The greenness （SPAD） of uneven-aged leaves of dominant species in the Castanopsis carlessi forest at different altitude gradients in Lingshishan National Forest Park, Fujian Province, China were measured by using po...The greenness （SPAD） of uneven-aged leaves of dominant species in the Castanopsis carlessi forest at different altitude gradients in Lingshishan National Forest Park, Fujian Province, China were measured by using portable chlorophyll meter SPAD-502. In addition, the correlation between SPAD value and the concentration of chlorophyll and foliar nitrogen was also investigated. Significant variations in SPAD values were found between the uneven-aged leaves of different dominant species and different altitude gradients. Regression analysis showed that SPAD value was significantly correlated with the concentration of chlorophyll and the content of foliar nitrogen, indicating that SPAD value could be indicators for foliar chlorophyll and nitrogen. It is suggested that SPAD meter is a useful tool for forest assessments in decision-making and operational nutrient management programs.展开更多
The quantitatively/semi-quantitatively formation conditions of vertical dominant hydrocarbon migration pathways were analyzed based on the big data analysis of petroleum geological parameters of complex fault Zone zon...The quantitatively/semi-quantitatively formation conditions of vertical dominant hydrocarbon migration pathways were analyzed based on the big data analysis of petroleum geological parameters of complex fault Zone zone in the central-south Bohai Bay. According to this condition, the vertical dominant migration pathway and its charge points/segments are searched through structural modeling assistant analysis in the East Sag of Huanghekou. Under the constraints of charge points/segments, numerical simulation of hydrocarbon charge and migration is carried out to successfully predict hydrocarbon migration pathways and hydrocarbon enrichment blocks in shallow layers of complex fault zone. The main results are as follows:(1) The hydrocarbon charge in shallow layers of the active fault zone is differential, the charge points/sections of vertical dominant migration pathways are the starting points of shallow hydrocarbon migration and are very important for the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in the shallow layers.(2) Among the shallow faults, those cutting the deep transfer bins or deep major migration pathways, with fault throw of more than 80 m in the accumulation period and the juxtaposition thickness between fault and caprock of the deep layers of less than 400 m are likely to be vertical dominant migration pathways in the sag area.(3) By controlling the vertical dominant migration pathways and charging points/segments in carrier layer, Neo-tectonic movement caused the differential hydrocarbon accumulation in the complex fault zone. The research results are of great significance for the fine exploration of the complex fault zone.展开更多
为全面评价生态气候因子对湖北省烟叶生长发育的影响,利用2008—2020年中国气象局陆面数据同化系统(CMA land data assimilation system,CLDAS)数据集和其他环境因子,基于最大熵模型(MaxEnt),利用湖北省西部烟区实际种植点位模拟湖北省...为全面评价生态气候因子对湖北省烟叶生长发育的影响,利用2008—2020年中国气象局陆面数据同化系统(CMA land data assimilation system,CLDAS)数据集和其他环境因子,基于最大熵模型(MaxEnt),利用湖北省西部烟区实际种植点位模拟湖北省烟区的潜在适宜性分布,并评估影响适宜性分布的主导环境因子。结果显示:MaxEnt模型对烟草适宜性分布的模拟预测精度较高(AUC=0.854)。海拔(650~1750 m)、土壤类型(黄壤)、团棵期平均最低气温(8.9~15.0℃)、旺长期平均气温(16.0~22.9℃)、成熟期平均气温(18.8~25.6℃)是影响湖北烟草分布的主导环境因子。烟草的高适生区主要分布在恩施、十堰和襄阳南部及宜昌东南部,占湖北省总面积的18.2%,80%区域的海拔为700~1350 m、团棵期平均最低气温11.2~14.5℃、旺长期平均气温19.2~22.8℃、成熟期平均气温22.0~25.4℃。在所有环境因子中,海拔高度起决定性作用,温度则是影响烟草生长发育的重要气象因子。研究表明,本研究结果与湖北烟区实际空间分布基本相符。展开更多
Despite the development of information and communication technologies, mobility still remains an important factor in the development of the social capital, by promoting social interactions. However, rural African popu...Despite the development of information and communication technologies, mobility still remains an important factor in the development of the social capital, by promoting social interactions. However, rural African populations face more difficulties getting around than city dwellers. In addition, studies on mobility in Africa are relatively weak. In rural African areas, this ignorance of mobility is even more important. It is necessary to identify the characteristics and the spatial structure of mobility flows before starting any reflection on solutions, particularly in terms of spatial allocation of transport resources. Our main objective is to map the current movement flows in the Niakhar area. We chose to use the cartographic approach to analyze mobility flows. The data come from a survey carried out in 2018, as part of the French Institute of Research for Development (IRD) Niakhar Atlas project. For the data analysis, we used 4 methods: dominant flux method, net flux calculation method, directional mean statistics and areal interpolation. The results revealed differences in mobility behavior depending on the season and in space, and the existence of three dominant centers: Ngayokhème, Diohine and Toucar. They also made it possible to highlight the main directions of the flows and the scalar fields of mobility.展开更多
Species relative dominance by basal area was assessed along an agro ecological gradient in the Mau Forest Complex (MFC). Trees were recorded per species and diameter at breast height (D1.3) for size class D1.3 ≥ 10 c...Species relative dominance by basal area was assessed along an agro ecological gradient in the Mau Forest Complex (MFC). Trees were recorded per species and diameter at breast height (D1.3) for size class D1.3 ≥ 10 cm in 60 quarter hectare plots distributed in 7 agro ecological zones (AEZ) namely LH1, LH2, LH3, LH4, UH0, UH1 and UH2. Basal area per species was used to calculate species relative dominance i.e. the proportion of basal area by a species to the total basal area of the AEZ. Species associations were analysed as the group of highly ranked species in each AEZ. Sorensons similarity index was used to calculate the proportion of similar species among AEZ. Analysis of variance compared basal area among AEZ and Tukey’s multiple comparison test used to identify specific AEZ with differences. Tabernaemontana stapfiana (Britten) was ranked first in LH1, UH1 and UH0 with relative dominance values of 22.66%, 22.89% and 30.73% respectively. It was however not recorded in any other AEZs. Dombeya goetzenii (K. Schum) occurred in 6 of the 7 AEZs but had moderate dominance values in each of the 6 AEZs. The sum of dominance values per species in all AEZs indicated no species mono-dominance and different species dominated at different AEZs. Co-dominance resulted in species associations like Tabernaemontana-Allophylus-Eke-bergia-Albizia in LH1, Juniperus-Dombeya-Casearia-Prunus in LH2, Acokanthera-Cussonia-Olea-Teclea in LH4 and Tabernaemontana-Syzygium-Podocarpus-Neoboutonia in UH1. Species richness was highest in UH1 and had the highest similarity indices with those of other AEZs. The UH1 had a species similarity of 67% with LH1, 63% with LH2 and 56% with LH4. However, species in the very humid zone UH0 differed with those of the drier lower highland zones (UH0 vs LH3 and vs LH4 = 31% and 37% respectively). Basal area differed significantly among AEZ ( = 3.76) showing that they differ in stocking levels. Tukeys test showed that high potential zones of LH1, LH2, UH0, UH1 did not differ and similarly the lower potential zones;LH3 and LH4. The results show that the variation of species and forest stocking in the MFC is strongly influenced by AEZ and proposes future biomass mapping to be done along AEZ.展开更多
Seasonal variations and causes for these were elaborated for fishery resources in Shenzhen sea area,to provide scientific basis for sustainable utilization and management of fishery resources in typical fisheries of S...Seasonal variations and causes for these were elaborated for fishery resources in Shenzhen sea area,to provide scientific basis for sustainable utilization and management of fishery resources in typical fisheries of South China Sea coasts. Based on the data of fishery resources collected through trawl surveys in Egong Bay fisheries area,Shenzhen,from August( autumn) and December( winter) of 2012 to March(spring) and May(summer) of 2013,seasonal variation of nekton species composition,stock density,dominant species composition,size spectra and biodiversity were studied. Results showed that there were 113 species of nekton in Shenzhen sea area,which belonged to 78 genus,50 families,14 orders and 3 classes. The number of species was the largest in summer(61 species) and smallest in autumn(53 species). In spring and winter,there was 56 species. The stock density and individual density of nekton were the minimum in summer(5950. 20 kg/km2 and 356. 45 ind/km2,respectively),whereas the percentage of fish stock density and individual density were the highest in summer(51. 99%and 42. 19%). The seasonal variations of size spectra indicated that fishing intensity was the highest in autumn,and was the lowest in summer. Additionally,biodiversity index presented significant seasonal variations,including Shannon-Wiener diversity index( H '),Margalef richness index( D') and Pielou evenness index( J'),with the same trend as summer > spring > autumn > winter. In conclusion,there are clear seasonal variations in the nekton species,biomass and structure in Egong Bay fisheries area in Shenzhen. Due to the difference in fishing intensity in different seasons( low intensity in summer and high intensity in autumn),community structure and function in summer are more stable than that in autumn and winter. Particularly,with the increase in the fishing intensity in autumn,k selection species will be replaced by r selection species.展开更多
Measuring the floor area of a building may seem a straightforward activity,but it is not.What to be included and what to be considered vary in virtually every country,and definitions such as GFA(gross floor area),NRA(...Measuring the floor area of a building may seem a straightforward activity,but it is not.What to be included and what to be considered vary in virtually every country,and definitions such as GFA(gross floor area),NRA(net rentable area),etc.are also misleading as they are not consistent.In an era in which international actors contribute for projects in all major cities,having a consistent system to measure the floor area of a building is of the utmost importance.Consistent measurements allow not just for easier and better design,but also for the comparison of buildings,as the floor area is the nominator of all parameters of sustainability,energy consumption,construction cost,occupancy ratios,cleaning fees,etc.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 30671664)
文摘The greenness （SPAD） of uneven-aged leaves of dominant species in the Castanopsis carlessi forest at different altitude gradients in Lingshishan National Forest Park, Fujian Province, China were measured by using portable chlorophyll meter SPAD-502. In addition, the correlation between SPAD value and the concentration of chlorophyll and foliar nitrogen was also investigated. Significant variations in SPAD values were found between the uneven-aged leaves of different dominant species and different altitude gradients. Regression analysis showed that SPAD value was significantly correlated with the concentration of chlorophyll and the content of foliar nitrogen, indicating that SPAD value could be indicators for foliar chlorophyll and nitrogen. It is suggested that SPAD meter is a useful tool for forest assessments in decision-making and operational nutrient management programs.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05024-003)
文摘The quantitatively/semi-quantitatively formation conditions of vertical dominant hydrocarbon migration pathways were analyzed based on the big data analysis of petroleum geological parameters of complex fault Zone zone in the central-south Bohai Bay. According to this condition, the vertical dominant migration pathway and its charge points/segments are searched through structural modeling assistant analysis in the East Sag of Huanghekou. Under the constraints of charge points/segments, numerical simulation of hydrocarbon charge and migration is carried out to successfully predict hydrocarbon migration pathways and hydrocarbon enrichment blocks in shallow layers of complex fault zone. The main results are as follows:(1) The hydrocarbon charge in shallow layers of the active fault zone is differential, the charge points/sections of vertical dominant migration pathways are the starting points of shallow hydrocarbon migration and are very important for the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in the shallow layers.(2) Among the shallow faults, those cutting the deep transfer bins or deep major migration pathways, with fault throw of more than 80 m in the accumulation period and the juxtaposition thickness between fault and caprock of the deep layers of less than 400 m are likely to be vertical dominant migration pathways in the sag area.(3) By controlling the vertical dominant migration pathways and charging points/segments in carrier layer, Neo-tectonic movement caused the differential hydrocarbon accumulation in the complex fault zone. The research results are of great significance for the fine exploration of the complex fault zone.
文摘为全面评价生态气候因子对湖北省烟叶生长发育的影响,利用2008—2020年中国气象局陆面数据同化系统(CMA land data assimilation system,CLDAS)数据集和其他环境因子,基于最大熵模型(MaxEnt),利用湖北省西部烟区实际种植点位模拟湖北省烟区的潜在适宜性分布,并评估影响适宜性分布的主导环境因子。结果显示:MaxEnt模型对烟草适宜性分布的模拟预测精度较高(AUC=0.854)。海拔(650~1750 m)、土壤类型(黄壤)、团棵期平均最低气温(8.9~15.0℃)、旺长期平均气温(16.0~22.9℃)、成熟期平均气温(18.8~25.6℃)是影响湖北烟草分布的主导环境因子。烟草的高适生区主要分布在恩施、十堰和襄阳南部及宜昌东南部,占湖北省总面积的18.2%,80%区域的海拔为700~1350 m、团棵期平均最低气温11.2~14.5℃、旺长期平均气温19.2~22.8℃、成熟期平均气温22.0~25.4℃。在所有环境因子中,海拔高度起决定性作用,温度则是影响烟草生长发育的重要气象因子。研究表明,本研究结果与湖北烟区实际空间分布基本相符。
文摘Despite the development of information and communication technologies, mobility still remains an important factor in the development of the social capital, by promoting social interactions. However, rural African populations face more difficulties getting around than city dwellers. In addition, studies on mobility in Africa are relatively weak. In rural African areas, this ignorance of mobility is even more important. It is necessary to identify the characteristics and the spatial structure of mobility flows before starting any reflection on solutions, particularly in terms of spatial allocation of transport resources. Our main objective is to map the current movement flows in the Niakhar area. We chose to use the cartographic approach to analyze mobility flows. The data come from a survey carried out in 2018, as part of the French Institute of Research for Development (IRD) Niakhar Atlas project. For the data analysis, we used 4 methods: dominant flux method, net flux calculation method, directional mean statistics and areal interpolation. The results revealed differences in mobility behavior depending on the season and in space, and the existence of three dominant centers: Ngayokhème, Diohine and Toucar. They also made it possible to highlight the main directions of the flows and the scalar fields of mobility.
文摘Species relative dominance by basal area was assessed along an agro ecological gradient in the Mau Forest Complex (MFC). Trees were recorded per species and diameter at breast height (D1.3) for size class D1.3 ≥ 10 cm in 60 quarter hectare plots distributed in 7 agro ecological zones (AEZ) namely LH1, LH2, LH3, LH4, UH0, UH1 and UH2. Basal area per species was used to calculate species relative dominance i.e. the proportion of basal area by a species to the total basal area of the AEZ. Species associations were analysed as the group of highly ranked species in each AEZ. Sorensons similarity index was used to calculate the proportion of similar species among AEZ. Analysis of variance compared basal area among AEZ and Tukey’s multiple comparison test used to identify specific AEZ with differences. Tabernaemontana stapfiana (Britten) was ranked first in LH1, UH1 and UH0 with relative dominance values of 22.66%, 22.89% and 30.73% respectively. It was however not recorded in any other AEZs. Dombeya goetzenii (K. Schum) occurred in 6 of the 7 AEZs but had moderate dominance values in each of the 6 AEZs. The sum of dominance values per species in all AEZs indicated no species mono-dominance and different species dominated at different AEZs. Co-dominance resulted in species associations like Tabernaemontana-Allophylus-Eke-bergia-Albizia in LH1, Juniperus-Dombeya-Casearia-Prunus in LH2, Acokanthera-Cussonia-Olea-Teclea in LH4 and Tabernaemontana-Syzygium-Podocarpus-Neoboutonia in UH1. Species richness was highest in UH1 and had the highest similarity indices with those of other AEZs. The UH1 had a species similarity of 67% with LH1, 63% with LH2 and 56% with LH4. However, species in the very humid zone UH0 differed with those of the drier lower highland zones (UH0 vs LH3 and vs LH4 = 31% and 37% respectively). Basal area differed significantly among AEZ ( = 3.76) showing that they differ in stocking levels. Tukeys test showed that high potential zones of LH1, LH2, UH0, UH1 did not differ and similarly the lower potential zones;LH3 and LH4. The results show that the variation of species and forest stocking in the MFC is strongly influenced by AEZ and proposes future biomass mapping to be done along AEZ.
基金Supported by National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2012BAD18B01&2012BAD18B02)Science and Technology Planning Project of Shenzhen(JSGG20141015154342147&JCYJ20160331141759795)
文摘Seasonal variations and causes for these were elaborated for fishery resources in Shenzhen sea area,to provide scientific basis for sustainable utilization and management of fishery resources in typical fisheries of South China Sea coasts. Based on the data of fishery resources collected through trawl surveys in Egong Bay fisheries area,Shenzhen,from August( autumn) and December( winter) of 2012 to March(spring) and May(summer) of 2013,seasonal variation of nekton species composition,stock density,dominant species composition,size spectra and biodiversity were studied. Results showed that there were 113 species of nekton in Shenzhen sea area,which belonged to 78 genus,50 families,14 orders and 3 classes. The number of species was the largest in summer(61 species) and smallest in autumn(53 species). In spring and winter,there was 56 species. The stock density and individual density of nekton were the minimum in summer(5950. 20 kg/km2 and 356. 45 ind/km2,respectively),whereas the percentage of fish stock density and individual density were the highest in summer(51. 99%and 42. 19%). The seasonal variations of size spectra indicated that fishing intensity was the highest in autumn,and was the lowest in summer. Additionally,biodiversity index presented significant seasonal variations,including Shannon-Wiener diversity index( H '),Margalef richness index( D') and Pielou evenness index( J'),with the same trend as summer > spring > autumn > winter. In conclusion,there are clear seasonal variations in the nekton species,biomass and structure in Egong Bay fisheries area in Shenzhen. Due to the difference in fishing intensity in different seasons( low intensity in summer and high intensity in autumn),community structure and function in summer are more stable than that in autumn and winter. Particularly,with the increase in the fishing intensity in autumn,k selection species will be replaced by r selection species.
文摘Measuring the floor area of a building may seem a straightforward activity,but it is not.What to be included and what to be considered vary in virtually every country,and definitions such as GFA(gross floor area),NRA(net rentable area),etc.are also misleading as they are not consistent.In an era in which international actors contribute for projects in all major cities,having a consistent system to measure the floor area of a building is of the utmost importance.Consistent measurements allow not just for easier and better design,but also for the comparison of buildings,as the floor area is the nominator of all parameters of sustainability,energy consumption,construction cost,occupancy ratios,cleaning fees,etc.
