Observation of Doppler shift f_(D) modulated by the internal kink mode using conventional reflectometry in the EAST tokamak

In this paper we present a new experimental observation using a conventional reflectometry technique,poloidal correlation reflectometry(PCR),in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).The turbulence spectrum detected by the PCR system exhibits an asymmetry and induced Doppler shift f_(D)during the internal kink mode(IKM)rotation phase.This Doppler shift f_(D)is the target measurement of Doppler reflectometry,but captured by conventional reflectometry.Results show that the Doppler shift f_(D)is modulated by the periodic changes in the effective angle between the probing wave and cutoff layer normal,but not by plasma turbulence.The fishbone mode and saturated long-lived mode are typical IKMs,and this modulation phenomenon is observed in both cases.Moreover,the value of the Doppler shift f_(D)is positively correlated with the amplitude of the IKM,even when the latter is small.However,the positive and negative frequency components of the Doppler shift f_(D)can be asymmetric,which is related to the plasma configuration.A simulated analysis is performed by ray tracing to verify these observations.These results establish a clear link between f_(D)and IKM rotation,and are helpful for studying the characteristics of IKM and related physical phenomena.

Time-domain dynamic constitutive model suitable for mucky soil site seismic response

Soil nonlinear behavior displays noticeable effects on the site seismic response.This study proposes a new functional expression of the skeleton curve to replace the hyperbolic skeleton curve.By integrating shear modulus and combining the dynamic skeleton curve and the damping degradation coefficient,the constitutive equation of the logarithmic dynamic skeleton can be obtained,which considers the damping effect in a soil dynamics problem.Based on the finite difference method and the multi-transmitting boundary condition,a 1D site seismic response analysis program called Soilresp1D has been developed herein and used to analyze the time-domain seismic response in three types of sites.At the same time,this study also provides numerical simulation results based on the hyperbolic constitutive model and the equivalent linear method.The results verify the rationality of the new soil dynamic constitutive model.It can analyze the mucky soil site nonlinear seismic response,reflecting the deformation characteristics and damping effect of the silty soil.The hysteresis loop area is more extensive,and the residual strain is evident.

Experimental study of core MHD behavior and a novel algorithm for rational surface detection based on profile reflectometry in EAST

Microwave reflectometry is a powerful diagnostic that can measure the density profile and localized turbulence with high spatial and temporal resolution and will be used in ITER,so understanding the influence of plasma perturbations on the reflect signal is important.The characteristics of the reflect signal from profile reflectometry,the time-of-flight(TOF)signal associated with the MHD instabilities,are investigated in EAST.Using a 1D full-wave simulation code by the Finite-DifferenceTime-Domain(FDTD)method,it is well validated that the local density flattening could induce the discontinuity of the simulated TOF signal and an obvious change of reflect amplitude.Experimental TOF signals under different types of MHD instabilities(sawtooth,sawtooth precursors and tearing mode)are studied in detail and show agreement with the simulation.Two new improved algorithms for detecting and localizing the radial positions of the low-order rational surface,the cross-correlation and gradient threshold(CGT)method and the 2D convolutional neural network approach(CNN)are presented for the first time.It is concluded that TOF signal analysis from profile reflectometry can provide a straightforward and localized measurement of the plasma perturbation from the edge to the core simultaneously and may be a complement or correction to the q-profile control,which will be beneficial for the advanced tokamak operation.

Time-Domain Analysis of Body Freedom Flutter Based on 6DOF Equation

The reduced weight and improved efficiency of modern aeronautical structures result in a decreasing separation of frequency ranges of rigid and elastic modes.Particularly,a high-aspect-ratio flexible flying wing is prone to body freedomflutter(BFF),which is a result of coupling of the rigid body short-periodmodewith 1st wing bendingmode.Accurate prediction of the BFF characteristics is helpful to reflect the attitude changes of the vehicle intuitively and design the active flutter suppression control law.Instead of using the rigid body mode,this work simulates the rigid bodymotion of the model by using the six-degree-of-freedom(6DOF)equation.A dynamicmesh generation strategy particularly suitable for BFF simulation of free flying aircraft is developed.An accurate Computational Fluid Dynamics/Computational Structural Dynamics/six-degree-of-freedom equation(CFD/CSD/6DOF)-based BFF prediction method is proposed.Firstly,the time-domain CFD/CSD method is used to calculate the static equilibrium state of the model.Based on this state,the CFD/CSD/6DOF equation is solved in time domain to evaluate the structural response of themodel.Then combinedwith the variable stiffnessmethod,the critical flutter point of the model is obtained.This method is applied to the BFF calculation of a flyingwing model.The calculation results of the BFF characteristics of the model agree well with those fromthe modalmethod andNastran software.Finally,the method is used to analyze the influence factors of BFF.The analysis results show that the flutter speed can be improved by either releasing plunge constraint or moving the center ofmass forward or increasing the pitch inertia.

Interferometric Distributed Sensing System With Phase Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry

We demonstrate a distributed optical fiber sensing system based on the Michelson interferometer of the phase sensitive optical time domain reflectometer （q0-OTDR） for acoustic measurement. Phase, amplitude, frequency response, and location information can be directly obtained at the same time by using the passive 3 ×3 coupler demodulation. We also set an experiment and successfully restore the acoustic information. Meanwhile, our system has preliminary realized acoustic-phase sensitivity around -150 dB （re rad/μPa） in the experiment.

Experimental study on applicability of using time-domain reflectometry to detect NAPLs contaminated sands

Underground contamination by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) becomes increasingly serious. Rapid and reliable detection of contaminated zone and degree is the first step to site remediation. In this paper, diesel and fine sand are used as experiment materials to investigate the applicability of using time-domain reflectometry (TDR) to detect LNAPLs contamination. The major work includes: measurement of dielectric constant and electrical conductivity for the diesel-water-air-sand mixtures; measurement of reflection waveform and dielectric constant for specimens with a diesel contaminated layer being sandwiched in sand. The experimental results show the followings: A significant decrease in both dielectric constant and electrical conductivity is observed for the diesel-water-air-sand mixtures when diesel displaces the pore water, and the content of diesel can be calculated by the model; insignificant change in dielectric properties is measured when diesel only displaces the pore gas; when the diesel contaminated sand is sandwiched between two saturated sand layers, the interfaces of the diesel contaminated layer can be identified by analyzing the reflection waveform; for field application, TDR method is valid for the case that LNAPLs seep into saturated sand layer, and the applicability of TDR method in vadose zone depends on the initial saturation of the sand layer. The findings obtained in this paper provide a guidance for the use of TDR for the field investigation of NAPLs contaminated site.

Investigation of phase modulation and propagation-route effect from unmatched large-scale structures for Doppler reflectometry measurement through 2D full-wave modeling

To interpret the common symmetric peaks caused by the large-scale structure in the complex S(f)spectrum from the heterodyne Doppler reflectometry(DR)measurement in EAST,a 2D circular-shaped O-mode full-wave model based on the finite-difference time-domain method is built.The scattering characteristics and the influences on the DR signal from various scales are investigated.When the structure is located around the cutoff layer,a moving radial or poloidal large-scale structure k_(θ)k_(θ),match(k_(θ),match is the theoretic wavenumber of Bragg scattering)could both generate an oscillation phase term called‘phase modulation’,and symmetrical peaks in the complex S(f)spectrum.It was found that the image-rejection ratio A_(−1)/A_(+1)(A_(±1)represents the amplitudes of±1 order modulation peaks)could be a feasible indicator for experiment comparison.In the case when the structure is near the cutoff layer with the same arrangement as the experiment for the edge DR channel,the curve of A_(−1)/A_(+1)versus kθcan be divided into three regions,weak asymmetrical range with k_(θ)/k_(0)0.15(k_(0)is the vacuum wavenumber),harmonics range with 0.15k_(θ)/k_(0)0.4,and Bragg scattering range of 0.4k_(θ)/k_(0)0.7.In the case when the structure is located away from the cutoff layer,the final complex S(f)spectrum is the simple superimposing of modulation and Bragg scattering,and the modulation peaks have an amplitude response nearly proportional to the local density fluctuation,called the‘propagationroute effect’.Under the H-mode experiment arrangement for the core DR,a critical fluctuation amplitude Amp(n_(e,Mod.@route))/Amp(n_(e,Tur.@MSA)∼1.3–4.1(Amp(n_(e,Mod.@route))refers to the pedestal large-scale structure amplitude and Amp(ne,Tur.@MSA)refers to turbulence amplitude at the main scattering area)is needed for the structure in the pedestal to be observed by the core DR measurement.The simulations are well consistent with the experimental results.These effects need to be carefully considered during the DR signal analyses as the injecting beam passes through the plasma region with large-scale structures.

An Improved Time-Domain Inverse Technique for Localization and Quantifcation of Rotating Sound Sources

The time-domain inverse technique based on the time-domain rotating equivalent source method has been proposed to localize and quantify rotating sound sources. However, this technique encounters two problems to be addressed: one is the time-consuming process of solving the transcendental equation at each time step, and the other is the difculty of controlling the instability problem due to the time-varying transfer matrix. In view of that, an improved technique is proposed in this paper to resolve these two problems. In the improved technique, a de-Dopplerization method in the time-domain rotating reference frame is frst applied to eliminate the Doppler efect caused by the source rotation in the measured pressure signals, and then the restored pressure signals without the Doppler efect are used as the inputs of the time-domain stationary equivalent source method to locate and quantify sound sources. Compared with the original technique, the improved technique can avoid solving the transcendental equation at each time step, and facilitate the treatment of the instability problem because the transfer matrix does not change with time. Numerical simulation and experimental results show that the improved technique can eliminate the Doppler efect efectively, and then localize and quantify the rotating nonstationary or broadband sources accurately. The results also demonstrate that the improved technique can guarantee a more stable reconstruction and compute more efciently than the original one.

Integrated system of traditional THz time-domain spectroscopy and asynchronous optical sampling

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS)system,as a new means of spectral analysis and detection,plays an increasingly pivotal role in basic scientific research.However,owing to the long scanning time of the traditional THz-TDS system and the complex control of the asynchronous optical scanning(ASOPS)system,which requires frequent calibration,we combine traditional THz-TDS and ASOPS systems to form a composite system and propose an all-fiber trigger signal generation method based on the time overlapping interference signal generated by the collinear motion of two laser pulses.Finally,the time-domain and frequency-domain spectra are obtained by using two independent systems in the integrated systems.It is found that the full width at half maximum(FWHM)of the time-domain spectra and the spectral width of the frequency-domain spectra are almost the same,but the sampling speed of the ASOPS system is significantly faster than that of the traditional THz-TDS system,which conduces to the study of the transient characteristics of substances.

基于自适应阈值分割的动车组辅助供电系统单芯动力电缆故障定位方法研究

单芯动力电缆是动车组辅助供电系统能量传输通道之一,其故障后准确定位对检修具有重要意义。当前,电缆故障定位使用较为广泛的方法为时频域反射法,但在对反射信号进行时频分析过程中,产生的交叉项是制约定位准确度的重要原因。为此提出一种基于自适应阈值分割的Wigner-Ville变换方法:在70 m长的电缆样品中设置低阻、高阻、开路和短路四种缺陷故障样本,对时频域法检测到的信号使用Wigner-Ville变换进行时频分析,说明原始Wigner-Ville变换产生交叉项的原因,并据此提出基于自适应阈值分割的Wigner-Ville变换方法,解决交叉项干扰问题;将本文方法与当前交叉项抑制方法进行测试效果对比。结果表明:提出的基于自适应阈值分割的Wigner-Ville变换方法可以有效消除交叉项,且对于单个缺陷故障和多个缺陷的电缆均可适用;对于所设置的单个缺陷故障位置的定位误差均小于0.80%,对于双缺陷故障检测结果的定位误差小于0.40%,验证了本文方法的有效性。

星下点观测的星载卫星导航反射信号海面风矢量极大似然估计

该文针对星载全球导航卫星反射计(GNSS-R)镜面反射信号对海面风向不敏感导致海面风向反演难问题,分析非镜向海面散射信号特征,提出星下点非镜向观测模式,定义该模式下海面风矢量敏感特征观测量,在此基础上提出基于星载GNSS-R海面风矢量极大似然估计(MLE)反演算法直接利用两颗及以上导航卫星的星下点非镜向散射信号进行海面风矢量的反演,并提出风矢量搜索算法提高反演效率。通过搭建星载GNSS-R仿真平台验证算法的可行性和评估算法性能。结果表明:所提算法可直接利用非镜向独立观测模式下的多颗导航卫星散射信号反演得到海面风速和风向;多星观测可消除观测几何导致的模糊解从而将海风风向4个模糊解降至2个模糊解,但无法消除海浪谱的对称性导致的海面风向模糊解。在2~25 m/s的风速内,当信噪比(SNR)大于11 dB时,3星观测的风速均方根误差(RMSE)优于2 m/s,风向的均方根误差优于15°。

GNSS线极化天线干涉信号反演土壤湿度算法测试

利用全球导航卫星系统干涉信号(GNSS-IR)测量土壤湿度已成为热门的研究课题。搭载低成本线性极化天线的智能手机可以方便快捷采集干涉信号信噪比(SNR)。分别仿真垂直和水平线性极化天线采集的GNSS干涉信号,给出2种极化方式下干涉信号SNR波形和反射率随卫星高度角变化的结果。对于垂直极化分量,电磁波会在入射角65°~85°左右时发生全透射,导致干涉信号振荡效果消失,而水平极化不存在该现象。同时,分别仿真右旋圆极化(RHCP)直射和左旋圆极化(LHCP)反射天线采集的GNSS信号,并计算直反射信号的幅值比。在仿真基础上分别利用不同极化天线进行实验,结果表明:采用线性极化天线采集的GNSS干涉信号振荡效果几乎不受卫星高度角的限制,可以为土壤湿度反演提供更多的有效数据,并且反演得到的土壤湿度与同位数据具有良好的一致性,两者的相关性达到0.95。使用搭载圆极化天线的双通道接收机采集北斗系统卫星数据进行对比,相关性达到0.91。对于不同的设备,智能手机采集的GNSS数据占用空间相对比于双通道接收机降低1%,且反演结果相关性接近,由于干涉信号提取直反射信号需要一定的振荡周期,故反演结果的时间分辨率要低于双通道接收机。

星载GNSS-R检测太湖水华可行性分析

星载全球导航卫星系统反射信号(GNSS-R)属于被动遥感技术,具有数据重访周期高、全天时、全天候、信号源丰富等优势。基于此,研究星载GNSS-R检测太湖水华的可行性。星载GNSS-R可以有效检测反射面的粗糙程度,通过使用相干反射表征反射面的粗糙度,研究不同风速区间内相干反射与蓝藻水华的关系。利用2020年4—8月美国气旋全球导航卫星系统(CYGNSS)数据,计算CYGNSS镜面反射点的时延多普勒图(DDM)功率比。以“哨兵-3”卫星水色遥感仪器(OLCI)影像最大特征峰高度(MPH)算法反演出的太湖叶绿素浓度作为参照,与欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的风速产品进行时空间线性匹配,分析发现,在1~2.5 m/s风速区间内,叶绿素浓度达到0.1 mg/L以上时,极易引起镜面反射点发生相干反射,且功率比与叶绿素浓度的相关系数为0.84,具有良好的相关性。实验结果证明了利用星载GNSS-R的功率比及相关特性实现太湖水华检测的可行性。

频域反射法阻抗匹配技术及其在电缆衰减补偿与相速度计算中的应用

频域反射法(frequency domain reflectometry,FDR)是诊断电缆绝缘状态的有效方法。针对现场FDR测试中存在的首端阻抗不匹配问题,该文提出了一种有效的FDR首端阻抗匹配技术。该文通过引入可变串联阻抗模型,结合估计得到的电缆特性阻抗,有效解决了FDR现场测试中分叉引线对测试结果的影响。首先,通过搭建电缆模型,结合行波的多次折反射原理推导了电缆首端的反射系数,阐述了信号在电缆内部的传输过程。然后,给出了电缆首端存在分叉引线时的首端阻抗匹配技术。最后,在同轴电缆及10 kV电力电缆上开展了电缆首端阻抗匹配试验,验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。结果表明:该方法可有效解决现场测试中存在的电缆首端阻抗不匹配问题,并且利用首端阻抗匹配处理后得到的数据,亦可实现电缆衰减的有效补偿及电缆相速度的准确计算。

岸基BDS-R海面测高及其观测值加权方法

随着北斗三号卫星导航系统(BDS-3)的全球组网完成,其反射信号在全球导航卫星系统反射测量(GNSS-R)海面测高领域的应用也更加广泛。为研究BDS-3 B1C反射信号码延迟海面测高性能,以及多星测高数据组合方法,进行了基于B1C码信号的双天线岸基北斗卫星导航系统反射测量(BDS-R)码延迟海面测高实验。利用自主研发的GNSS-R测高软件接收机对实验数据进行事后处理,将测高结果与岸基同步观测的雷达测高仪所测海面高度值进行对比分析,并基于反射信号信噪比(SNR)和卫星高度角加权的方法对多星测高观测值进行加权计算,评定BDS-R海面测高精度。结果表明:自主研发的GNSS-R测高软件接收机可用于海面测高,基于B1C码信号的BDS-R海面测高精度有达到分米级的可能性;根据10 s观测数据平滑可以得到,单颗卫星B1C码信号最优测高结果的均方根误差(RMSE)为0.634 m,平均绝对误差(MAE)为0.507 m,多星测高观测值加权组合最优结果的均方根误差为0.538 m,平均绝对误差为0.500 m,明显优于单星观测精度,最大可提升70%,最小可提升17%;针对同一信号多星GNSS-R测高数据加权方法,应用综合考虑卫星高度角和反射信号信噪比的加权模型优于其他加权模型,测高精度分别比信噪比分段模型、正弦函数模型、指数函数模型、等权模型提升9.4%、9.5%、20.5%、35.2%。

荷载作用下砂土边坡-管道相互作用试验研究

随着我国西气东输、南水北调等重大工程的快速推进,埋地管道不可避免地会穿越高陡山区,并受到区域地形地貌的影响,而关于边坡-管道相互作用机制的认识还相对滞后,相关研究亟需加强。基于分布式光纤应变传感(distributed strain sensing,简称DSS)、粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,简称PIV)技术,开展加载工况下砂土边坡-管道相互作用的室内模型试验,探究了临坡地基极限承载力的影响因素,并研究了不同坡角下边坡土体变形破坏机制及埋地管道的结构响应特征。研究结果表明:(1)临坡地基经历了弹性压密、局部剪切和整体破坏3个阶段,并呈现不对称楔形破坏模式;(2)临坡地基极限承载力随着坡角的增大呈减小趋势,同一坡角下埋地管道的存在会降低临坡地基极限承载力;(3)管道对边坡滑裂面形成路径的影响程度随着坡角的增大而变大;(4)在荷载作用下埋地管道横截面环向应变呈“椭圆化”分布,据此提出了管周界面土抗力的简化计算模型与椭圆度计算式。相关结论对边坡-管道系统的变形控制与结构设计有一定的参考和借鉴意义。

GNSS-R土壤水分反演研究进展

土壤水分是陆地水循环中最活跃的部分,是影响水文、生物生态和生物地球化学过程的关键变量。全球导航卫星系统反射测量(GNSS-R)技术由于使用L波段的电磁波且具备高频观测的能力,是土壤水分监测的有效手段。北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)是我国自行研制的全球卫星导航系统,土壤水分监测也是其业务应用的重要组成部分。从观测平台、反演方法两方面对当前GNSS-R反演土壤水分的研究进行了总结分析,指出了不同反演方法的优势和劣势,并进一步阐明了BDS对GNSS-R土壤水分反演研究的主要贡献和优势。

基于北斗/GNSS-R的厘米级水位测量

水位变化监测是防洪抗旱的重点工作之一,全球导航卫星系统反射测量(Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectome‐try,GNSS-R)技术已被证明可进行高精度、全天候、全天时的水位变化监测。我国北斗卫星导航系统(Beidou Navigation Satellite System,BDS)拥有丰富的频段数据,在GNSS-R遥感应用领域中具有广阔的应用前景。基于湖南省浏阳河流域建设的GNSS-R实验观测站数据,进一步研究了BDS在水位反演中的性能,分别采用频谱分析法和非线性拟合法对站点水位变化进行测量,并将实验结果与附近水文站的实测数据进行对比分析。结果表明,非线性拟合法相较于频谱分析法,水位测量精度大幅提升,均方根误差(RMSE)平均降低了66%,且多频数据融合后RMSE达到了1.8 cm,整体上BDS的水位反演性能与GPS相当。

基于GNSS双天线测姿的水位监测方法

水位监测是雨水情监测预报“第三道防线”中的重要内容,精确、实时的水位监测在洪涝灾害防御中至关重要。水位计是最常见的水位测量工具,其能有效测量特定区域的相对水位信息,但往往存在成本较高、空间分辨率较低等问题。由于全球导航卫星系统反射测量(Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry,GNSS-R)技术具有低成本、高时空分辨率的优势,因此提出了一种基于全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)双天线测姿的实时水位监测新方法。该方法通过双差观测组合,消除了卫星钟差、接收机钟差、电离层延迟、对流层延迟等误差。为了验证该方法的稳定性和可靠性,在北京市东沙河站开展现场试验。2023年6月5日至7月10日的实验结果表明该方法可以实现1 Hz的水位监测,与现场水尺数据相比,均方根误差为2.88 cm。

面向电力管廊外破监测的分布式光纤传感技术研究

电力管廊是城市里重要的基础设施,对其结构和状态进行监测及评估备受关注。本文针对电力管廊外力破坏监测的问题,提出一种基于衰减补偿的光时域差分曲线方差阈值定位振动事件的方案,并通过实验论证了其定位外破事件的准确性。该方案基于相敏型光时域反射系统架构,根据管廊外破事件引起的光纤振动导致光时域反射曲线在该事件位置处混乱度急剧增加的现象,对不同测量序列得到的光时域反射曲线作差,然后对光纤各位置对应的差值向量数据求方差,设定方差阈值定位外破事件。同时,考虑到光纤衰减导致方差阈值随距离增加而降低的问题,采用衰减补偿算法使光纤上任意散射位置对应相同的脉冲功率水平,从而修正光纤衰减对方差阈值的影响。实验搭建了分布式光纤振动传感系统,采用脉宽为30 ns、峰值功率为30 dBm的光脉冲,在约25 km的光纤范围,获得±3 m的定位精度。电力管廊外力破坏事件,具有低频、大扰动、持续长的特点,所提出系统方案通过曲线平均抑制瑞利散射衰落噪声,结合光纤衰减补偿校正散射信号幅值,从而将振动事件引起的光信号相位变化作为探测曲线波动的主导因素,以确保对外力破坏事件不漏报、不误报。