采老旧煤矿采空区),在地形地貌条件特别差,人难以攀登的条件下,应用地空瞬变电磁法,初步解决了该采空区的范围和规模。

航空地球物理勘查技术发展战略研究

航空地球物理勘探是重要的快速找矿勘查方法,21世纪以来我国航空地球物理勘查技术已取得长足进步,但现有技术与装备仍难以满足国家“新一轮找矿突破战略行动”和深地、深海探测等对重大关键核心技术与装备的新需求。本文聚焦我国航空地球物理勘查技术高质量发展布局,梳理和总结了国内外航空地球物理勘查技术发展现状,评估了当前国内外技术竞争和发展态势,分析研判了我国在该领域面临的主要挑战。结合科技发展新变化、新特征和新趋势,瞄准超导传感器、航空重力全张量梯度、航磁全张量梯度、多场源全深度航空电磁、航空地震等前沿关键技术,以及新一轮找矿突破战略行动等急需的实用化技术,制定了我国航空地球物理勘查技术发展路线图。针对前沿技术攻关能力不够强、技术适应性较差和创新基础较薄弱等问题,提出了组建国家级航空地球物理技术创新中心、开展第四代航空地球物理勘查技术研发和构建一体化的航空地球物理技术装备发展体系建议。

基于生成对抗网络的半航空瞬变电磁噪声数据扩充方法

半航空瞬变电磁噪声数据形式复杂,获取成本高、数据量稀缺,难以通过传统的扩充方法进行数据扩充,极大地影响了后续降噪工作的开展。针对这个问题,本研究提出了基于生成对抗网络的半航空瞬变电磁信号数据扩充方法,通过将生成器设计为LSTM网络,基于实采噪声数据集,进行生成器与判别器模型的训练,成功获取了可以生成仿真噪声数据的生成器模型,之后分析了生成器生成的仿真噪声与实采噪声的分布,并且对比了扩充前后降噪网络的表现,验证了本方法对于半航空瞬变电磁实采噪声数据的扩充是真实有效的。

基于同步提取变换的地空频率域电磁信号幅度提取方法

地空频率域电磁法探测信号为多频非平稳信号,为了解决应用传统傅里叶变换方法提取其幅度时分辨率较差的问题,本文提出了基于同步提取变换(SET)的地空频域电磁信号幅度提取方法。该方法对电磁数据进行SET,得到高分辨率时频图,并利用能量算子使电磁数据时频谱能量更为集中;采用贪心算法提取脊线,得到时频图的高能量带;通过自回归模型自适应地补充了脊线中的0值,解决了由窗函数引起的端点效应问题。根据脊线位置的时频图复数值,得到各频率分量幅度随时间的变化,研究了不同信噪比情况下基于SET的地空频率域电磁信号幅度提取结果的准确性。结果表明:当信噪比≥10 dB时,幅度提取结果的平均相对均方根误差均小于5%;当信噪比<10 dB时,幅度提取结果的平均相对均方根误差在10%以内。提取效果良好。将此方法应用于新疆霍拉山隧道工程地空频率域电磁法探测中,成功提取了多频电磁信号各频率分量的幅度,与采用傅里叶变换提取非平稳信号幅度的方法相比,该方法有效地提高了幅度提取结果的分辨率。

半航空瞬变电磁探测敏感区域研究与影响因素分析

接地线源半航空瞬变电磁具有探测深度大、工作效率高、适用复杂地形的优点,得到广泛关注.然而,该方法的理论研究仍处于初步阶段,研究接收点信号与下方地质体关联性对半航空瞬变电磁数据正确解释至关重要.借鉴航空电磁中的footprint方法对上述问题展开研究.首先通过张量格林函数积分推导了地下离散电流单元对空中接收点二次磁场响应的贡献,分析了半航空瞬变电磁footprint时间-空间变化规律;之后,研究了飞行高度、偏移距对半航空瞬变电磁探测敏感区域的影响.研究结果表明有效探测区域的时变特征与地下感应电流场的扩散特性有关,并受接收点位置的影响;早期探测敏感区域主要集中在发射源正下方,随着感应电流场的扩散逐渐向接收点方向偏移,同时接收点下方区域的贡献占比逐渐增加;研究发现晚期贡献最大的部分集中在接收点两侧近地表处,该发现对基于电阻率成像的半航空瞬变电磁具有重要价值.

飞机机载线槽结构对电磁防护性能的影响研究

针对雷击环境下,飞机机载平台内的线束易受到连接设备及外部辐射源的复杂电磁干扰问题,考虑线槽不同结构对线槽防护性能的影响,基于三同轴法,结合Van Helvoort形状系数,推导出线槽转移阻抗从低频到高频状态下的理论表达式。进而建立含不同高宽比线槽防护仿真模型,研究不同形状、尺寸的线槽防护性能。最后建立复合材料机身内线槽的雷击电磁防护仿真模型,分析机身不同位置、不同形状线槽的防护作用,进一步验证了不同结构线槽防护性能的差异性。结果表明:高宽比每增加1/2,线槽屏蔽效能约增加5 dB,且有效保护区域逐渐扩大;随着与机身蒙皮间距增大,机身内部线缆感应电流线性减小;线槽密封性与防护性能成正比。

半航空瞬变电磁数据处理与解释在贺斯格乌拉露天煤矿水灾害勘探中的应用

为减少地下涌水对煤矿开采的影响,确保内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟贺斯格乌拉露天煤矿安全开采,笔者采用半航空瞬变电磁法对该煤矿进行地下水勘探。通过Occam反演获得地下低阻电性异常的分布情况,并与核磁和钻孔结果进行对比,得出以下主要结论:①第四纪松散岩类含水砂层相对高阻,白垩纪大磨拐河组碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙含水层及煤层表现为低电阻,完整的大磨拐河组地层表现为相对高阻;②测区地下水渗流通道主要分布在白垩纪地层碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水含水层中;③地下富水区域主要集中在标高840~880 m这一范围内,随着深度变深,富水区域面积逐渐变小。

地形遮蔽下的电磁波绕射效应对机载电子战影响

针对机载电子战中经常遇到的地形遮蔽问题,定量分析了遮蔽条件下电磁波绕射效应对机载电子战设备的影响。首先基于传统刃形单峰绕射模型提出了在地球曲率下山峰绕射高度的计算方法;然后基于Picquenard刃形多峰绕射模型提出了地球曲率下的主峰迭代搜索算法;最后利用构建的电磁波绕射模型,提出了机载电子战在地形遮蔽情况下的对抗策略。将算法嵌入模型后,通过比对仿真结果与真实试验数据,表明所提算法可适用于计算地形遮蔽对机载电子战设备的影响。

多辐射场源半航空瞬变电磁法薄层探测能力

多辐射场源半航空瞬变电磁法具有探测深度大、地形适应性强和工作效率高的优点,已逐渐成为当前的研究热点。为了研究其探测能力,本文基于一维正演理论,从多辐射场源布设方式入手,选定典型测点与辐射源组合,通过定义瞬变响应相对异常,分析对比不同模型薄层电阻率、厚度、埋深等参数对薄层探测的影响。结果表明:根据测点位置合理设置发射电流方向可以有针对性地增大采集信号强度,获得形态相对简单的B和dB场响应曲线;与单辐射源相比,多辐射源激励时瞬变响应不仅幅值更大,衰减速度也更快,对大地电阻率的变化更灵敏;B场更适合用于相对异常计算,探讨多辐射场源半航空瞬变电磁法的薄层探测能力,其中x分量的薄层探测能力最强;薄层电阻率与围岩差异越大、厚度越大、埋深越浅,相对异常曲线的幅值越大,薄层越易于分辨;薄层分辨能力与测点位置有关,当测点位于多辐射源内侧时B场各分量相对异常曲线幅值更大,对薄层分辨能力更强。