针对无线传感器网络中如何准确获取节点位置信息的问题,研究了多径传播条件下基于到达时间(Time-of-Arrival,TOA)并兼顾路径时延的目标定位问题。所提算法在高斯噪声假设基础上,首先根据时间-距离观测模型推导出包含目标位置坐标及时延...针对无线传感器网络中如何准确获取节点位置信息的问题,研究了多径传播条件下基于到达时间(Time-of-Arrival,TOA)并兼顾路径时延的目标定位问题。所提算法在高斯噪声假设基础上,首先根据时间-距离观测模型推导出包含目标位置坐标及时延的测量方程;然后基于加权最小二乘(Weighted Least Squares,WLS)准则,计算出在目标坐标估计性能上严密逼近Cramér-Rao下界(CRLB)的解;最后通过理论分析得出位置和时延的误差方差及算法开销。仿真测试了单节点及多节点场景下测距误差对定位和延时性能的影响,结果表明,所提出算法的估计性能非常接近CRLB的估计性能,明显优于两步加权最小二乘(Two Step Weighted Least Squares,TSWLS)方法。展开更多
为降低超宽带(ultra wide band,UWB)定位系统运行负担,实现对目标位置的精确化估计,基于UWB定位系统,提出一种信号到达时间(time of arrival,TOA)联合到达方向(direction of arrival,DOA)估计的UWB定位方法。首先,介绍了UWB定位系统模...为降低超宽带(ultra wide band,UWB)定位系统运行负担,实现对目标位置的精确化估计,基于UWB定位系统,提出一种信号到达时间(time of arrival,TOA)联合到达方向(direction of arrival,DOA)估计的UWB定位方法。首先,介绍了UWB定位系统模型以及混合参数定位法理论基础。其次,对TOA联合DOA估计算法的理论基础和相关算法进行概述。最后,采用实验仿真的方式,验证该定位方法的有效性和可靠性。结果表明,该定位方法具有简单易行等特点,在估计时延、角度方面表现出较高的精确度,符合实际应用需求。展开更多
针对超声波传感器测量过程中方位角存在不确定性的问题,提出了一种基于超声反射波到达时间(Time of Arrival,TOA)的目标距离及方位角的测量方法,并据此发展了基于超声探测的环境感知方法 .基于混合高斯拟合对回波信号进行处理,消除了信...针对超声波传感器测量过程中方位角存在不确定性的问题,提出了一种基于超声反射波到达时间(Time of Arrival,TOA)的目标距离及方位角的测量方法,并据此发展了基于超声探测的环境感知方法 .基于混合高斯拟合对回波信号进行处理,消除了信号串扰问题,提高了目标距离和方位信息的测量精度.基于传感器波束角的特性,实现了不同距离下目标的同时测量.通过引入“不确定度”,构建信度分配函数,采用DSmT(Dezert-Smarandache Theory)方法进行数据融合,实现地图更新.搭建了实验装置与实验环境,并对相关方法进行了实验验证,实验结果表明,通过135次测量即可实现对环境基本轮廓的建图,建图误差在3 cm以内.展开更多
The effect of vibratory stress relief (VSR) is usually evaluated with the indirect method of observing the change of amplitude frequency response characteristics of structures. A new kind of evaluating method of VSR...The effect of vibratory stress relief (VSR) is usually evaluated with the indirect method of observing the change of amplitude frequency response characteristics of structures. A new kind of evaluating method of VSR based on the ultrasonic time-of-arrival method (UTM), which can obtain the residual stress directly through measuring the propagation time of ultrasonic wave in the material, is presented. At first, the principle of the measuring method of residual stress based on UTM is analyzed. Then the measuring system of the method is described, which is in virtue of ultrasonic flaw detector and high-sampling-rate digital oscillograph. And a set of calibration system that contains a piece of standard specimen is also introduced. Experimental results prove the relation between the residual stress and the propagation time of ultrasonic in workpieces. Finally, the measuring and calibration systems are applied in evaluating the effect of VSR. The final test results show that the method is effective.展开更多
Dear Editor,This paper is concerned with the underwater localization based on acoustic signals. Specifically, we will focus on the search of an underwater target that can constantly broadcast a beacon signal, such as ...Dear Editor,This paper is concerned with the underwater localization based on acoustic signals. Specifically, we will focus on the search of an underwater target that can constantly broadcast a beacon signal, such as a black box. Common measurements for localization are Doppler shift [1], time of arrival(ToA) [2]–[4], time difference of arrival(TDoA) [5], [6], angle of arrival(AoA) [7], etc.展开更多
A model of an angle-spread source, termed the “Gaussian Channel Model” is considered. The cumulative distribution function of the Time-of-Arrival of the multipath components is derived for an arbitrary angle spread....A model of an angle-spread source, termed the “Gaussian Channel Model” is considered. The cumulative distribution function of the Time-of-Arrival of the multipath components is derived for an arbitrary angle spread. The simple approximate expressions for the Time-of-Arrival cumulative distribution function and probability density function are proposed. Numerical results obtained with the help of the derived expressions show the good coincidence with the experimental data and other known results.展开更多
For the underwater long baseline(LBL)positioning systems,the traditional distance intersection algorithm simplifies the sound speed to a constant,and calculates the underwa-ter target position parameters with a nonlin...For the underwater long baseline(LBL)positioning systems,the traditional distance intersection algorithm simplifies the sound speed to a constant,and calculates the underwa-ter target position parameters with a nonlinear iteration.However,due to the complex underwater environment,the sound speed changes with time and space,and then the acoustic propagation path is actually a curve,which inevitably causes some errors to the traditional distance intersection positioning algorithm.To reduce the position error caused by the uncertain underwater sound speed,a new time of arrival(TOA)intersection underwater positioning algorithm of LBL system is proposed.Firstly,combined with the vertical layered model of the underwater sound speed,an implicit positioning model of TOA intersection is constructed through the constant gradient acoustic ray tracing.And then an optimization function based on the overall TOA residual square sum is advanced to solve the position parameters for the underwater target.Moreover,the particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm is replaced with the tra-ditional nonlinear least square method to optimize the implicit positioning model of TOA intersection.Compared with the traditional distance intersection positioning model,the TOA intersec-tion positioning model is more suitable for the engineering practice and the optimization algorithm is more effective.Simulation results show that the proposed methods in this paper can effectively improve the positioning accuracy for the underwater target.展开更多
针对广域多点定位系统中接收信号信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)低导致到达时间(time of arrival,TOA)提取不准确的问题,提出了一种匹配滤波结合非相干积累的联合TOA估计算法,该算法能够有效降低匹配滤波法在低SNR下TOA估计的均方...针对广域多点定位系统中接收信号信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)低导致到达时间(time of arrival,TOA)提取不准确的问题,提出了一种匹配滤波结合非相干积累的联合TOA估计算法,该算法能够有效降低匹配滤波法在低SNR下TOA估计的均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE).联合算法通过对二次雷达驻留时间内接收的应答信号的匹配滤波输出做非相干积累,在最大值点处标记时间戳进行TOA估计,利用能量累积原理提高SNR,从而使得估计精确度得以提升.仿真结果表明:该算法可在-15 dB SNR,53 MHz采样频率及9个积累信号时,达到24.302 ns的TOA估计精确度.所提联合TOA估计算法具有高精确度与高稳健性的特点,能够在-15~0 dB SNR将估计精确度提升至25 ns以下,为提取低SNR S模式信号TOA进而提升广域多点定位精确度提供了一种有效的方法.展开更多
文中提出了一种利用少量传感器和少量快拍实现多目标波达时间(Time of Arrival,TOA)和波达方向(Direction Of Arrival,DOA)联合估计的方法。该方法设计了一种基于移动平台的完全稀疏阵列,保证不同时间的阵列位置合成后不存在重叠,并且...文中提出了一种利用少量传感器和少量快拍实现多目标波达时间(Time of Arrival,TOA)和波达方向(Direction Of Arrival,DOA)联合估计的方法。该方法设计了一种基于移动平台的完全稀疏阵列,保证不同时间的阵列位置合成后不存在重叠,并且通过差分变换可以得到更大的阵列孔径。同时,考虑了载波频率变换场景下一种新的稀疏采样方法,可以利用少量的快拍得到大量的虚拟数据,进而能够实现小快拍条件下TOA/DOA的精确估计。仿真结果表明,与传统的均匀线性阵列结合均匀采样的方式相比,文中所提方法能够识别更多的目标。同时,该方法的估计精度优于基于固定平台的嵌套阵列结合嵌套采样的方式。展开更多
在室内TOA(time of arrival)定位中,严重的多径和非视距现象造成测距误差较大。如何降低测距误差对定位精度的影响是室内精确定位系统的重要挑战。首先介绍了基于RSSI的室内TOA测距误差分级模型(RSSI based indoor TOA ranging errormod...在室内TOA(time of arrival)定位中,严重的多径和非视距现象造成测距误差较大。如何降低测距误差对定位精度的影响是室内精确定位系统的重要挑战。首先介绍了基于RSSI的室内TOA测距误差分级模型(RSSI based indoor TOA ranging errormodel,RITEM),该模型根据测距过程的RSSI值大小,将测距误差划分为4个等级,且各个等级的误差区间和对应的RSSI值区间可以通过现场测试获得。将RITEM应用到定位算法中,提出一种基于误差分级的室内TOA定位算法(ranging error classi-fication based indoor TOA localization algorithm,REC)。算法根据TOA测距过程中的RSSI值和RITEM实时估计测距误差级别和误差范围,利用极大似然法求得定位区域中标签最大概率位置作为定位结果。仿真和实际测试结果显示,在实际室内环境中,REC定位算法具有较高的定位精度,且平均定位误差、定位误差均方差和90%定位误差、最大定位误差等性能明显好于LS、CN-TOAG、Nano算法。展开更多
针对IR-UWB(impulse radio-ultra wideband)测距定位系统中目前已有的几种非相干TOA(time of arrival)估计算法的不足,提出了一种基于能量采样序列的最大最小值比(MMR,maximum to minimum energy sample ratio)进行归一化门限设置的TC(t...针对IR-UWB(impulse radio-ultra wideband)测距定位系统中目前已有的几种非相干TOA(time of arrival)估计算法的不足,提出了一种基于能量采样序列的最大最小值比(MMR,maximum to minimum energy sample ratio)进行归一化门限设置的TC(threshold comparison)算法。通过仿真考察了最优归一化门限与MMR之间的关系,建立了以MMR为参量的最优归一化门限计算模型。该模型独立于信道模式,具有极好的通用性;同时还考虑了能量积分周期的影响,使得模型无须任何更动即可应用到不同的能量积分周期取值情况下,极大地增强了模型的灵活性。与已有的几种非相干TOA估计算法的性能对比表明,基于MMR进行门限设置的MMR-TC算法在所有信噪比范围内均能取得最优性能,验证了算法的有效性。展开更多
针对矿井TOA(Time of Arrival)定位精度易受电磁波NLOS(Non Line of Sight)传播时延的影响,且不能满足井下应急救援、人员作业管理以及矿井物联网建设等需求的问题,通过对NLOS时延参考模型和矿井巷道设备运动特点的分析,将巷道电磁波NLO...针对矿井TOA(Time of Arrival)定位精度易受电磁波NLOS(Non Line of Sight)传播时延的影响,且不能满足井下应急救援、人员作业管理以及矿井物联网建设等需求的问题,通过对NLOS时延参考模型和矿井巷道设备运动特点的分析,将巷道电磁波NLOS传播时延分为随机NLOS时延和固定NLOS时延,结合两类NLOS时延造成测距误差的特点,提出了基于改进卡尔曼滤波和参数拟合的矿井TOA定位方法。为了消除由矿井巷道中机车等移动设备以及不规律设置设备引起的、具有随机性和难以定量分析等特点的巷道随机NLOS时延误差,设计了将新息阈值引入卡尔曼滤波器中,提高其系统对脉冲误差的滤除能力的方法;为了抑制由矿井巷道中固定设施及设备造成的具有稳定性的巷道固定NLOS时延误差,建立了巷道测距误差模型,构建了井下固有设备参数与定位估计值间的函数关系,通过参数拟合与投影几何算法来提高系统的定位精度。仿真结果显示,测量数据经过基于新息阈值的卡尔曼滤波器处理之后,误差曲线趋于平稳,定位误差保持在1.9~3.1m,再经参数拟合和几何算法处理后,定位误差在0~0.8m,平均误差由2.4m降为0.3m;且相比于SDS-TWR(Symmetric Double-Sided Two-Way Ranging)方法、卡尔曼滤波和指纹定位方法以及卡尔曼滤波和参数拟合方法,所提方法平均定位误差分别减小了3.4,0.4和0.6m。从而表明所提方法对TOA定位误差具有较明显的抑制作用,可以实现TOA方法在矿井NLOS环境中的有效应用。展开更多
深入研究了UWB(ultra wideband)无线传感器网络中基于匹配滤波门限检测的TOA(time of arrival)估计算法.针对现有算法的不足,提出了一种三步TOA估计算法:先确定DP(direct path)搜索区域,然后使用门限检测确定DP的粗略位置,最后精确搜索...深入研究了UWB(ultra wideband)无线传感器网络中基于匹配滤波门限检测的TOA(time of arrival)估计算法.针对现有算法的不足,提出了一种三步TOA估计算法:先确定DP(direct path)搜索区域,然后使用门限检测确定DP的粗略位置,最后精确搜索到DP的中心.其中,用于计算检测门限的门限因子依据匹配滤波输出的峭度动态设置,设置模型独立于信道模式,其正确性通过与使用固定门限因子所获得的性能对比进行了验证.与其他算法的性能对比仿真结果表明,所提出的三步TOA估计算法在运算效率和TOA估计精度上取得了较好折衷,适合于当前实际应用.还通过对TOA估计误差的统计分析讨论了测距结果的可信度:依据峭度将测距结果划分为可信和不可信两个级别,并为各级别的TOA估计误差分别了建立概率密度模型.在定位模块中有效利用这些可信度信息,可进一步提高定位精度.展开更多
文摘针对无线传感器网络中如何准确获取节点位置信息的问题,研究了多径传播条件下基于到达时间(Time-of-Arrival,TOA)并兼顾路径时延的目标定位问题。所提算法在高斯噪声假设基础上,首先根据时间-距离观测模型推导出包含目标位置坐标及时延的测量方程;然后基于加权最小二乘(Weighted Least Squares,WLS)准则,计算出在目标坐标估计性能上严密逼近Cramér-Rao下界(CRLB)的解;最后通过理论分析得出位置和时延的误差方差及算法开销。仿真测试了单节点及多节点场景下测距误差对定位和延时性能的影响,结果表明,所提出算法的估计性能非常接近CRLB的估计性能,明显优于两步加权最小二乘(Two Step Weighted Least Squares,TSWLS)方法。
文摘为降低超宽带(ultra wide band,UWB)定位系统运行负担,实现对目标位置的精确化估计,基于UWB定位系统,提出一种信号到达时间(time of arrival,TOA)联合到达方向(direction of arrival,DOA)估计的UWB定位方法。首先,介绍了UWB定位系统模型以及混合参数定位法理论基础。其次,对TOA联合DOA估计算法的理论基础和相关算法进行概述。最后,采用实验仿真的方式,验证该定位方法的有效性和可靠性。结果表明,该定位方法具有简单易行等特点,在估计时延、角度方面表现出较高的精确度,符合实际应用需求。
基金This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50305036).
文摘The effect of vibratory stress relief (VSR) is usually evaluated with the indirect method of observing the change of amplitude frequency response characteristics of structures. A new kind of evaluating method of VSR based on the ultrasonic time-of-arrival method (UTM), which can obtain the residual stress directly through measuring the propagation time of ultrasonic wave in the material, is presented. At first, the principle of the measuring method of residual stress based on UTM is analyzed. Then the measuring system of the method is described, which is in virtue of ultrasonic flaw detector and high-sampling-rate digital oscillograph. And a set of calibration system that contains a piece of standard specimen is also introduced. Experimental results prove the relation between the residual stress and the propagation time of ultrasonic in workpieces. Finally, the measuring and calibration systems are applied in evaluating the effect of VSR. The final test results show that the method is effective.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62201162)the HKUST(GZ)(Start-Up Founding,G0101000066)+3 种基金the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council(NSERC)of Canada(RGPIN-201803792)the IET Sensor TECH(5404-2061-101)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20190733)the NUPTSF(NY219166)。
文摘Dear Editor,This paper is concerned with the underwater localization based on acoustic signals. Specifically, we will focus on the search of an underwater target that can constantly broadcast a beacon signal, such as a black box. Common measurements for localization are Doppler shift [1], time of arrival(ToA) [2]–[4], time difference of arrival(TDoA) [5], [6], angle of arrival(AoA) [7], etc.
文摘A model of an angle-spread source, termed the “Gaussian Channel Model” is considered. The cumulative distribution function of the Time-of-Arrival of the multipath components is derived for an arbitrary angle spread. The simple approximate expressions for the Time-of-Arrival cumulative distribution function and probability density function are proposed. Numerical results obtained with the help of the derived expressions show the good coincidence with the experimental data and other known results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61903086,61903366,62001115)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2019JJ50745,2020JJ4280,2021JJ40133)the Fundamentals and Basic of Applications Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019A1515110136).
文摘For the underwater long baseline(LBL)positioning systems,the traditional distance intersection algorithm simplifies the sound speed to a constant,and calculates the underwa-ter target position parameters with a nonlinear iteration.However,due to the complex underwater environment,the sound speed changes with time and space,and then the acoustic propagation path is actually a curve,which inevitably causes some errors to the traditional distance intersection positioning algorithm.To reduce the position error caused by the uncertain underwater sound speed,a new time of arrival(TOA)intersection underwater positioning algorithm of LBL system is proposed.Firstly,combined with the vertical layered model of the underwater sound speed,an implicit positioning model of TOA intersection is constructed through the constant gradient acoustic ray tracing.And then an optimization function based on the overall TOA residual square sum is advanced to solve the position parameters for the underwater target.Moreover,the particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm is replaced with the tra-ditional nonlinear least square method to optimize the implicit positioning model of TOA intersection.Compared with the traditional distance intersection positioning model,the TOA intersec-tion positioning model is more suitable for the engineering practice and the optimization algorithm is more effective.Simulation results show that the proposed methods in this paper can effectively improve the positioning accuracy for the underwater target.
文摘针对广域多点定位系统中接收信号信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)低导致到达时间(time of arrival,TOA)提取不准确的问题,提出了一种匹配滤波结合非相干积累的联合TOA估计算法,该算法能够有效降低匹配滤波法在低SNR下TOA估计的均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE).联合算法通过对二次雷达驻留时间内接收的应答信号的匹配滤波输出做非相干积累,在最大值点处标记时间戳进行TOA估计,利用能量累积原理提高SNR,从而使得估计精确度得以提升.仿真结果表明:该算法可在-15 dB SNR,53 MHz采样频率及9个积累信号时,达到24.302 ns的TOA估计精确度.所提联合TOA估计算法具有高精确度与高稳健性的特点,能够在-15~0 dB SNR将估计精确度提升至25 ns以下,为提取低SNR S模式信号TOA进而提升广域多点定位精确度提供了一种有效的方法.
文摘文中提出了一种利用少量传感器和少量快拍实现多目标波达时间(Time of Arrival,TOA)和波达方向(Direction Of Arrival,DOA)联合估计的方法。该方法设计了一种基于移动平台的完全稀疏阵列,保证不同时间的阵列位置合成后不存在重叠,并且通过差分变换可以得到更大的阵列孔径。同时,考虑了载波频率变换场景下一种新的稀疏采样方法,可以利用少量的快拍得到大量的虚拟数据,进而能够实现小快拍条件下TOA/DOA的精确估计。仿真结果表明,与传统的均匀线性阵列结合均匀采样的方式相比,文中所提方法能够识别更多的目标。同时,该方法的估计精度优于基于固定平台的嵌套阵列结合嵌套采样的方式。
文摘在室内TOA(time of arrival)定位中,严重的多径和非视距现象造成测距误差较大。如何降低测距误差对定位精度的影响是室内精确定位系统的重要挑战。首先介绍了基于RSSI的室内TOA测距误差分级模型(RSSI based indoor TOA ranging errormodel,RITEM),该模型根据测距过程的RSSI值大小,将测距误差划分为4个等级,且各个等级的误差区间和对应的RSSI值区间可以通过现场测试获得。将RITEM应用到定位算法中,提出一种基于误差分级的室内TOA定位算法(ranging error classi-fication based indoor TOA localization algorithm,REC)。算法根据TOA测距过程中的RSSI值和RITEM实时估计测距误差级别和误差范围,利用极大似然法求得定位区域中标签最大概率位置作为定位结果。仿真和实际测试结果显示,在实际室内环境中,REC定位算法具有较高的定位精度,且平均定位误差、定位误差均方差和90%定位误差、最大定位误差等性能明显好于LS、CN-TOAG、Nano算法。
文摘针对IR-UWB(impulse radio-ultra wideband)测距定位系统中目前已有的几种非相干TOA(time of arrival)估计算法的不足,提出了一种基于能量采样序列的最大最小值比(MMR,maximum to minimum energy sample ratio)进行归一化门限设置的TC(threshold comparison)算法。通过仿真考察了最优归一化门限与MMR之间的关系,建立了以MMR为参量的最优归一化门限计算模型。该模型独立于信道模式,具有极好的通用性;同时还考虑了能量积分周期的影响,使得模型无须任何更动即可应用到不同的能量积分周期取值情况下,极大地增强了模型的灵活性。与已有的几种非相干TOA估计算法的性能对比表明,基于MMR进行门限设置的MMR-TC算法在所有信噪比范围内均能取得最优性能,验证了算法的有效性。
文摘针对矿井TOA(Time of Arrival)定位精度易受电磁波NLOS(Non Line of Sight)传播时延的影响,且不能满足井下应急救援、人员作业管理以及矿井物联网建设等需求的问题,通过对NLOS时延参考模型和矿井巷道设备运动特点的分析,将巷道电磁波NLOS传播时延分为随机NLOS时延和固定NLOS时延,结合两类NLOS时延造成测距误差的特点,提出了基于改进卡尔曼滤波和参数拟合的矿井TOA定位方法。为了消除由矿井巷道中机车等移动设备以及不规律设置设备引起的、具有随机性和难以定量分析等特点的巷道随机NLOS时延误差,设计了将新息阈值引入卡尔曼滤波器中,提高其系统对脉冲误差的滤除能力的方法;为了抑制由矿井巷道中固定设施及设备造成的具有稳定性的巷道固定NLOS时延误差,建立了巷道测距误差模型,构建了井下固有设备参数与定位估计值间的函数关系,通过参数拟合与投影几何算法来提高系统的定位精度。仿真结果显示,测量数据经过基于新息阈值的卡尔曼滤波器处理之后,误差曲线趋于平稳,定位误差保持在1.9~3.1m,再经参数拟合和几何算法处理后,定位误差在0~0.8m,平均误差由2.4m降为0.3m;且相比于SDS-TWR(Symmetric Double-Sided Two-Way Ranging)方法、卡尔曼滤波和指纹定位方法以及卡尔曼滤波和参数拟合方法,所提方法平均定位误差分别减小了3.4,0.4和0.6m。从而表明所提方法对TOA定位误差具有较明显的抑制作用,可以实现TOA方法在矿井NLOS环境中的有效应用。
文摘深入研究了UWB(ultra wideband)无线传感器网络中基于匹配滤波门限检测的TOA(time of arrival)估计算法.针对现有算法的不足,提出了一种三步TOA估计算法:先确定DP(direct path)搜索区域,然后使用门限检测确定DP的粗略位置,最后精确搜索到DP的中心.其中,用于计算检测门限的门限因子依据匹配滤波输出的峭度动态设置,设置模型独立于信道模式,其正确性通过与使用固定门限因子所获得的性能对比进行了验证.与其他算法的性能对比仿真结果表明,所提出的三步TOA估计算法在运算效率和TOA估计精度上取得了较好折衷,适合于当前实际应用.还通过对TOA估计误差的统计分析讨论了测距结果的可信度:依据峭度将测距结果划分为可信和不可信两个级别,并为各级别的TOA估计误差分别了建立概率密度模型.在定位模块中有效利用这些可信度信息,可进一步提高定位精度.