PC-based artif icial neural network inversion for airborne time-domain electromagnetic data

Traditionally, airborne time-domain electromagnetic （ATEM） data are inverted to derive the earth model by iteration. However, the data are often highly correlated among channels and consequently cause ill-posed and over-determined problems in the inversion. The correlation complicates the mapping relation between the ATEM data and the earth parameters and thus increases the inversion complexity. To obviate this, we adopt principal component analysis to transform ATEM data into orthogonal principal components （PCs） to reduce the correlations and the data dimensionality and simultaneously suppress the unrelated noise. In this paper, we use an artificial neural network （ANN） to approach the PCs mapping relation with the earth model parameters, avoiding the calculation of Jacobian derivatives. The PC-based ANN algorithm is applied to synthetic data for layered models compared with data-based ANN for airborne time-domain electromagnetic inversion. The results demonstrate the PC-based ANN advantages of simpler network structure, less training steps, and better inversion results over data-based ANN, especially for contaminated data. Furthermore, the PC-based ANN algorithm effectiveness is examined by the inversion of the pseudo 2D model and comparison with data-based ANN and Zhody＇s methods. The results indicate that PC-based ANN inversion can achieve a better agreement with the true model and also proved that PC-based ANN is feasible to invert large ATEM datasets.

Three-dimensional arbitrarily anisotropic modeling for time-domain airborne electromagnetic surveys

Electrically anisotropic strata are abundant in nature, so their study can help our data interpretation and our understanding of the processes of geodynamics. However, current data processing generally assumes isotropic conditions when surveying anisotropic structures, which may cause discrepancies between reality and electromagnetic data interpretation. Moreover, the anisotropic interpretation of the time-domain airborne electromagnetic （TDAEM） method is still confined to one dimensional （1D） cases, and the corresponding three-dimensional （3D） numerical simulations are still in development. In this study, we expanded the 3D TDAEM modeling of arbitrarily anisotropic media. First, through coordinate rotation of isotropic conductivity, we obtained the conductivity tensor of an arbitrary anisotropic rock. Next, we incorporated this into Maxwell＇s equations, using a regular hexahedral grid of vector finite elements to subdivide the solution area. A direct solver software package provided the solution for the sparse linear equations that resulted. Analytical solutions were used to verify the accuracy and feasibility of the algorithm. The proven model was then applied to analyze the effects of arbitrary anisotropy in 3D TDAEM via the distribution of responses and amplitude changes, which revealed that different anisotropy situations strongly affected the responses of TDAEM.

基于同步提取变换的地空频率域电磁信号幅度提取方法

地空频率域电磁法探测信号为多频非平稳信号,为了解决应用传统傅里叶变换方法提取其幅度时分辨率较差的问题,本文提出了基于同步提取变换(SET)的地空频域电磁信号幅度提取方法。该方法对电磁数据进行SET,得到高分辨率时频图,并利用能量算子使电磁数据时频谱能量更为集中;采用贪心算法提取脊线,得到时频图的高能量带;通过自回归模型自适应地补充了脊线中的0值,解决了由窗函数引起的端点效应问题。根据脊线位置的时频图复数值,得到各频率分量幅度随时间的变化,研究了不同信噪比情况下基于SET的地空频率域电磁信号幅度提取结果的准确性。结果表明:当信噪比≥10 dB时,幅度提取结果的平均相对均方根误差均小于5%;当信噪比<10 dB时,幅度提取结果的平均相对均方根误差在10%以内。提取效果良好。将此方法应用于新疆霍拉山隧道工程地空频率域电磁法探测中,成功提取了多频电磁信号各频率分量的幅度,与采用傅里叶变换提取非平稳信号幅度的方法相比,该方法有效地提高了幅度提取结果的分辨率。

改进的EEMD算法在时域航空电磁信号降噪中的研究

常规降噪方法在应用于时域航空电磁信号降噪时需根据噪声情况人为进行参数调整,自适应性较差。总体经验模态分解(EEMD)算法对非线性、非平稳信号处理具有良好的自适应特性,传统的EEMD算法进行噪声抑制是将高频本征模态分量滤除,将低频分量重构得到降噪信号,这种方法易失掉高频分量中的有效信号。本文提出一种改进的EEMD降噪算法,应用于时域航空电磁信号的处理。该方法结合时域航空电磁信号的衰减特性,将信号EEMD分解后得到本征模态分量,其中包含信号和噪声,经Savitzky-Golay平滑滤波,再将高频部分进行阈值去噪,最后得到干净的本征模态分量进行重构。实验结果表明在输入信号信噪比小于等于15 d B的情况下,输出信噪比能够提高12 d B左右,在抑制噪声的同时保留了更多有效信息。

基于Robust-M估计的地空频率域电磁探测数据干扰抑制方法

地空频率域电磁探测(ground-airborne frequency-domain electromagnetic detection, GAFED),因通过无人机搭载接收系统进行空中数据采集,受到飞行因素以及环境因素的影响,引入随机噪声、尖峰噪声等环境噪声,影响数据质量。在数据预处理的基础上,提出了一种基于Robust-M估计的时窗叠加滤波方法,抑制随机噪声、尖峰噪声等,通过系数加权来消除或减弱异常点的影响。通过对该方法在模拟数据中的应用效果分析,发现相对于传统的平滑滤波方法,该方法可以有效压制随机噪声等环境噪声,在提高分辨率的基础上保证数据质量。最后通过对野外数据的应用效果,进一步验证了该方法可压制随机噪声与尖峰噪声,提高数据质量。

航空瞬变电磁接收信号增益自动控制电路

为了提高航空瞬变电磁信号的灵敏度,提出了一种通过压制线圈运动噪声和控制二次场增益的实现方法.基于现场可编程门阵列(field programmable gate array,FPGA),设计控制信号产生模块.在此基础上设计信号调理输出电路,首先通过比较预设阈值电压,识别、去除运动噪声,然后时序控制放大二次场.测试结果表明:该装置可以使接收信号波形的基线归零,并且能有效提高二次场增益.

机载雷达侦察系统复杂电磁环境下侦测能力地面试验方法

文章介绍一种机载雷达侦察系统复杂电磁环境下侦测能力地面模拟试验方法,分别对试验环境构建、试验项目规划、试验实施流程及测试与评估设备的要求和组成进行了较为详细的说明。实际的工程应用表明,机载雷达侦察系统复杂电磁环境下侦测能力地面模拟试验方法科学有效地指导了复杂电磁环境模拟、试验项目总体规划、测试与评估设备设计及试验实施。较好地实现了全面、充分地检验复杂电磁环境下机载雷达侦察系统侦测能力的目的,为系统的研制提供了有力支撑。

基于曲波变换的航空瞬变电磁去噪

噪声干扰严重影响着航空瞬变电磁的数据处理和成像解释,如何有效去噪成为航空瞬变电磁研究的重要内容。根据航空瞬变电磁噪声特点,结合曲波变换多尺度性,采用第二代快速离散曲波变换(FDCT),对航空瞬变电磁实测数据进行重构和去噪。首先建立带有异常体的三维理论模型,采用直接时间域瞬变电磁三维模拟程序进行正演;然后对理论电磁响应数据添加3种不同噪声(随机噪声、方波噪声、工业噪声),通过曲波变换和重构,生成不同尺度的图像,低尺度反映大的背景场,高尺度反映局部细节或者高频噪声。通过信噪比和相对误差等参数,对重构后的数据进行去噪效果评估。最后将该方法应用到航空瞬变电磁实测数据中,并与其他3种传统去噪方法(中值滤波、奇异值分解、小波变换)进行对比。结果表明:对于含有随机噪声和工业噪声的原始数据,去噪后的相对误差在2.6%以下;对于含有方波噪声的原始数据,去噪后的相对误差在6.5%以下,信噪比也高于传统去噪方法,证明第二代曲波变换可应用于航空瞬变电磁的数据去噪处理。

Relevance of AEM and TEM to Detect the Groundwater Aquifer at Faiyum Oasis Area, Faiyum, Egypt

This study investigates the groundwater aquifer located in Fayuim oasis. In this study, two of the electromagnetic measurement methods have been used in determining the hydrological situation in the Fayoum oasis. The first is airborne electromagnetic (AEM) which, sometimes is referred to as Helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) and the second is ground Time-domain Electromagnetic method (TEM). The subsurface consists of four geoelectrical layers with a rough slope towards the center. The third and the fourth layers in the succession are suggested to be the two-groundwater aquifers. The third layer saturates with fresh water overlying saline water which exists in the bottom of the second one. It is worth mentioning that the depth of the fresh water surface undulates between the surface level in two lakes in the study area and 57 meters below the ground, whereas the thickness of the fresh water aquifer varies from 13 to 36 meters. The depth of the saline water surface undulates between 59 and 81 meters below the ground. In general, airborne electromagnetic surveying has the advantage of fast resistivity mapping with high lateral resolution. Groundbased geophysical surveys are often more accurate, but they are definitely slower than airborne surveys. It depends on targets of interest, time, budget, and manpower available by the method or the combination of methods that will be chosen. A combination of different methods is useful to obtain a detailed understanding of the subsurface resistivity distribution.